NR599 Midterm content
cognitive informatics (CI)
"the multidisciplinary study of cognition and information sciences, which investigates human information processing mechanisms and processes and their engineering applications in computing" - Principles of this and an understanding of how humans interact with computers can be used to build information technology (IT) systems that better meet the needs of users
knowledge
- The awareness and understanding of a set of information and the ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or reach a decision. - information is data made useful through the application of knowledge.
scientific underpinning
- a broad term used to describe the integration of concepts and tools derived from information science and computer science application of human-computer interaction and ergonomic principles.
Connectionism
- a component of cognitive science that uses computer modeling through artificial neural networks to explain human intellectual abilities. - it is rooted in how computation occurs in the brain and nervous system or biologic neural networks.
communication hub
- a device that captures and assists in the transmission of info from peripheral equipment. - A processor organizes the data, appropriately encrypts the data to assure confidentiality, and transmits the encrypted data to appropriate decision makers. - data can be transmitted via traditional phone lines, through the internet or over wireless networks. - typically the hub will be a small box, to which peripheral equipment is connected.
Nursing Informatics Competencies
- a set of essential skills related to informatics deemed appropriate for various levels of nursing practice. - nursing is an information intensive profession - Establish a nursing language, develop methods to build clinical information databases, determine how nurses give patient care using data, info, and knowledge, develop and test patient care decisions support systems, develop workstations that provide nurses with needed info, develop appropriate methods to evaluate nursing info system
cognitive informatics
- attempts to solve problems in two connected areas in a bidirectional and multidisciplinary approach. - in one direction, it uses informatics and computing techniques to investigate cognitive science problems, such as memory, learning, and reasoning; - in the other direction, it uses cognitive theories to investigate the problems in informatics, computing and software engineering.
cognitive informatics (CI)
- bridges the gap between artificial and natural intelligence and enhances the understanding of how information is acquired, processed, stored, and retrieved so that these functions can be modeled in computer software.
Communication Systems
- collections of individual communications networks and transmission systems - ex in healthcare include: call light systems, wireless phones, pagers, e-mail, instant messaging, and any other devices or networks that clinicians use to communicate with patients, families, other professionals, and internal and external resources. the thing that carries the message
standardized terminologies (STs)
- contribute to the development of knowledge because they ensure that all professionals share the same understanding or meaning of a given concept, to clarify communication, facilitate research, and provide structure for decision support tools and EHRs. - STs support the foundation of knowledge model
information science
- enables the processing of information. - This processing links people and technology. - humans are organic Information systems, constantly acquiring, processing, generating and disseminating information or knowledge. (foundation of knowledge model)
the end user
- focus of this activity because the concern is with enhancing the performance in the workplace - in nursing, this could be the actual clinician in the clinical setting, and cognitive science can enhance the integration and implementation of the technologies being designed to facilitate this knowledge worker with the ultimate goal of improving patient care delivery.
communication systems targeting patients and their families
- some patients are now able to access their electronic chart from home via an internet connection. - they can update their own medical record to inform their physicians of changes to their health or personal practices that impact their physical condition. - inpatients in hospitals may also receive individualized messages with scheduled tests, procedures for the day and confirm menu choices for their meals. - these systems may also communicate educational messages, such as smoking cessation advice.
decision-support software
- such systems can help decision makers to consider the consequences of different courses of action before implementing the action. - they also provide stores of information that the user may not be aware of and can use to choose the best course of action and ultimately make a better decision in unfamiliar circumstances.
knowledge acquisition
- the act of getting knowledge - ex: tom gained knowledge in his basic nursing education programs,and continues to build his foundation of knowledge by engaging in such activities as reading nursing research and theory articles, attending continuing education, consulting with expert colleagues, and using clinical databases and clinical practice guidelines. - this process occurs as you interact with the environment
knowledge generation
- the creation of new knowledge by changing and evolving knowledge based on one's experiences, education and input from others. - knowledge processing causes time to redefine and restructure his knowledge base and develop new knowledge. - as other respond to tom's distribution of knowledge, and he acquires yet more knowledge, he is engaged to rethink, reflect on and re-explore his knowledge acquisition.
Knowledge Dissemination
- the distribution and sharing of knowledge. - ex: tom will share the new knowledge he has generated with colleagues, and he may then receive feedback on that knowledge he shares - this dissemination and feedback builds a foundation of knowledge anew
cogntive science
- the interdisciplinary field that studies the mind, intelligence, and behavior from an information processing perspective. - provides the scaffolding for the analysis and modeling of complicated multi faceted human performance and has tremendous effect on the issues impacting informatics. - was added to NI because nurse scientists are seen to strive to capture and explain the influence of the human brain on data, information and knowledge processing and to elucidate how these factors in turn affect nursing decision making. - this science is imperative as researchers attempt to model and support nursing decision making in complex computer programs;
knowledge processing
- the next step after acquiring new knowledge. - the activity or process of gathering, collecting, perceiving, analyzing, saving and storing, synthesizing, manipulating, conveying and transmitting knowledge. ex: this effort leads to knowledge generation
knowledge work/workers
- the process of collecting data, turning it into information and creating knowledge and ultimately wisdom - technology can aid by helping nurses to collect data, see trends, process info and create knowledge that can be used to create wisdom.
Nursing Informatics (NI)
- the specialty that integrates nursing science with multiple information management and analytical sciences to identify, define, manage, and communicate data, information, knowledge and wisdom in nursing practice. - A specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)
- three axioms for effectiveness: 1. users must be an early and continuous focus during interface design 2. The design process should be iterative, allowing for evaluation and correction of identified problems. 3. Formal evaluation should take place using rigorous experimental and qualitative methods. - The study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings.
information science
-deals with the retrieval and management of information as well as the human-computer interaction.
Characteristics of Valuable quality information include
1. Accessibility 2. security 3. timeliness 4. accuracy 5. relevancy 6. completeness 7. flexibility 8. reliability 9. objectivity 10. utility 11. transparency 12. verifiability 13. reproducibility
Two core roles in nursing informatics
1. The informatics nurse specialist 2. the clinician (nurse) who must use health information technology.
characteristics of valuable computer software
1. portability 2. security 3. multiprocess support 4. extensibility 5. international support 6. compatibility
Foundation of Knowledge model
Model that proposes that humans are organic information systems constantly acquiring, processing, and generating information or knowledge in both their professional and personal lives. - reflects the understanding that knowledge is a powerful tool and that nurses focus on information as a key building block of knowledge. - knowledge acquisition, knowledge processing, knowledge generation, knowledge dissemination and feedback - as knowledge grows and expands, itsuse becomes more transparent- a person uses this knowledge during practice without even being consciously aware of which aspect of knowledge is being used at any given moment.
Nursing Informatics: Scope and Standards of Practice
NI meets the following needs for health informatics: 1. provides a foundation for nurses in NI 2. provides a nursing perspective 3. Showcases nursing values and beliefs 4. Produces unique knowledge 5. distinguishes groups of practitioners. 6. emphasizes the interest for nursing 7. provides nursing language and word context
artificial neural networks
On their own, single neurons have minimal computational capacity. When interconnected with other neurons, however, they have immense computational power. The connectionism system or model learns by modifying the connections linking the neurons. - unique computer programs designed to model or simulate their biologic analogs, the neurons of the brain.
computer science
Studies the theory underpinning information and computation and their implementation in computer systems; facets include hardware, software, and communications as well as solutions to related problems (IT).
communication software
Technology programs used to transmit messages via e-mail, telephonically, paging, broadcast (such as MP3), and Internet (such as instant messaging, Voice-over-Internet Protocol, or listservs).
compatibility
The ability to work with each other or other devices or systems; for example, software that works with a computer. - with MS-DOS and MS-windows applications
operating system
The most important software on any computer. It is the very first program to load on computer start-up and is fundamental for the operation of all other software as well as the computer's hardware.
cognitive science society
Their interdisciplinary base arises from psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, computer science, linguistics, biology, and physics; covers memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, mental ability, and computational models of cognitive processes; and explores the nature of the mind, knowledge representation, language, problem solving, decision making, and the social factors influencing the design and use of technology.
Extensibility
This capability is provided by using a layered architecture with a protected executive layer for basic system services, several server subsystems that operate in user mode, and a modular structure that allows additional environmental subsystems to be added without affecting the executive layer.
computer science
a branch of engineering (application of science) that studies the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. - the study of storage/memory, conversion, transformation and transfer or transmission of information in machines, that is, computers, through both algorithms and practical implementation problems.
Accuracy
accurate information means that there are no errors in the data and information
Transparency
allows users to apply their intellect to accomplish their task while the tools housing the information disappear into the background
Standard Terminologies
are key to the development of an EHR in order to represent, communicate and exchange, reuse and report data, information, and knowledge including Meaningful use criteria - in addition to vocabularies, terminology standards also include nomenclatures, classification systems, and code sets.
standard terminologies
are structured, controlled languages developed to represent concepts in a given domain in a clear, unambiguous fashion that conveys the exact same meaning for data, information, and knowledge across settings, regions and even different countries - consistency affords access to information and knowledge when it i needed without regard for the current model or period of care.
Neural networks
can be thought of as interconnected simple processing devices or simplified models of the brain and nervous system that consist of a considerable number of elements or units (analogs of neurons) linked together in a pattern of connections (analogs of synapses). - models the entire nervous system has three types of units: (1) input units (analogs of sensory neurons), which receive information to be processed; (2) hidden units (analogs to all of the other neurons, not sensory or motor), which work in between input and output units; (3) output units (analogs of motor neurons), where the outcomes or results of the processing are found.
Reliability
comes from reliable or clean data gathered from authoritative and credible sources.
Completeness
contains all the necessary essential data - if a healthcare provider needs to contact the only relative listed for the patient and his or her contact information is listed but the approval for that person to be contacted is missing, this info is considered incomplete.
information science
deals with the retrieval and management as well as human-computer interaction - can be thought of as the science of information, studying the application and usage of information and knowledge in organization and the interface or interaction between people, organizations, and information systems.
Algorithms
detailed, unambiguous action sequences in the design, efficiency and application of computer systems. - differ from practical implementation problems which deal with the software and hardware.
decision-support software
embedded in the electronic health record and models the human and natural decision making processes of professionals in an artificial program.
Flexibility
information that can be used for a variety of purposes - info concerning the inventory of supplies on a nursing unit, can be used by nurses who need to know if an item is available for use for a patient. the nurse manager accesses the info to help decide which supplies need to be ordered, to determine which items are used most frequently, and to do an economic assessment of waste.
Feedback
input in the form of opinions about or reactions to something such as shared knowledge. - in an information system, this refers to information from the system that is used to make modifications in the input, processing actions, or outputs. - ex: the results of sharing/disseminating knowledge;
security
is a major challenge because unauthorized users must be blocked while the authorized user is provided with open, easy, access
information science
is a multidisciplinary science that encompasses aspects of computer science, social science, cognitive science, communication science, and library science to deal with obtaining, gathering, organizing, manipulating, managing, storing, retrieving, recapturing, disposing of, distributing, and broadcasting information. - studies everything that deals with information and can be defined as the study of ISs.
relevancy
is a subjective descriptor, in that the user must have information that is relevant or applicable to his or her needs - if healthcare provider is trying to decide whether a pt needs insulin and only the pt's ct scan info is available, this info is not _____ for that current need.
Objectivity
is as close to the truth as one can get; it is not subjective or biased, but rather factual and impartial - if someone states something it must be determined whether that person is reliable and whether what he or she is stating is factual or tainted by his or her own perspective
information science
is primarily concerned with the input, processing, output, and feedback of data and information through technology integration with a focus on comprehending the perspective of the stakeholders involved and then applying IT as needed. - it is systematically based, dealing with the big picture rather than individual pieces of technology
Central Hypothesis of Cognitive Science
is that thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures. While there is much disagreement about the nature of the representations and computations that constitute thinking, the central hypothesis is general enough to encompass the current range of thinking, including connectionist theories which model thinking using artificial neural networks.
cognitive science
looks at how the human mind works from an information processing perspective.
Verifiability
means that one can check to verify or prove that the info is correct
Nursing science
one of the building blocks for nursing informatics. - the ethical application of knowledge acquired through education, research, and practice to provide services and interventions to patients so as to maintain, enhance, or restore health - to advocate for health; and to acquire, process, generate, and disseminate nursing knowledge to advance the nursing profession
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
or microprocessors - Sometimes conceptualized as the "brain" of the computer, the processor is the computer component that actually executes, calculates, and processes the binary computer code (which consists of various configurations of 0s and 1s), instigated by the operating system (OS) and other applications on the computer.
scientific underpinning
provide the basis of knowledge for advanced nursing practice. - include sciences such as biology, physiology, psychology, ethics, and nursing. nursing science, information science, ad computer science - DIKW paradigm
Reproducibility
refers to the ability to produce the same information again
utility
refers to the ability to provide the right information at the right time to the right person for the right purpose
protability
the OS can be moved from one hardware architecture to another with few changes needed
wisdom
the application of knowledge to an appropriate situation. - uses knowledge and experience to heighten common sense and insight to exercise sound judgement in practical manners. - developed through knowledge, experience, insight and reflection. - the highest form of common sense - resulting from accumulated knowledge or erudition (deep, thorough learning) or enlightenment (education that results in understanding and the dissemination of knowledge). - the ability to apply valuable and viable knowledge, experience, understanding and insight while being prudent and sensible. - not synonymous with knowledge.
cognitive informatics (CI)
the branch of information and computer sciences that investigates and explains information processing in the human brain
DIKW Paradigm
the conceptual framework underpinning the science and practice of NI centers on the core concepts of data, information, knowledge and wisdom. - the essence of nursing science: when we assess a patient to determine their nursing needs, we gather and then analyze and interpret data to form a conclusion. - an understanding of which interventions are appropriate in practice - when we apply previous knowledge to data, we convert those data into information and that information into new knowledge
timeliness
the information is available when it is needed for the right purpose and at the right time.
security
the os incorporates hardware protection for virtual memory and software protection mechanisms for OS resources, including encryption and digital signature capabilities.
Accessibility
the right user must be able to obtain the right information at the right time and the right format to meet his or her needs. - getting meaningful info to the right user at the right time is as vital as generating the info in the first place - the right user refers to an authorized user who has the right to obtain the data and information he or she is seeking.
nursing practice science
the steps of using information, applying knowledge to a problem and acting with wisdom is the basis of this.
Epistemology
the study of the nature and origin of knowledge--that is what it means to know. - everyone has a conception of what it means to know based on their own perceptions, education and experiences.
international support
the windows os supports different locales via the national language support application programming interface (API)
ANA's revised Scope of standards of nursing informatics practice
three overarching standards for practice: 1. incorporate the theories, concepts, and principles from appropriate sciences into nursing informatics practice. 2. integrate ergonomics and human-computer interaction principles into informatics solution, design, development, selection, implementation and evaluation. 3. systematically determine the social, legal and ethical impact of an informatics solution within nursing and healthcare.