NEW Set!! A.A. 216 Final

John Brown and Harpers Ferry Secret 6

(1859) a group of abolitionist led by Brown, a white abolitionist, attempted to start an insurrection by first taking over the U.S. Arsenal in Harpers Ferry, V.A. However the attempt fails because is put down by the U.S. Marines. This is significant because it shows the extent abolitionist had been driven too by this time period (militance). This also sparks fear in the south. Southerners want the fed. Government to protect slavery in the south and territories it exist in the west. They want congress to step in and pass a law that would insure the protection of slavery. This revolt further pushes that desire and cause the south to not trust the federal government will do so.

American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS)

(National) Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison, dedicated to the immediate and uncompensated emancipation of African American Slaves and to equal rights for African Americans in the United States. Only ¼ of the signers of the AASS constitution were African American - only 3 African Americans helped found the AASS (James McCrummell, Robert Purvis, and James G. Barbados; of the 60 white people who had attended the first meeting, only these 3 African Americans were present). Blacks rarely held positions of authority in the AASS. No black women were present. AASS rejected politics.

Edmonia Lewis

Daughter of black man and a Chippewa woman, enrolled with abolitionist help at Oberlin College in 1862. She studied sculpture in Rome. Her works emphasized African-American themes and came into wide demand after the Civil War.

Albany Convention 1840s

1. Black Nationalism: Nationalists support all black convention. Assimilationists opposed it. Result is the first all black national convention. 2. Militance: Garnet's address, Douglas opposes. Douglas's side wins by one vote. 3. Politics: Political Abolitionism is debated, opposed by Fredrick Douglas & Charles Remond, but supported by Charles B. Ray, and Henry H. Garnet. Political abolition is voted on and embraced by one vote at the convention. Important because debate over Black Nationalism and politics as a strategy for abolition.

Compromise of 1850

1. California is admitted as a free state 2. Utah and New Mexico organized on the basis of popular sovereignty with regards to slavery 3. Slave trade to DC is prohibited New Fugitive slave law of 1850 is drafted because of it.

Baltimore Alliance

1820s. An abolitionist organization comprised of Hezekiah Grice, William Watkins, and Jacob Greener, all associates of Benjamin Lundy in Baltimore, a white Quaker abolitionist who published "Genius of Universal Emancipation", an antislavery newspaper. This group significantly influenced William Lloyd Garrison.

David Walker's Appeal

1829, To be brief, it is a militant denunciation of slavery and racism written by David Walker, an African American abolitionist and anti-slavery activist. "David Walker's Appeal" diagnosed African American slavery, prescribed solutions, and influenced both black and white activists. It was considered to be a very radical work. Considered to be the father of Black Nationalism. Led to convention movement.

William Lloyd Garrison and "The Liberator"

1829; A white anti-slavery activist from New England - a more "conservative" abolitionist who believed in colonization and supported the ACS. He was thrown in jail and came into contact with fugitive slaves who educated and influenced him. He is radicalized by his experience: rejects the ACS and feels a new urgency for emancipation (used to be a gradualist, now an immediatist - urgency party based on reading David Walker's Appeal). His discovery and collaboration with the Baltimore Alliance inspired him and influenced his views. "The Liberator" - An anti-slavery newspaper founded by him in 1831. Many of its agents were African American: by the end of 1834, ¾ of its total subscribers were black.

Henry Bibb, Voice of the Fugitive

1840s This man escapes slavery in Kentucky, returns to free his wife and is captured. He then escapes a second time and becomes involved in an anti slavery movement in Detroit and later and flees to Canada. This man writes an abolitionist news paper after escaping to Canada. This news paper encourages African Americans to leave America for Canada. This is similar to the ideas of Martin Delany who believed influence would be best made from outside the US.

Prigg V. Pennsylvania

1842. Northerners see justice system being undermined by slave power. Pennsylvania passed a law saying people cannot take accused fugitives out of Pennsylvania with first going to state court. Mr. Prigg violated the law and was convicted, eventually become federal case. U.S. Supreme Court declares law unconstitutional because it is contrary to federal legislation. However, states did not have to cooperate in apprehension of fugitive slaves. Didn't have to aid apprehension of slaves. Leads to Personal Liberty Laws.

Free Soil Party and Dilemma of Black Political Activist

1848. Created to ensure new land was only for WHITE free labor. They Support " Non-extension" of slavery (different from abolition). Gets more white votes then Liberty party due to wider base. Dilemma for black abolitionists: Liberty v. Free Soil. Liberty party has right principles, but lacks white constituents. Free Soil with wrong principles but has a greater chance of winning. Many become disaffected by free soil party due to racism: Fredrick Douglass accepts politics of Free Soil in 1848, but rejects by 1849 "Free Soil not interested in African Americans." (Martin Delaney too.)

Charles B. Ray

A black clergyman from New York City who contributed to "The Colored American"

Colored American

A black newspaper that focused on moral, social, and political equality of African Americans, as well as the emancipation of slavery. Phillip A. Bell published it, Samuel Cornish was its editor and Charles B. Ray was editor and contributor.

Macon B. Allen

A prominent black attorney who passed the bar in 1844 in Maine. Apprenticed with white attorneys and was the first African American lawyer in the United States.

Black Nationalism

A racial definition of national identity based on black unity, self-determination, and distinct/unique/shared African identity. A common theme of Black Nationalism at this time was the return to Africa and many black nationalists supported Pan-Africanism ideologies. David Walker is considered to be the father of Black Nationalism. Other important black nationalists were Martin R. Delaney, Paul Cuffe and Marcus Garvey.

David Ruggles

An African American anti-slavery activist who was a member of the New York City Vigilance Committee, which assisted fugitive slaves by hiding them and giving them material which outlined escape information. Vigilance committees kept their eyes out for fugitive slaves and often gave legal advice to those who sought it. Vigilance committees were very dangerous work!!!

Maria Weston Stewart

An African American female anti-slavery activist who was active in Boston. She was highly influenced by David Walker's Appeal and was often considered to be his female counterpart. She was notoriously outspoken, and began to criticize black men, stating that they were not doing enough. This straightforwardness eventually put an end to her public speaking career, as it was taboo for women to criticize black men - "deformed equality".

Vincent Harding

An African American historian and author who coined the concept of "the Great Tradition of Black Protest", which he uses to examine the black freedom struggle. Wrote, "There is a River" which metaphorically links the black freedom struggle with a river as a struggle for justice and liberation - different sources feed into the river = different contributions.

William Whipper

An African American who was born free in Pennsylvania in 1804. He was a black abolitionist and businessman who ran his own grocery store in Philadelphia. He became a leader at the Black National Conventions, and was an integrationist, believing that white society would accept African Americans who worked to uplift themselves.

Female Anti-Slavery Society of Salem

An anti-slavery organization established in Salem, MA in February of 1832, a year before the establishment of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. It was the first women's anti-slavery organization, created by African American women elite and originally only comprised of black women. Supported the education of black children

American Colonization Society

An organization created in 1816 that favored the emancipation and subsequent colonization of free blacks in West Africa. In actuality, this organization was racist and pro-slavery in nature, attempting to remove free blacks from America so they would not influence enslaved African Americans and so that slaves could be oppressed by whites without confrontation with free blacks. Protested by many well-known abolitionists, including the Baltimore Alliance and David Walker.

Lecompton Constitution

Around 1858 Proslavery Kansas government writes a constitution and sent it to President James Buchanan. He accepts on basis of Dred Scott decision, but congress rejects Lecompton and sends it back to Kansas to be voted on. The constitution was then voted down. The south felt cheated and the north felt slaveholders felt that slave holders were forcing slavery onto those who did not want it.

Border States

Border States are held in union by force including: West Virginia, Kentucky, Maryland. Lincoln wanted to work with states. These states made the decision to stay with the union although they were slaveholding states because they knew their land would be destroyed as they would be the primary battle grounds because the south was fighting defense. 1.) Lincoln stated Gradual Abolition could come over decades 2.) Lincoln says the govenrment would compensate them for the end of slavery to entice them to emancipate their slaves. 3.) Federal government would help to colonize ex-slaves outside of the border states to ease the racial tension. This offer was made in 1851 and in the spring of 1852 it is rejected by the border states. This is significant because it leads to the emancipation proclamation.

Martin R. Delaney

Born free in what will become West Virginia, but grows up in Pennsylvania. An African American who was Harvard trained and went to medical school, but was kicked out due to disputes from white student. He was also a journalist, explorer, anthropologist, and political leader. Active in the Pittsburgh Anti-Slavery Society, published "The Mystery", and was coeditor of "The North Star" with Smith and Douglass. Wrote and published "The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States" - the first major statement of Black Nationalism**. One of first to say that A.A. should control their own destiny. Helped organize the Cleveland Convention in 1854 with James T. Holly, (SEE Cleveland Convention). Played a key role in the emergence of Black Nationalism in the nineteenth century. As a Major, he was the highest ranking black military officer commissioned during the civil war. Part of the Niger Valley Exploring Party. He also helped to recruit black men during the Civil War, recruited two regiments of former slaves to fight in Charleston, SC

William Wells Brown: Clotel or the President's Daughter

Born into slavery in 1814, he escapes slavery in Kentucky in 1834 assisted by a Quaker who is named Wells Brown, in his honor William adopts his saviors name. Brown goes on to assist many Fugitives in their escape to Canada. Brown writes Clotel or the President's Daughter in 1853, the books considered to be the first novel written by an African America.

Fugitive slave Act 1850

Citizens could be compelled to assist in capture. Stronger Fugitive slave law. The previous law is more of a suggestion whereas this new act strengthens the power of the fugitive slave laws.

Harriet Wilson: Our Nig: Sketches from the Life of a Free Black

Considered to have been the first Female African-American novelist, as well as the first African-American of any gender to publish a novel on the North American continent. Her novel Our Nig: Sketches from the Life of a Free Black was published anonymously in Boston, Massachusetts in 1859, and was not widely known until the 1980s when critics believed a white author had written it. The novel in the genre of autobiographical fiction compared the lives of black domestic workers in the North with those of southern slaves.

"The Great Tradition of Black Protest"

Coined by Vincent Harding and used to examine the black freedom struggle. It includes 3 elements to challenging racism, which are 1. Identify sources of oppression and demand redress, 2. Mount arguments with justification, such as citizenship and natural rights, 3. Vow to agitate until demands are met - PROTEST. According to Harding, protest can either be moderate or radical, depending on the time or circumstances. The point is to persuade and educate.

Licoln Douglas Debates

Debates take place during 1858. The first takes place at Freeport IL where Lincoln poses a question for Douglas. "In light of the dred scott decision how is it possible for residents of a territory to vote on excluding slavery if congress cannot do it how can residents do it?" Douglas replies: "Lincoln is correct. Residents cannot legally exculde slavery (pass a law) however if residents do not want slavery they do not have to set up laws to establish or set up slavery for their territory." This idea is known as the Freeport doctrine and blows up the democratic party.

Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield

Dubbed the Black Swan she was an African-American singer considered to be the best-known black concert artist of her time. Born in Natchez, Mississippi, she was adopted by a Philadelphia Quaker as an infant. In 1853 she debuted at the Metropolitan Hall in New York, which held an audience of 4000, white only patrons. After the concert Greenfield apologized to her own people for their exclusion from the performance and gave a concert benefit at the Home of Aged Colored Persons, and the Colored Orphan Asylum.

Horace Greeley's Prayer of Twenty Millions 1862

Editor of the New York Tribune expresses his disappointment that the president had not moved promptly against slavery, the issue that had led the southern to leave the Union and go to War. Greeley argues that Lincoln should have warned white southern that secession would endanger slavery. Lincoln replied stating that he placed the preservation of the Union before the freedom of the slaves.

American Moral Reform Society (AMRS)

Established in 1836 by elite black leaders in Philadelphia, including James Forten. Aimed to promote morality among white and black Americans through temperance, education, economy, and universal liberty.

Lincoln

Established in 1865 by the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Lincoln University was the first institution named for Abraham Lincoln and the only one during his life time. By 1866 the college opened its doors to men and women alike. By 1868 3 people had received degree people had recieved degree from here.

Wilberforce

Established in 1865 was the first college to be owned and operated by African Americans. The college planned to provide classical education and teacher training for black youth. Leaders of both white and black peoples made up the First Board Members. When the number of students enrolled fell due to the American Civil War and was no longer a financially stable institution the AME Church purchased the institution to ensure its survival in 1863.

Liberty Party- (1839-1840)

First ever abolitionist party to exist. Organized by white Anti-Slavery men and called for the complete demise of slavery, immediately. States, not the federal government had to abolish slavery. Feds can act, but not totally abolish (for example feds CAN regulate interstate commerce, abolish slavery in D.C.). The party was only concerned with antislavery and viewed as a Black party (only benefitting blacks).

Underground Railroad and Harriet Tubman

Group of loosely organized people who helped fugitive slaves flee through routes stemming from the south leading up north to Canada. Harriett Tubman, a Fugitive slave from Maryland is a famous conductor who orchestrated in assisting fugitive slaves escaping to the north on several occasions risking her life and freedom on each trip.

Samuel Cornish

He and John Russwurm were Editors of the Freedom's Journal during the 1810's-20's. Cornish was also the first person to establish an African American Presbyterian Church. Later on Samuel Cornish along with Chas B. Ray became eiditors of the Coloured American Newspaper in 1837. They preferred to use the term "Coloured American," to describe their peoples race rather than terms such as; Black, Negro, African, African-American et. The 'issue' Cornish had been interested in was known as the "Names Controversy"

Rev. Henry Highland Garnett

Highly educated Presbyterian minister from a family of fugitive slaves, claimed to be African- Royalty. Leading political abolitionist in N.Y. Gives an "Address to the slaves", as a policy to be adopted by blacks. Says it is sinful to submit to slavery and God disapproves of it. Orders slaves to ask their masters for freedom, if denied use force. Garrisonians (icluding Douglas) opposed idea. This leads to a new thought in the 1840s convention, the idea of militancy as a theme.

William and Ellen Craft

Husband and wife that escape from slavery in Georgia in 1848. Ellen pretended to be a sick, white male planter and William was her slave attendant. The two go to Boston where they are protected by vigilance committees. They then sail to safety in Britain.

Proslavery Arugment

Idea championed by John C. Calhoun (SC Senator), comes about in the 1830's was a new and changed way of thinking about slavery. During the days of Thomas Jefferson slavery had been described as a necessary evil; now slavery is viewed as being innately good rather than bad. According to the argument slavery should'nt be aboished, and freedom is the worst thing African slaves can obtain. "Freedom makes slaves/blacks go crazy"-Calhoun

Ideological Emanicpation vs. Selective Emanicpation

Ideological Emancipation yielded greater numbers of emancipated people than selective emanciptation. Ideological Emancipation pertained to the Upper South (VA, NC, MD). Ideological Emancipation concetualized that all people had natural rights; since people in slavery had no rights, the idea was slavery not appropriate. This idea never penetrated the Lower South. Selective occured in lower south, yielded low numbers due to low numbers due to how difficult it had become for masters to free slaves by their own hand; i.e. having to provide people with transportation out of VA etc.

Noyes Academy

In 1834/35 this academy was build in Cannon, New Hampshire. It was established with the intention of being a racially integrated education center for young men. However, the school only lasts for one year because local farmers destory/burn the physical building to the ground because the disagreed with racial integration

Frederick Douglas: Narrative of the Life of an American Slave

In 1838 Mr. Douglas escaped from Slavery in Boston, Maryland. When Douglas first escapes he goes to New Bedford, Massachusetts, but nobody there will hire him because he's black. However, By 1841 Douglas becomes a lecturer under the wing of the well-known white abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison. By 1848 Douglas has changed his Garrisonian position to become a Political Abolitionist, meaning he accepts politics & supports the Free Soil Party. However the very next year in 1849 Douglas loses interest in the Free Soil Party because it has become consumed by the opinions and concerns of Free Soil Whites (non-extentionists), meaning it lacked Black Representation and anti-slavery views. In addition Fredrick Douglas also publishes one of the earliest known personal slave narratives in history Narrative of the Life of an American Slave.

Scott v Sanford 1857

In 1857 this case becomes a central of coming of the Civil War. Dred Scott travels with owner to free states, but returns to Missouri. Scott attempts to purchase freedom and fails and decides to sues for it. Scott argues that because at one point in his life he and his family resided in free states and was therefore entitled to his freedom. There are 3 implications to the decision of increasing implications. 1. Scott is not awarded freedom because he was a slave in a slave state when he sued for his freedom. 2. Free blacks are not considered for citizenship. Blacks could not sue in the court system. 3. The Missouri Compromise is declared unconstitutional. Significance: Radicalizes anti slavery activists Contribute to intersectional tension Implies a potential nationalization of slavery Implies to territories only fear next decision would apply to states.

Fort Pillow Affair

In April 1864 General Forrest led his forces in the attack and capture of Fort Pillow on Mississippi river in Henning, Tennessee; many African American union troops were killed in the battle; controversy arose about whether Forrest conducted or condoned a massacre of African Americans who had surrendered there.

Draft Act Riots

In the Summer of 1863 the First Federal Draft act was issued which drafted northern irishmen into the Union army, however Irish men were outraged. This was due to conflict between Irish/Blacks. Irish felt that they were being forced into a war to benefit Blacks. Reasons for this tension include Race and Labor conflicts. Blacks and Irish competed for employment Irish mobs invade black community. Blacks lynched in Brooklyn this is significant b/c this is in a Northern City not the rural South.

Personal Liberty Laws

Laws come about in the north after the creation of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Essentially says states have the ability to pass laws saying they will not allow their facilities, jails, horse, or ppl to be involved in capture of fugitive slaves; This is an example of Northern laws removing northern responsibility for capturing fugitive slaves and will not allow the laws passed in the South to control the movements in the North.

American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (AFASS)

Led by Lewis Tappan, created in the 1840s after the AASS split, which resulted partly because of disagreements about women in abolitionism and Garrison's increasing radicalism (he was a feminist who denounced religion and believed that slavery had totally corrupted American society. Garrison believed that the Constitution was a pro-slavery document). Garrison and his supporters maintained control of the AASS (which became referred to as the 'Old Organization'), and others split off into the AFASS. AFASS supported religion and politics, maintained 'traditional' ideas about women, believed that churches could be converted to abolitionism, and that the Constitution could be used for abolitionism.

Niger Valley Exploring Party

Martin Delany and Robert Cambel were the leaders of this movement who, in 1859, signed treaties providing for the emigration of African Americans to Yorubaland. This exploration was designed to explore Yorubaland, which is now present day Nigeria as a potential territory to emigrate to. This was done based on Reflex Effect which holds that if A.A. colonize in a different country it will eventually take effect back in America. The intention was to go and engage in discussions with African leaders about colonizing a settlement. However, it was potentially life threatening going to foreign country in 19th century due to disease.

Abolition and Gender Issues

Men and women did not play the same role in abolition and anti-slavery activism. Although African American women and African American men both opposed slavery, a gender hierarchy still existed between them. Women were still expected to obey certain gender rules that kept them in domestic roles, and stay out of the more active, political affairs. Women were not allowed to be outspoken or critical, especially of African American men. In this sense, black men and black women experienced a 'deformed equality'. EXAMPLES: Maria Weston Stewart and criticism of black men, ended public speaking career; Women in NYC who invaded courtroom to protest the wrongful accusation of fugitive slaves - DENOUNCED by men.

William Cooper Nell: Color Patriots of the American Revolution

Nell a journalist, abolitionist, author and civil servant who worked for racial integration in the Boston educational system. He writes this book in 1855. The book was an extensive study of historically extraordinary African American individuals. Prior too this in 1851 Wells also wrote Services of Colored Americans in the Wars of 1776, and 1812. Had great interest in African American History. He's noted to be the first African American to serve in the federal civil service, (worked in the post office).

Oberlin College

Oberlin, Ohio noteworthy for having been the first American institution of higher learning to regularly admit both female and black students. Connected to the college is the Oberlin Conservatory of Music the oldest continuously operating conservatory in the country. The college's motto is "Learning and Labor." Oberlin is known for having more alumni who earn PhDs than any other liberal arts college in the Nation.

Cincinnati Riot and Exodus

Occurs in 1829 and was a primary example of black militancy & violence. See Frontiers of Freedom Guide for more detail on this Important Term

Charlotte Forten

Of the well known Forten Sisters, an African American woman, Granddaughter of James Forten and anti-slavery activist. She helped found and was a member of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. Kept a diary.

Integrationist

One who believes white society would accept African Americans who worked within white society to uplift themselves. Examples: William Whipper

Thirteenth Amendment

Passed in 1865. This outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude.

Black Critique of Whites of late 1830s

Paternalistic and controlled everything because they thought blacks were ignorant and incapable. Focus on south-Most whites were committed to confronting anti racism in the north and antislavery in the south, but some whites said anti-slavery movement is only a problem in the south (ignored the problem of racism in the north). Impractical and abstract in their demands. Some white abolitionists accept disunion as okay due to the idea that America will no longer have slavery. Blacks say disunion won't improve black life. Multi-Reformism- Blacks were sometimes critical of being involved in more reform movements than just anti-slavery. In 1840 world anti-slavery conference occurs in London, A.S.S. sent men including Charles Remond. Women were not allowed into the conference, A.S.S. stormed out, but blacks criticize them for mixed priorities. Important because only blacks invited to the 1840s convention.

Hannah Crafts: The Bondswoman's Narrative

Recently escaped from slavery in North Carolina. It was unpublished until it was found in 2002. The novel is thought to have been written after 1865. Melodramatic autobiographical novel tells the story of a house slave and her escape to freedom.

Freeport Doctrine

Residents cannot pass a law excluding slavery, but if they do not want slavery then can avoid passing laws to establish slavery. This then blows up and divides the democratic party.

Port Royal Experiment Port Royal/St. Helena Island

SC falls under, Union Army control. Planters flee the area and tried to force thier slaves to go with them. Experiment was meant to assist in slaves in transition to freedom and was intended to prove whether or not blacks would work not under slavery. "Would slaves work without threat of the lash?

Frank Case 1851

Slave escapes and remains at large in California and was apprehended under Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Free blacks take case to court. Owner claimed Frank under the compromise of 1850. Problem was Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 said slaves who ran away to ANOTHER could be captured, but Frank stayed in California. Law couldn't apply to case. Then owner relied on argument on testimony of Frank saying he's a slave. Judge wouldn't use testimony because blacks couldn't testify in cases involving whites. Significant in pointing out irony of slavery in "Free California". Leads to California Fugitive Slave Act 1952. Helps established the slavery system in California.

African-American and the Gold Rush

Small population of blacks mainly in Northern California [S.F.] Gold rush around mid-late 1940s brings 962 "colored people." In 1850s 600-700 people are black. Ironic-Slavery existed in free California.

Black Laws

States and municipalities legally proscribed these laws which put limits on colored peoples ability to migrate from state to state. Hoping to limit runaway slave problem occurring in the South.

James McCune Smith

The first African American to earn a medical degree. Graduated from the University of Glasglow in Scotland in 1837. Practiced in New York City until his death in 1874. A correspondent on Douglass's "The North Star" and "Frederick Douglass's Papers".

Popular Sovereignty

The residents of a territory would vote to legalize or prohibit slavery in that territory. This was used in Kansas, and Nebraska.

Negro Seaman Laws

These laws are established in 1822 and were relevant to Charleston, South Carolina. They state that any free black, sailor, or otherwise must be held in Jail for the duration of their stay. South Carolina and Charlestonians feared that Free Blacks would spread abolitionist Ideas to the enslaved populous so they instituted these laws to prevent such an occurrence from happening.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, Steven A. Douglas

This Act was organized by Seven Douglas in 1854. It divides Kansas and Nebraska. In these new territories slavery would be decided by Popular Sovereignty. This also led to the birth of the Republican Party, the third and final anti-slavery party. This act made it possible for slavery north of the Missouri border.

Cleveland Convention

This convection occurs in 1854 and is also the National Emigrationists Convention of 1854 The convention is organized by black emigrationist and nationalist activist such as Martin Delany, J Theodore Holly, and H. H. Garnett. This convention is denounced by conservatives. Here Delaney presents a report to the convention called the political destiny of the colored race (later published as a book) Delany's had 3 main points at this convention 1. African-Americans could probably not force enough political influence with in U.S. to change their current status because they were the minority. 2. The most crucial element in the future would be determined by the racial relationship between blacks and whites. 3. It is necessary for some prominent blacks to establish themselves as the "ruling element" or governing group. These people should emigrate to another place to continue activism in order to bring about change. • Delany is not promoting fleeing by emigration but suggests that emigration could lead to reflex effect by going to some place and continuing activism there, and then it may have an effect back in U.S. He considered somewhere in the Caribbean, L. America, even East Africa. But most important is Niger Valley.

Rochester Convention

This convention occurs in 1853. The leading figures are F. Douglass and J.W. C Pennington. The goal was to create National institutions to help promote improvement in black communities while isolating and them from extreme forms of racism. "Isolation" is a new idea. They call for 4 main things 1. Patronage of Black businesses by other blacks (blacks support blacks business) 2. Creation of manual labor schools (Black Tech Schools/ skilled labor schools) 3. Scholarship Presses- Creation of National Newspapers and press that glorified African-American achievements in Scholarship. 4. Community Mediation- the creation of local based community mediation services; if two blacks had problems they could go to this service and try to resolve it rather than of going into to a racist legal system that might not help the two blacks. The main ideas behind this is to isolate from racism while uplifting blacks and black nationalism.

Election of 1860 Lincolns election over Douglas

This election was comprised of 4 parties each with their own candidate. None of these four parties were national parties. This is significant because it displays how national bonds had been destroyed. Final assault on the South: -A Republican in the White House -Fear that Lincoln would stop the Slave Trade -Feared that Lincoln would not enforce the Fugitive Slave Acts. -Lincoln would undermine the system of Slavery - -Fear he would encourage slave revolt. Ultimately believed Lincoln's election would lead to white deaths in the South

Bleeding Kansas

This event occurs between 1856-1858. The Kansas-Nebraska Act recently opened Kansas to settlement. The decision of the slavery status in Kansas was to be decided by popular soveirgnty. For this reason slavery and antislavery forces rush Kansas in an attmpt to organize leading to two governments. At this time pro slavery border ruffians from Missouri invade Kansas in an attempt to attack antislavery settlers and vote illegally in Kansas elections. Bleeding Kansas referred to the Civil war between slavery and antislavery forces.

Anthony Burns

This man escaped slavery in 1854 as a stowaway on a ship to Boston. He then sent a letter to his brother, who was still a slave. Arrested and attempts to rescue him failed. President Franklin Pierce sent U.S. troops to Boston to return Burns to Virginia. His freedom was later purchased by black Bostonians.

James T. Holly

This man was a Black minister and black nationalist who helped Martin Delany arrange the Cleveland Convention in 1854. (View Cleveland Convention). Also a proponent of emigration but to Haiti not Africa. Claims the process of modernization has to begin in the new world first then it can disseminate to the old world (i.e. Africa). In Spring of 1861 even Fredrick Douglas entertains the idea of emigrating to Haiti a man who was always strongly opposed to Emigration. This does not occur because of the start of the civil war.

Robert Smalls

This man was born a slave in Beaufort, South Carolina. In May 1862 while still a slave and working as a pilot in Charleston on a Confederate vessel, The Planter, devises a plan to hijack the vessel while its white officers were enjoying a night on the town. He takes ship and delivers it to Union officers outside of harbor. Smalls becomes a folk hero in the North. Later becomes a Republican politician following the Civil War.

Final Emancipation Proclamation

This proclamation was issued January 1st 1863. Limitations and Consequences: 1.) Changes the perception of the War up to this point the War was about preserving the Union. It also introduces the issue of Ethics/Morality. England was contemplating recognizes the Confederate States but when proclamation was issued Britain refused to contemplate that step further. 2.) Encouraged Slaves to run away and even sanctioned violence against their former owners. It declared for slaves to Use force "If necessary". Encourages black violence on whites!!! (VERY RADICAL) Provided for black enlistment as soldiers. 3.) Destiny of Slaves and Destiny of Nation are joined For the first time in American History the welfare of slave population had huge consequences for the welfare of white America. Lincoln says before congress "By giving freedom to the slaves in order to protect freedom for the FREE"

Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

This proclamation was issued september 2nd 1862. Lincoln had waited to issue this proclamation until Lincoln had won a significant military vicotry. This was done as to not look like an act of desperation because the outlook of the war until this time was grim. This victory came at The Battle of Anteidam, which was the only ime Lee had invaded the North. This proclamation was a threat to do something if the confederacy did not return to the union by December 1 1862. If they did not the slaves would be emancipated by Jan 1 1863. This was rejected by the South.

Massachusetts 54th

This regiment was the first official black units in the United States armed forces. The regiment gained recognition on July 18, 1863, when it spearheaded an assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. Although the Union was not able to take and hold the fort, the unit was widely acclaimed for its valor, and the event helped encourage the further enlistment and mobilization of African-American troops, a key development that President Abraham Lincoln once noted as helping to secure the final victory.

Contraband

This term refers to slaves who escaped to the Union or were captured by Union troops early in the Civil War. They were considered enemy property or contraband. This is an unusal term b/c it is typically applied to property/things and not PEOPLE. Leads to *Confiscation Act of 1861 which said any "property" used in war against union would be confiscated by government, including slaves.

Shadrack Case

This was a case in 1851 after a fugitive slave who had been living free in the North for many years was captured and brought to trial. During the trial a crowd of abolitionists burst into the court and assisted him in escaping to canada. This is an example of the desperation in the abolitionist movement and demonstrated the growing militance and impatience with the system.

Christiana Affair

This was an event similar to the Shadrack Case, also occurring in 1851 in a small town in PA. Authorities go to capture a house full of fugitive slaves. Black abolitionists arm themselves and surround house. A Shoot out occurs between blacks and authorities. Marines called in, but fugitives already escaped. Shows federal acceptance of slavery.

Canada West

This was the ultimate destination for many African Americans on the underground railroad. Fugitives were safe here after British made slavery illegal in 1833. Canada West became even more important after passage of the Compromise of 1850 because of the newest Fugitive Slave Law.

Mary Ann Shadd (Cary), Provincial Freeman

This woman becomes the first African American female newspaper editor. Although she is born free she flees to Canada from Cincinnati because she felt threatened.

Margaret Garner

This woman escaped from Kentucky to Cincinnati, Ohio in 1856. U.S. deputy marshal attempted to arrest Garner along with other fugitives, but before they were captured, Garner slit the throat of her daughter rather than see the child return to slavery. She was disarmed before she could kill her two sons. Her youngest child drowned in a shipwreck as he was being sent to be sold in Arkansas. She was later sold as a slave in New Orleans. Basis for Beloved novel and an Oprah Winfrey movie.

Prudence Crandall

Was a white teacher in Canterbury, Connecticut. She established a private school for young black women there. However, the school only lasted for one year because of how outraged the local community became over it. 1830's

Freedoms Journal

Was the first African-American owned and operated newspaper published in that United States. Founded by Peter Williams, Jr. and other free black men. The founders selected Samuel Cornish, and John Russwurm to be their Newspaper Editor. The Freedoms Journal was superseded by The Rights of ALl, published between 1829-30 by Samuel Cornish. This newspaper employed the father of black nationalism, David Walker in Boston.

Solomon Northup

he was an Northern Free Black Musician whom had been kidnapped and druged one day when ou on the town in Maryland. The kidnappers sold him into slavery in Louisiansa for 10 years. The Govneor of New York and his wonderful Wife help him to obtain freedom eventually

Age of Democracy

term refers to the time period of 1810's-20's, also known as the Jacksonian Era. During this period it became easier for White Men to Vote & Hold Office easier, also marginalize Black Men. In 1821 in New York the Consititutional Convention Voting Provision changed voting requirments from having No Racial Aspect & only requiring a male individula to own $250 dollars worth of property; To- eliminating the requirements for Whites, and only applying them to Blacks.

John Russwurm

was an editor of the Freedom's Journal. Russwurm was also a member of the Haitian Emigration Society, its' purpose was to organize free black to emigrate to Haiti after it had acieved its independence in 1804.