NFS Exam 3 (9-11 + phytochemicals)

At approximately what age does bone breakdown begin to exceed formation?

40

Which are some food sources of sulforaphane?

Broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables

Which are some food sources of Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, indoles?

Broccoli, brussels sprouts, and cabbage.

Possible toxicity from vitamins is MOST likely to occur with consuming: A. large portions of vegetables and fruits. B. excess intake of water-soluble vitamins. C. fortified foods and dietary supplements. D. more than two servings of milk per day.

C. fortified foods and dietary supplements.

The color of beta-carotene is A. green B. purple C. orange D. red E. yellow F. colorless orange

C. orange

Vitamin A deficiency that causes mucus secreting cells to fail to differentiate properly in epithelial tissue leads to the process of A: carotenization. B: retinol-binding. C: keratinization. D: osteomalacia.

C: keratinization.

Inactive, precursor forms of vitamins are termed: A. antioxidants. B. enzymes. C. hormones. D. preformed vitamins. E. provitamins.

E. provitamins.

What are the benefits of Flavonoids

Make capillary blood vessels stronger, block carcinogens, and slow the growth of cancer cells.

What are some food sources of Sulfides and allium compounds?

Onions, garlic, leeks, and chives

Antioxidants

Organic molecules that help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals

Which statement about tetany is FALSE? a) It occurs when the extracellular calcium concentration is too low. b) Tetany causes muscles to contract. c) It can cause death. d) Tetany is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency.

d) Tetany is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency.

What are some food sources of inositol?

Sesame seeds and soybeans.

What are the benefits of carotenoids?

Some are converted to vitamin A, provide antioxidant protection; some decrease the risk of macular degeneration.

Which is NOT considered a good dietary source of vitamin E? Select one: a. Fortified breakfast cereals b. Almonds c. Peanuts d. Soybean oil e. Dark orange and yellow vegetables

e. Dark orange and yellow vegetables

What are some food sources of curcumin?

Turmeric and mustard.

functional foods

foods that have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels

The lower the peak bone mass, the _________________ the risk of osteoporosis.

greater

Processing of tomatoes into tomato paste and sauce increases or decreases lycopene concentration and bioavailability?

increases

The _________________ ________________ include those needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 mg per day or present in the body in amounts greater than 0.01% of body weight.

major minerals

Bone consists of a __________________ matrix hardened by mineral deposits.

protein

what is abundant in apricots, mangoes, cantaloupe, red peppers, and pumpkins

provitamin A

In the eye, ______________________ form of the vitamin A combines with the protein opsin to form the visual pigment rhodopsin.

retinal

________________________ help(s) transform the energy from light into a nerve impulse that is sent to the brain.

rhodopsin

Which of the following is true about minerals? a) Minerals are organic molecules. b) Minerals can be structural components. c) Minerals are destroyed by heat. d) All of these statements are true.

b) Minerals can be structural components.

Which of the following is NOT likely to result from prolonged low calcium intake? a) A lower peak bone mass in young adult females b) Problems with cell signaling and regulation c) Fractures in the elderly d) Development of osteomalacia

b) Problems with cell signaling and regulation

Which is the correct relationship between smoking and drinking and osteoporosis risk? a) Smoking increases risk while drinking decreases it. b) Smoking and drinking both increase risk. c) Smoking decreases risk while drinking increases it. d) Smoking and drinking both decrease risk.

b) Smoking and drinking both increase risk.

Which statement about the processing of foods is true? a) Processing destroys minerals. b) The processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium, selenium and zinc. c) Sodium is typically absent in processed foods. d) Potassium is often added during food processing.

b) The processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium, selenium and zinc.

The most significant dietary factor contributing to osteoporosis is: a) vitamin D. b) calcium. c) vitamin C. d) protein.

b) calcium.

Postmenopausal bone loss is primarily associated with decreased levels of the hormone: a) aldosterone. b) estrogen. c) progesterone. d) secretin.

b) estrogen.

The consumption of soda: a) provides necessary nutrients. b) has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk. c) has remained constant for the last 20 years. d) is not of nutritional concern.

b) has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk.

All of the following decrease the risk of osteoporosis EXCEPT: a) weight bearing exercise. b) low body weight. c) increased muscle mass. d) high body weight and fat.

b) low body weight.

The following minerals all compete with each other for absorption EXCEPT: a) calcium. b) sodium. c) copper. d) zinc.

b) sodium.

Which of the following are TRUE regarding the regulation of blood calcium levels? Select all that apply. A: calcitonin raises blood calcium B: calcitonin inhibits the release of calcium from bone C: PTH activates vitamin D in order to increase calcium absorption D: PTH lowers blood calcium

b,c

Which of the following are good sources of calcium? Select all that apply. A: catfish B: legumes C: kale D: tofu

b,c,d

the dietary guidelines for America recommend that adults 51 years and older, as well as all African Americans, limit their sodium intake to ____ milligrams a day. a. 800 b. 1500 c. 2300 d. 3400 e. no limit is recommended

b. 1500

Approximately what percentage of total body water comes from fluids? a. 60-65 b. 75-80 c. 50-55 d. 65-70

b. 75-80

What factor might increase mineral bioavailability? a. Proportion of dietary calcium absorbed is higher with increases in age. b. Consumption of acidic foods enhances iron absorption. c. A high intake of calcium in a meal promotes iron absorption. d. The presence of phytic acid promotes zinc absorption.

b. Consumption of acidic foods enhances iron absorption.

Reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables, tends to decrease intake of all of the following fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT vitamin _____. a. A b. D c. E d. K

b. D

Which transports preformed vitamin A from liver stores to tissues? Select one: a. Carotenoid circulating factor b. Retinol binding protein c. No answer is correct d. Opsin e. Chylomicrons

b. Retinol binding protein

What factor might increases the risk of osteoporosis? a. Weight-bearing exercise b. Tobacco use c. Regular sun exposure d. Adequate calcium intake

b. Tobacco use

Which of the following is a good source of vitamin E? Select one: a. Raw tomatoes b. Vegetable oil c. Calf's liver d. No answer is correct e. Skim milk

b. Vegetable oil

Which of the following is a fat soluble vitamin? Select one: a. Vitamin B12 b. Vitamin A c. Riboflavin d. Niacin e. No answer is correct

b. Vitamin A

which hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream? a. angiotensinogen b. antidiuretic hormone c. calcitonin d. adrenal hormone

b. antidiuretic hormone

Vitamin D regulates ________ and _________ balance in the body. Select one: a. no answer is correct b. calcium; phosphorus c. estrogen; progesterone d. energy; fat e. sodium; potassium

b. calcium; phosphorus

daily water requirements are: a. the same for all adults: 8 glasses per day b. determined by losses through urine, respiration, perspiration, and feces. c. established by specific RDAs or AIs for all ages and both genders d. met only by drinking water, not through foods or other beverages e. same for men and women if they live in temperature climates f. all of the above

b. determined by losses through the urine, respiration, perspiration, and feces

Keratomalacia most severely effects the: Select one: a. small intestine. b. eyes. c. liver. d. skin. e. tongue.

b. eyes.

A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by adding water. a. True b. False

b. false

like sodium, potassium raises blood pressure. a. true b. false

b. false

most body water comes from: a. moisture absorbed through the skin b. fluids we drink c. the foods we eat d. metabolism

b. fluids we drink

How does the DASH diet affect blood pressure? a. animal protein decreases blood pressure b. fruits and vegetables decrease blood pressure c. low fat dairy products increase blood pressure d. dietary fiber increases blood pressure.

b. fruits and vegetables decrease blood pressure

healthy electrolyte intake for the American diet includes: a. increasing sodium intake b. increasing potassium intake c. increasing sodium, potassium, and chlorine intake d. decreasing water intake

b. increasing potassium intake

Vitamin A is stable EXCEPT when exposed to: a. heat. b. light and oxygen. c. cold temperatures such as in a refrigerator. d. fat.

b. light and oxygen.

when vitamin A is deficient, what situation can occur? a. liver damage b. night blindness c. birth defects d. blurred vision

b. night blindness

the shrinking of a strawberry from water loss after being sprinkled with sugar as an example of: a. condensation b. osmosis c. alkalosis d. diffusion

b. osmosis

What factor affects the amount of water in different body compartments? a. dietary protein b. osmotic balance c. nerve conduction d. muscle contraction

b. osmotic balance

what is abundant in salmon, mackerel, cod liver oil, fortified dairy products

vitamin D

what is abundant in nuts, peanuts, sunflower oil, and wheat germ

vitamin E

what is abundant in green leafy vegetables, intestinal microbiota

vitamin K

Which are some of the best known carotenoids?

beta carotene lycopene lutein and zeaxanthin

The process whereby bone is continuously broken down and re-formed to allow for growth and maintenance is called ______________ _______________.

bone remodeling

The majority of phosphorus in the body is found in:

bones and teeth

Which of the following is TRUE regarding bone remodeling? A: during remodeling the activity of osteoclasts exceeds that of osteoblasts B: bone is formed by osteoclasts C: bone remodeling is essential for growth and maintenance D: bone is broken down by osteoblasts

c

Which of the following processes does NOT directly involve calcium? A: maintenance of heart beat B: nerve transmission C: pH regulation D: blood clotting

c

14) The recommended intake of calcium for adults is __________ mgs/day. a) 500-700 b) 800-1000 c) 1000-1200 d) 1300-1500

c) 1000-1200

Approximately what percentage of those affected by osteoporosis are women? a) 20 b) 45 c) 80 d) >90

c) 80

Why is vitamin D known as the "sunshine vitamin"? a. it functions as a vitamin only during the daylight hours b. it is available to the body only upon regular exposure to sunlight. c. it can be produced in the skin by exposure to ultraviolet light. d. it is activated immediately in the muscles upon exposure to sunlight.

c. it can be produced in the skin by exposure to ultraviolet light

Magnesium is known to be involved in all of the following EXCEPT A: regulation of calcium homeostasis. B: stabilizer of ATP. C: muscle contraction. D: production of red blood cells.

d

Which organ(s) participates in the activation of vitamin D? A: parathyroid gland B: thyroid gland C: thyroid and kidneys D: kidneys and parathyroid gland

d

The matrix of bones is: a) a protein framework. b) made up primarily of collagen. c) imbedded with hydroxyapatite. d) All of these are correct.

d) All of these are correct.

Which group could benefit from calcium supplements if needs are not met by diet? a) Young people who have not yet achieved peak bone mass. b) Post-menopausal women. c) Individuals with decreased bone density. d) All these groups could benefit.

d) All these groups could benefit.

Which statement about osteoporosis is FALSE? a) It relates to a decrease in bone density. b) It has no early symptoms. c) Osteoporosis may result in a loss of height. d) It is primarily an American disease.

d) It is primarily an American disease.

Which food group provides the largest variety of minerals? a) Vegetables b) Fruits c) Dairy d) Meat and beans

d) Meat and beans

The group with the highest bone density is: a) African Americans. b) Asians. c) Hispanics. d) Non-Hispanic whites.

d) Non-Hispanic whites.

________ are cells that build bone, while _________are cells that break down bone. a) Osteocytes; corticulocytes b) Corticulocytes; osteocytes c) Osteoblasts; osteoclasts d) Osteoclasts; osteoblasts

d) Osteoclasts; osteoblasts

Which of the following is NOT a major function of phosphorus in the body? a) Contributor to bone and teeth structure b) Constituent of DNA c) pH balance d) Regulating blood pressure

d) Regulating blood pressure

Which of the following would be present if an individual had a calcium deficiency? A: osteoporosis B: poor appetite C: constipation D: kidney stones

A

Keratomalacia most severely effects the: A .eyes. B. liver. C. skin. D. tongue.

A .eyes.

What are cruciferous vegetables?

A group of vegetables (also called crucifers) named for the cross shape of their four-petal flowers. They include broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, bok choy, cauliflower, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, rutabagas, and turnips. Their consumption is linked with lower rates of cancer.

What is a carcinogen?

A substance that causes cancer.

A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin A: D. B: A. C: K. D: E.

A: D.

In order to form blood clots, prothrombin requires vitamin A: K. B: E. C: A. D: D.

A: K.

What role do vitamin C and protein play in bone health? A: They are needed to maintain collagen. B: They are needed to maintain levels of calcium. C: They are needed to ensure full absorption of vitamin K. D: They are needed to maintain levels of phosphorus.

A: They are needed to maintain collagen.

Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body? A: beta-carotene B: chlorophyll C: zeaxanthin D: lutein

A: beta-carotene

Which of the following can be used by the body to synthesize vitamin D? A: exposure to sunlight B: bone marrow C: tryptophan D: carotene

A: exposure to sunlight

The major function of vitamin E is to inhibit the destruction of A: polyunsaturated fatty acids. B: saturated fatty acids. C: free radicals. D: lysosomes.

A: polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Which of the following are factors you should consider before purchasing and taking a dietary supplement? Select all that apply. A: the % Daily Value of the nutrients in the product B: your usual diet C: your medical history D: whether the supplement carries the FDA seal of approval

A: the % Daily Value of the nutrients in the product B: your usual diet C: your medical history

Which of the following is a general property of minerals? A: trace minerals are needed in amounts of 100 mg or less per day B: trace minerals are needed in amounts of 50 mg or less per day C: minerals in food are easily destroyed by exposure to ultraviolet light D: they contain carbon and are needed by the body as structural components

A: trace minerals are needed in amounts of 100 mg or less per day

A diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in fast food is MOST likely to be low in which of the following fat-soluble vitamins? Select all that apply. A: vitamin A B: vitamin E C: vitamin K D: vitamin D

A: vitamin A B: vitamin E C: vitamin K

Which of the following are known to contribute to an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency? Select all that apply. A: working and playing indoors B: living too far south of the equator C: global warming D: using sunscreen

A: working and playing indoors B: living too far south of the equator D: using sunscreen

What are some benefits of ellagic acid?

Anticancer properties, prevents the formation of carcinogens in the stomach.

What are some benefits of Tannins, catechins?

Antioxidants, cancer protection.

Which are some food sources of carotenoids?

Apricots, carrots, cantaloupe, tomatoes, peppers, sweet potatoes, squash, broccoli, spinach, and other leafy greens.

Which vitamin is referred to as the "sunshine vitamin"? A. A B. D C. E D. K

B. D

African Americans are at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A. their darkly pigmented skin filters out more light. B. they spend less time in the sun than people of other ethnic backgrounds. C. they consume less milk. D. they have a higher incidence of lactose intolerance.

B. they spend less time in the sun than people of other ethnic backgrounds.

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin E? Select all that apply. A: citrus fruits B: leafy greens C: vegetable oils D: wheat germ

B: leafy greens C: vegetable oils D: wheat germ

Which of the following are symptoms of rickets? Select all that apply. A: dermatitis B: pigeon breasts C: bowed legs D: kidney disease

B: pigeon breasts C: bowed legs

Which of the following individuals might benefit from taking a vitamin or mineral supplement? Select all that apply. A: those who routinely follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans B: vegans C: those following a restricted diet D: those who smoke E: chronic dieters

B: vegans C: those following a restricted diet D: those who smoke E: chronic dieters

Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins? Select all that apply. A: vitamin C B: vitamin E C: vitamin D D: vitamin A

B: vitamin E C: vitamin D D: vitamin A

Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria? A: vitamin D B: vitamin K C: vitamin E D: vitamin A

B: vitamin K

What are some food sources of saponins?

Beans and herbs.

Which are some food sources of flavonoids?

Berries, citrus fruits, onions, purple grapes, green tea, red wine, and chocolate

Where can limonene be found?

Citrus fruit peels.

What are the benefits of chocolate?

Cocoa causes the brain to produce natural opiates, which dull pain and increase feelings of well-being. A compound called anandamide can mimic the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)—the active chemical in marijuana—causing a chocolate "high." Phenylethylamine, an amphetamine like compound that raises blood pressure and blood sugar, may increase alertness and contentment. Chocolate also contains caffeine and related compounds that make us feel more alert. Cocoa and dark chocolate, made from at least 70% cocoa, are also very rich in polyphenolic antioxidants, which may protect against heart disease and other health problems. Polyphenols in dark chocolate have been shown to improve arterial function, inhibit platelet activities that lead to heart disease, lower blood pressure, and improve insulin sensitivity.

Which type of vegetables is good source of sulfur-containing phytochemicals?

Cruciferous.

Which statement about canned vegetables is FALSE? A. Canning exposes vegetables to high temperatures, reducing their nutrient content. B. Canned vegetables are typically high in salt. C. Canned vegetables have a very long shelf life. D. Current dietary recommendations are to rarely, if ever, consume canned vegetables.

D. Current dietary recommendations are to rarely, if ever, consume canned vegetables.

Which of the following is not a role of vitamin E? A. Protects membranes B. Maintains the integrity of red blood cells C. Protects against some environmental pollutants D. Prevents blood clotting

D. Prevents blood clotting

In the body, vitamin E A: is incorporated into chylomicrons. B: functions as a fat-soluble antioxidant. C: is used to neutralize free radicals. D: all of the choices are correct.

D: all of the choices are correct.

Carotenoid supplements could potentially be harmful to A: the elderly. B: endurance athletes. C: growing adolescents. D: smokers.

D: smokers.

What food contains more antioxidants? Dark chocolate, red wine or blueberries?

Dark chocolate.

What are the benefits of Sulfides and allium compounds?

Deactivate carcinogens, kill bacteria, protect against heart disease.

What are some benefits of saponins?

Decrease cholesterol absorption, decrease cancer risk, antioxidant.

What are the benefits of Phytosterols?

Decrease cholesterol absorption, reduce the risk of colon cancer by slowing growth of colon cells.

What are some benefits of sulforaphane?

Detoxifies carcinogens, shown to protect animals from breast cancer

What is a food source of capsaicin?

Hot peppers.

What are the benefits of glucosinolates, isothiocyanates and indoles?

Increase the activity of enzymes that deactivate carcinogens, alter estrogen metabolism, affect the regulation of gene expression.

What are some benefits of limonene?

Inhibits cancer cell growth.

What are the benefits of phytoestrogens?

Mimic effect of estrogen, induce cancer cell death, slow the growth of cancer cells, reduce blood cholesterol, may reduce risk of osteoporosis

What are the benefits of capsaicin?

Modulates blood clotting.

What are some food sources of ellagic acid?

Nuts, grapes, and strawberries.

Which are some food sources of phytosterols?

Nuts, seeds, and legumes.

What effects do phytochemicals have in the plants themselves?

Phytochemicals provide biological functions. For example: Compounds in onions and garlic are natural pesticides that protect plants from insects. Gardeners often plant these near more vulnerable plant varieties to protect them from insect infestation.

What are some benefits of inositol?

Protects against free radicals, protects against cancer.

What are some benefits of curcumin?

Reduces carcinogen formation, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory.

What are some food sources of Tannins, catechins?

Tea and red wine.

Which are some food sources of phytoestrogens?

Tofu, soy milk, soybeans, flax seed, and rye bread.

True or False. Low calcium intake is the MOST significant dietary factor contributing to osteoporosis.

True

Phytochemicals

a substance found in plant foods that is not an essential nutrient but may have health-promoting properties -fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, beans, herbs, spices, nuts, seeds

Phosphorus is essential for energy production since it is part of: a) ATP. b) NADH. c) FADH2. d) DNA.

a) ATP.

Which of the following compounds has NOT been found to interfere with mineral absorption? a) Ascorbic acid b) Oxalates c) Phytates d) Tannins

a) Ascorbic acid

Which of the following functions to inhibit calcium release from bone? a) Calcitonin b) Parathyroid hormone c) Calmodulin d) Insulin

a) Calcitonin

Which is the FALSE statement about absorption of calcium? a) Calcium absorption decreases during pregnancy. b) Calcium supplements may interfere with absorption of copper and iron. c) Lactose enhances the rate of calcium absorption. d) Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption.

a) Calcium absorption decreases during pregnancy.

Which statement concerning magnesium deficiency is FALSE? a) Deficiency is common in the general population. b) Symptoms include changes in heartbeat and blood pressure. c) It can be caused by diuretics. d) All of these statements are false.

a) Deficiency is common in the general population.

Which of the following statements regarding calcium is true? a) Infants get adequate calcium from breast milk. b) Diets high in phytates increase calcium absorption. c) Pregnant women need more calcium to supply the needs of the growing fetus. d) Women who breastfeed need more calcium in their diets.

a) Infants get adequate calcium from breast milk.

Which statement about vitamin D is correct? a) It promotes active transport of calcium across the intestine. b) It is required for the passive transport of calcium across the intestine. c) Vitamin D is most necessary when calcium intake is high. d) Adequate consumption increases the absorption of calcium to 50%.

a) It promotes active transport of calcium across the intestine.

Magnesium's major functions in the body include all of the following EXCEPT: a) blood clotting. b) being a cofactor for many enzymes. c) stabilizing ATP. d) maintenance of bones.

a) blood clotting.

The most abundant mineral in the body is: a) calcium. b) sodium. c) potassium. d) magnesium.

a) calcium.

The hard compact layer found on the surface of bones is called __________ bone. a) cortical b) enameled c) extrinsic d) trabecular

a) cortical

When blood calcium is low, parathyroid hormone raises levels by doing all of the following EXCEPT: a) increasing appetite for calcium containing foods. b) activating vitamin D. c) reducing calcium excretion by the kidney. d) stimulating calcium release from bone.

a) increasing appetite for calcium containing foods.

Calcium absorption is highest in: a) infancy. b) young adults. c) older adults. d) after menopause.

a) infancy.

Whether an element is classified as a major or as a trace mineral is determined by: a) the amounts needed daily by the body. b) where they are absorbed in the digestive tract. c) how critical they are for metabolic processes. d) where they are found on the periodic table.

a) the amounts needed daily by the body.

As calcium intake increases: a) the percentage absorbed declines. b) active transport becomes more important. c) more vitamin C is required. d) more iron is absorbed.

a) the percentage absorbed declines.

In the body where is dietary sulfur found? Select all that apply. A: certain vitamins B: proteins C: unsaturated fats D: certain carbohydrates

a,b

Which of the following are TRUE regarding mineral bioavailability? Select all that apply. A: large doses of single minerals from a dietary supplement may interfere with absorption of other materials B: oxalates bind minerals in the GI tract reducing absorption C: when body stores of a mineral low absorption will increase D: mineral ions with the opposite charge compete for absorption in the GI tract

a,b,c

Which of the following increase the risk of osteoporosis? Select all that apply. A: history of eating disorders B: increased age C: Asian heritage D: male gender E: participating in weight-bearing activity

a,b,c

Which of the following would be good food sources of dietary calcium for those who are lactose intolerant? Select all that apply. A: soy products processed with calcium B: green leafy vegetables, such as spinach and kale C: fermented dairy products, such as yogurt D: low-fat milk and cheese

a,b,c

Which of the following affects mineral bioavailability? Select all that apply. A: the body's ability to absorb specific minerals B: the composition of the diet C: the age of the individual D: the height of the individual E: the nutritional status of the individual

a,b,c,e

Which of the following are functions of phosphorus? Select all that apply. A: constituent of DNA B: provides rigidity to bones C: component of the hormone adrenaline D: transports lipids throughout the body

a,b,d

Which of the following are good sources of magnesium? Select all that apply. A: kale B: white flour C: bananas D: beef

a,c

Which of the following factors increase the risk for osteoporosis? Select all that apply. A: being underweight B: being of African American descent C: being female D: regularly engaging in strength training

a,c

a water loss of _____ of body weight can impair physical and cognitive functioning. a. 1-2% b. 5-7% c. 10% d. 20%

a. 1-2%

healthy blood pressure is defined as ______ mm of mercury. a. < 120/80 b. < 140/90 c. < 160/100 d. between 120/80 and 140/90

a. < 120/80

which of the following acts to increase blood pressure? a. Angiotensin II b. calcitonin c. estrogen d. parathyroid hormone

a. Angiotensin II

Which section of MyPlate provides calcium in the diet, besides dairy? a. Vegetables b. Fruit c. Protein d. Grains

a. Vegetables

Why would vitamin A deficiency cause eye infections and blindness? a. Vitamin A maintains epithelial cells b. the mucus secreting cells damage the surface of the eye. c. Keratin-producing cells decrease immune function. d. the hard, dry surface protects normal epithelium

a. Vitamin A maintains epithelial cells

the hormone that increases sodium reabsorption by the kidney is: a. aldosterone b. renin c. angiotensin d. adrenaline

a. aldosterone

The carotenoid with the most vitamin A activity is ____________. a. beta-carotene b. alpha-carotene c. beta-cryptoxanthin d. lycopene

a. beta-carotene

the normal pH of the body fluids of 7.4 is considered: a. slightly basic b. slightly acidic c. very basic d. very acidic

a. slightly basic

Vitamin E is essential for: Select one: a. fertility. b. no answer is correct. c. the healing of scars. d. bone formation. e. the prevention of rashes.

a. fertility.

the best source of potassium per calorie comes from: a. fruits and vegetables b. whole grains c. lean protein d. low fat dairy

a. fruits and vegetables

which condition is characterized by decreased sodium levels due to over dehydration? a. hyponatremia b. hypokalemia c. hypovolemia d. hypophosphatemmia

a. hyponatremia

the loss of body fluid in ways not obvious or noticeable to us is called: a. insensible losses b. interstitial decreases c. transitory losses d. undetectable losses

a. insensible losses

The portion of extracellular fluid located in the spaces between cells and tissues is called: a. interstitial flid b. extracellular fluid c. intracellular fluid d. blood pressure

a. interstitial fluid

Vitamin D acts primarily in the: Select one: a. intestine, kidney and bone. b. skin and liver. c. no answer is correct. d. heart and lungs. e. stomach and pancreas.

a. intestine, kidney and bone.

What is the effect of dietary salt intake on blood pressure? a. it increases blood pressure. b. it lowers blood pressure c. it has no effect on blood pressure d. it can either increase or lower blood pressure

a. it increases blood pressure

which electrolyte found primarily inside the cell? a. potassium b. chloride c. sodium d. phosphorous e. no answer is correct

a. potassium

The primary function of vitamin D in the body is to: Select one: a. regulate calcium and phosphorus levels. b. modulate iron levels. c. support night vision. d. prevent anemia. e. no answer is correct.

a. regulate calcium and phosphorus levels.

What are electrolytes in the body? a. substances that dissociate in water to form charged ions. b. they are vitamins and minerals required for body functions c. proteins that are dissolved in body fluids d. they are desirable but not necessary for the maintenance for life.

a. substances that dissociate in water to form charged ions

water moves through cell walls a. toward the side with more solutes b. away from the side with less c. by dissociation d. by gravity

a. toward the side with more solutes

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone used to influence water retention at the kidneys. a. True b. False

a. true

In most people, hypertension has no obvious external cause. a. True b. False

a. true

in infants, a vitamin E deficiency may lead to hemolytic anemia a. true b. false

a. true

vitamin K deficiency is a risk associated with long-term use of antibiotics. a. true b. false

a. true

What is a major source of dietary sulfur? A: minerals salts B: proteins C: fats D: carbohydrates

b

Which of the following is NOT a role of calcium in body fluids? A: essential for blood clotting B: temperature regulation C: regulation of blood pressure D: release of neurotransmitters

b

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding mineral needs? A: Deficiencies rarely have long-term effects on health. B: Minerals that are essential in small doses can be toxic if consumed in excess. C: Environmental sources of minerals cannot lead to toxicity. D: Deficiencies always cause symptoms that impact short-term health.

b

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium? a) Muscle contraction b) ATP stabilization c) Blood pressure regulation d) Neurotransmitter release

b) ATP stabilization

Which of the following has been the most effective in decreasing post-menopausal bone loss? a) Fluoride treatment b) Hormone replacement therapy c) Supplemental vitamin C d) Aerobic exercise plus multi-vitamins

b) Hormone replacement therapy

Which statement describes the relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium? a) If dietary calcium is low, both blood and bone levels will decline. b) If dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium. c) If dietary calcium is low, blood calcium is sacrificed to maintain bone calcium. d) Blood levels of calcium are a good indicator of the calcium status of bone.

b) If dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium.

Which mineral is found in varying amounts in food depending on where it is grown? a) Calcium b) Iodine c) Magnesium d) Pyridoxine

b) Iodine

Vitamin E deficiency in the U.S. is most likely to be a problem in: Select one: a. no answer is correct. b. premature infants. c. pregnant women. d. teenagers. e. older adults.

b. premature infants.

which visual pigment is formed by the combination of retinal vitamin A and opsin that allows for the perception of light? a. retinol-binding protein b. rhodopsin c. retinoic acid d. keratin

b. rhodopsin

What is true about water movement across cell membrane? a. water moves to the compartment with the lowest concentration of solute. b. the amount of water in blood and tissues is determined by blood pressure. c. extra protein in the diet promotes fluid retention in body cells. d. the concentration of solute remains constant among the body compartments.

b. the amount of water in blood and tissues is determined by blood pressure.

an electrical charge or membrane potential exists across nerve cell membranes because: a. the membrane is permeable to sodium ions b. the cell membrane allows more positively charged ions to leak out than to leak in c. the membrane is impermeable to all ions d. water can slow freely across the membrane

b. the cell membrane allows more positively charged ions to leak out than to leak in

All of the following statements provide reasons why fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies occur except: a. the rising reliance on fast food b. the increase of fat in our diet c. use of sunscreen while outdoors d. intake of medications that limit fat absorption

b. the increase of fat in our diet

what is true about night vision? a. looking into the bright headlights of an approaching car at night is permanently blinding. b. the regeneration of rhodopsin is delayed when vitamin A is deficient. c. night blindness is an irreversible symptom of vitamin A deficiency d. the visual cycle begins when light passes into the eye and strikes the optic nerve.

b. the regeneration of rhodopsin is delayed when vitamin A is deficient.

the body loses the most water through: a. perspiration b. urine c. feces d. respiration

b. urine

What is true about the function of vitamin D? a. Vitamin D inactivates cancerous cells. b. vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium retention by the kidneys. c. Vitamin D decreases the production of intestinal calcium transport proteins. d. Vitamin D binds to protein in the cytoplasm of most cells.

b. vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium retention by the kidneys.

which of the following statements is incorrect relating to the role of the water? a. you can survive only a few days without water b. water will keep you thin c. water play a part in moving food through the GI tract d. water makes up 75% of our bodies

b. water will keep you thin

Which statement regarding lactose intolerance is true? a) It must be treated with calcium supplements to avoid osteoporosis. b) It means a person can eat no dairy products. c) The symptoms can be avoided by using products treated with lactase. d) Lactose intolerance is common in individuals of all ethnic backgrounds.

c) The symptoms can be avoided by using products treated with lactase.

Which statement about phosphorus is correct? a) Toxicity is common in the U.S. because of increased use of phosphorus-containing food additives. b) Toxicity causes uncontrolled muscle contractions. c) Toxicity may cause bone resorption. d) High intake increases the energy available to cells, eventually leading to exhaustion.

c) Toxicity may cause bone resorption.

After 35 to 45 years of age: a) bone formation exceeds bone breakdown. b) bone formation is equal to bone breakdown. c) bone breakdown exceeds bone formation. d) the skeleton is typically weak and fractures easily.

c) bone breakdown exceeds bone formation.

Peak bone mass in women is typically achieved in: a) infancy. b) early childhood. c) early adulthood. d) the menopausal period.

c) early adulthood.

Milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a) excessive use of calcium containing antacids. b) high blood calcium. c) increased secretion of PTH. d) calcification of the kidney.

c) increased secretion of PTH.

When phosphorus intake is high, the most likely consequence is that: a) blood levels rise drastically. b) less is absorbed across the intestine. c) more is lost in the urine. d) it is stored in additional creatine phosphate.

c) more is lost in the urine.

Significant loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed: a) osteopenia. b) osteomalacia. c) osteoporosis. d) osteopropensia.

c) osteoporosis.

Two hormones regulate blood calcium levels; ________ raises blood calcium and __________ lowers blood calcium levels. a) calcitonin; aldosterone b) calcitonin; parathyroid hormone c) parathyroid hormone; calcitonin d) thyroid stimulating hormone; calcitonin

c) parathyroid hormone; calcitonin

The absorption of some minerals is regulated by: a) interaction with phospholipids. b) starches. c) transport proteins. d) binding to amino acids.

c) transport proteins.

Kevin lost 3 pounds during his workout. HE should consume a minimum of ____ liters of liquid to replace lost fluid. a. 0.5 b. 1 c. 1.5 d. 2

c. 1.5

Deficiencies of vitamins _____ and _____ are most common in developing countries. a. A & E b. D & K c. A & D d. E & K

c. A & D

What role do minerals play in promoting proper nutrition? a. Minerals in today's diet come mainly from plant food sources. b. Minerals are needed in large amounts for maintaining body structure. c. Minerals help to regulate chemical reactions and body processes. d. Mineral supplements are required to ensure nutrient adequacy.

c. Minerals help to regulate chemical reactions and body processes.

Which form of vitamin A is involved in vision? a. Beta-carotene b. Lycopene c. Retinal d. Retinoic acid

c. Retinal

What is the role of sulfur in the body? a. Sulfur maintains normal blood pressure. b. Sulfur activates vitamin D in the body. c. Sulfur helps to regulate acid-base balance. d. Sulfur triggers the excretion of toxic substances.

c. Sulfur helps to regulate acid-base balance.

When vitamin A is deficient, there is a delay in the regeneration of the visual pigment. Which statement is INCORRECT? Select one: a. This condition is reversible. b. This is one of the first signs of a vitamin A deficiency. c. This condition is irreversible. d. This causes difficulty adapting to dim light after exposure to bright light. e. This condition is called night blindness.

c. This condition is irreversible.

What is the purpose of retinol activity equivalents? Select one: a. No answer is correct. b. To quantify the decrease in vitamin A function due to exercise or activity. c. To provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to an equivalent amount of vitamin A. d. To estimate the bioavailability of vitamin A from different food sources. e. To determine the amount of vitamin A lost in processing.

c. To provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to an equivalent amount of vitamin A.

Vitamin A is essential for ____________. Select one: a. reproduction b. none of these c. all of these d. immune function e. growth

c. all of these

Fat soluble vitamins require _______ and _______ for absorption into intestinal cells. Select one: a. bile and lymph b. lymph and dietary fat c. bile and dietary fat d. no answer is correct e. lymph and chylomicrons

c. bile and dietary fat

When an individual hasn't consumed enough water, what happens? a. Blood volume increases, solute concentration decreases b. ADH is suppressed, water is reabsorbed into the blood c. Blood volume decreases, solute concentration increases d. ADH is increased, excess water is released in urine

c. blood volume decreases, solute concentration increases

from the list below, which electrolytes are found primarily outside of the cell? a. sodium b. chloride c. both sodium and chloride d. potassium e. all answers are correct

c. both sodium and chloride

positively and negatively charged ions in water are called: a. solvents b. non-polar c. electrolytes d. inert

c. electrolytes

When consumption of __________is insufficient, vitamin A absorption is decreased. Select one: a. protein b. alcohol c. fat d. water e. carbohydrate

c. fat

of the following, the tissue with the lowest water content is: a. blood b. bone c. fat d. muscle

c. fat

the DASH diet is: a. high in calcium and magnesium while low in sodium and potassium. b. high in sodium while low in calcium, magnesium, and potassium c. high in potassium, calcium, and magnesium while low in sodium d. high in sodium and potassium while low in calcium and magnesium

c. high in potassium, calcium, and magnesium while low in sodium

a reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water is called a. exchange reaction b catalysis reaction c. hydrolysis reaction d. condensation reaction

c. hydrolysis reaction

diets high in sodium have been linked to _________ in some people. a. diabetes b. cancer c. hypertension d. all of these

c. hypertension

What is a function of water in the body? a. it regulates protein functioning the body b. it prevents heat loss from the body c. it transports oxygen and nutrients to cells d. it maintains the body at a slightly acidic pH.

c. it transports oxygen and nutrients to cells

Why is vitamin D deficiency on the rise? a. people spend time outdoors without the benefit of sunscreens. b. larger bones mass requires additional vitamin D. c. low consumption of milk fortified with vitamin d. d. the kidneys fail to promote vitamin D retention among the elderly.

c. low consumption of milk fortified with vitamin d.

Which of the following statements is true regarding pH? a. A pH of 1 is very basic. b. A pH of 14 is very acidic. c. Most reactions in the body occur around a pH of 7.4. d. Water allows for rapid pH changes.

c. most reactions in the body occurs around a pH of 7.4.

water is absorbed in the GI tract by: a. active transport b. brownian motion c. osmosis d. endocytosis

c. osmosis

A vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults which is characterized by weak or soft bones is called: Select one: a. no answer is correct. b. keratomalacia. c. osteomalacia. d. rickets. e. osteoporosis.

c. osteomalacia.

Vitamin A toxicity occurs most frequently when large amounts of _________ is (are) ingested. Select one: a. liver and onions b. polar bear liver c. preformed vitamin A supplements d. carrot juice e. egg yolks

c. preformed vitamin A supplements

The actions of vitamin D do NOT include: Select one: a. breaking down of bone to release calcium into the blood. b. stimulating intestinal calcium absorption. c. regulating thyroid hormone synthesis. d. increasing calcium reabsorption by the kidneys. e. no answer is correct.

c. regulating thyroid hormone synthesis.

What is a consequence of hypertension? a. weight gain b. diabetes c. stroke d. obesity

c. stroke

how is blood pressure regulated? a. aldosterone decreases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys. b. renin converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which is activated to angiotensin III. c. water follows the sodium, helping to maintain blood volume and blood pressure d. an increase in blood pressure triggers the kidneys to release the enzyme renin.

c. water follows the sodium, helping to maintain blood volume and blood pressure

Together, low PTH levels and the presence of __________________ cause a decrease in blood calcium levels.

calcitonin

_______________________ provides structure to bones and teeth, by forming crystals with _______________ that harden the matrix of bone and teeth.

calcium;phosphorus

Which of the following is NOT a typical reason why women are at increased risk of osteoporosis? a) Women achieve a lower peak bone mass than men. b) Bone breakdown accelerates after menopause. c) Calcium absorption declines for a few years post-menopause. d) The hormonal changes that accompany menopause affect appetite for calcium-containing foods.

d) The hormonal changes that accompany menopause affect appetite for calcium-containing foods.

Which statement about mineral supplements is FALSE? a) They can be toxic. b) Supplements of one mineral can decrease the bioavailability of other minerals. c) Supplements can help individuals meet their dietary needs. d) They should always be avoided.

d) They should always be avoided.

In the body, sulfur plays an important part in the structure of: a) adipose tissue. b) bones and teeth. c) enzymes. d) some amino acids and vitamins.

d) some amino acids and vitamins.

Blood levels of magnesium are regulated primarily by: a) the liver. b) the amount consumed in the diet. c) absorption across the small intestine. d) the kidneys.

d) the kidneys.

Which statement about the stability of vitamin E is FALSE? a. It can be destroyed when oil is repeatedly heated to high temperatures. b. It is destroyed by exposure to oxygen. c. It is sensitive to light. d. It is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process.

d. It is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process.

Beta-carotene is LEAST plentiful in which food? Select one: a. Carrots b. Cantaloupe c. Mangos d. Kiwis e. Mustard greens

d. Kiwis

How is calcium in the blood regulated? a. Calcitonin causes calcium to be deposited in the bone. b. Calcitonin decreases intestinal calcium absorption. c. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the kidneys to secrete calcium. d. Parathyroid hormone stimulates calcium release from bone

d. Parathyroid hormone stimulates calcium release from bone

What is true about the peak bone mass? a. Men start to lose bone mass after about age 25. b. During childhood, sex differences in bone mass first appear. c . Women have a higher bone mineral density than men. d. Women experience accelerated bone loss after menopause.

d. Women experience accelerated bone loss after menopause.

most of the salt consumed by Americans is: a. found naturally in food b. added during home preparation c. added at the table d. added to food during processing and manufacturing

d. added to food during processing and manufacturing

which of the following individuals is at risk for dehydration? a. an athlete, exercising in cool weather b. an elderly woman, just returning from a 4 hour flight c. a child recovering from diarrhea d. all are potentially at risk for dehydration

d. all are potentially at risk for dehydration

which of the following is a determinant for our daily water needs? a. illness b. fiber content in our diet c. alcohol consumption d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The risk of hypertension is affected by: a. genetics. b. age. c. lifestyle factors. d. all of these choices.

d. all of these choices

Water functions as part of: a. tears. b. synovial fluid. c. saliva. d. all of these choices.

d. all of these choices.

which statement concerning electrolyte imbalance is true? a. it can cause sudden heart failure b. it can occur in anorexia nervosa c. it can disturb acid base balance d. all of these statements are true

d. all of these statements are true

Fat soluble vitamins are transported from the intestine within ______________. Select one: a. LDLs b. HDLs c. VLDLs d. chylomicrons e. no answer is correct

d. chylomicrons

The best way to increase antioxidant intake is to: Select one: a. take an antioxidant-containing supplement. b. eat more chicken. c. eat more fish. d. eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. e. consume more dairy foods

d. eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

all of the following are true regarding antidiuretic hormone [ADH], except that: a. is released by the pituitary gland b. is released when blood volume falls c. prompts the kidneys to conserve water d. functions to release water and dilute urine. e. is decreased when blood volume increases or normalizes

d. functions to release water and dilute urine.

the primary focus of the DASH diet is to help control: a. high cholesterol levels b. type 2 diabetes c. blood triglycerides d. high blood pressure

d. high blood pressure

fluid requirements for infants are proportionately greater than those for adults because: a. infants have less surface area for evaporation b. infants are more active than adults c.infants weigh less than adults d. infants have immature kidneys that are not able to concentrate urine

d. infants have immature kidneys that are not able to concentrate urine

What is true about dehydration? a. a loss of 11% body weights water can cause nausea b. it is recommended for reducing body weight c. it stimulates the removal of waste products d. it can impair physical and cognitive performance.

d. it can impair physical and cognitive performance

The primary organ involved in the regulation of sodium, potassium, and water balance in the body a. brain b. lungs c. heart d. kidneys

d. kidneys

what is true about the dietary sources of sodium and potassium? a. more processed foods are generally low in sodium b. more processed foods are generally high in potassium c. less processed foods tend to be high in sodium d. less processed foods tend to be high in potassium

d. less processed foods tend to be high in potassium

water plays an important role in: a. preventing obesity in the U.S. population b. providing a source of energy c. providing a good source of potassium in the diet d. regulating body temperatures e. making up 50% of the body in men f. all of the above

d. regulating body temperatures

water in the body comes from all of these sources except: a. beverages b. solid food c. metabolic reactions d. respiration

d. respiration

A vitamin D-deficiency syndrome characterized by bone deformities in children is called: Select one: a. osteomalacia. b. xerophthalmia. c. no answer is correct. d. rickets. e. scurvy.

d. rickets.

Why are fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies occurring in the developed world? a. the body's ability to store the fat-soluble vitamins has declined. b. the intake of fats has increased in developed countries c. composition of foods may influence how much fat soluble vitamin is absorbed d. rising reliance on fast food has reduced our intake of fruits and vegetables.

d. rising reliance on fast food has reduced our intake of fruits and vegetables.

The food that contains the most vitamin D is: Select one: a. peanut oil. b. whole-wheat bread. c. kiwi. d. whole milk. e. cranberry juice.

d. whole milk.

Which statement about fat soluble vitamins is FALSE? Select one: a. Intake can vary without risking deficiency as long as the average intake is adequate. b. They can function in the control of gene expression. c. After absorption, they are transported in the lymphatic system. d. There are four fat soluble vitamins. e. Fat soluble vitamins are only found in plant-based foods.

e. Fat soluble vitamins are only found in plant-based foods.

What is true about provitamin A? Select one: a. No answer is correct. b. It functions as a metabolic enzyme. c. It is available in both plant and animal products. d. It is a carrier of proteins. e. It is bound to fatty acids.

e. It is bound to fatty acids.

What is a function of vitamin E? Select one: a. No answer is correct. b. Vitamin E liberates the bound reactive oxygen compounds into the bloodstream. c. Vitamin E blocks the absorption of free radicals in the small intestine. d. Vitamin E works with biotin to destroy harmful intestinal bacteria. e. Vitamin E neutralizes reactive oxygen compounds to prevent cell damage.

e. Vitamin E neutralizes reactive oxygen compounds to prevent cell damage.

Which statement is true about the need for dietary supplements? Select one: a. Vegans usually need supplements of Vitamin A. b. Vitamin A should be given in high doses to the elderly. c. No answer is correct. d. Supplement use increases overall health in all populations. e. Women of child-bearing age need extra folate.

e. Women of child-bearing age need extra folate.

Vitamin A deficiency can result in: Select one: a. osteomalacia. b. hemolytic anemia. c. no answer is correct d. goiter. e. xerophthalmia.

e. xerophthalmia.

True or False. ATP does NOT contain phosphorus.

false

True or False. Calcium is more readily absorbed than phosphorus in the diet.

false

Insufficient intake of ___________ could lead to a deficiency of vitamin A because of its affect on vitamin A absorption.

fat

Calcium absorption is inhibited by:

fiber

In the level of blood calcium falls too low, _________________ is released, stimulating the release of calcium from bone, reducing calcium excretion by the kidney, and activating vitamin D.

parathyroid hormone

Even after physical growth stops, bone mass continues to increase into young adulthood when the _____________________________________ is achieved.

peak bone mass

Like calcium, ____________________ is found in dairy products such as milk, yogurt, and cheese, but meat, cereals, bran, eggs, nuts, and fish are also good sources.

phosphorus

Bioavailability

the degree to which an ingested nutrient is absorbed and available to be utilized by the body

True or False. In the absence of PTH, excretion of calcium by the kidney increases, less vitamin D is activated, reducing absorption of dietary calcium; and less calcium is released from bone.

true

True or False. Magnesium is essential for the maintenance of bone structure.

true

True or False. The majority of magnesium in the body is found in the skeletal system.

true

True or False. Vitamin A affects protein synthesis through its effect on gene expression.

true

what is abundant in liver, fish, egg yolks, and fortified dairy products

vitamin A