NREMT prep - TRAUMA

Severe hypothermia is characterized by __, xc __, and __. (name 3 s/s)

* slowing respirations, * no shivering, and * deteriorating mental status.

How many ribs are there?

12 pairs

A fractured pelvis can retain up to how much blood in an adult? 500 mL 1,000 mL 1,500 mL 2,000 mL or more

2,000 mL or more Answer Explanation 2,000 mL = 2 L. The pelvis is large space that can hold a massive amount of blood loss.

Moderate hypothermia is indicated with a core body temperature from ___ - ___ degrees Fahrenheit

86 - 93.2

spontaneous pneumothorax

A pneumothorax that occurs when a weak area on the lung ruptures in the absence of major injury, allowing air to leak into the pleural space.

You respond to a call for a gunshot wound. Your patient is a 26-year-old male who has been shot in his right leg above the knee. He presents with a HR of 140, is alert and oriented, and has pulse, motor, and sensation distal to the gunshot wound. There is approximately 1 liter of blood loss from the wound in what appears to be an arterial hemorrhage. What is the best way to manage this hemorrhage? Attempt to remove the bullet Cover and elevate the injured leg above Immediately apply a tourniquet Apply direct pressure until tourniquet is secured

Apply direct pressure until tourniquet is secured Answer Explanation In this situation, applying direct pressure should only take place while preparing and applying the tourniquet. The tourniquet is the definitive way to stop the hemorrhage.

You are on scene with a 24-year-old male who has a large laceration on his posterior lower right leg with active bleeding. The blood is bright red and spurting from the wound in regular intervals. What kind of bleeding do you suspect? minor hemorrhage Arterial bleeding Capillary bleeding Venous bleeding

Arterial bleeding Answer Explanation Venous bleeding is dark in color and can be slow or fast in flow. Most venous bleeding can be controlled with minimal direct pressure. Arterial bleeding is bright red and spurting. Capillary bleeding is characterized by oozing but may have stopped prior to EMS arrival.

During the initial assessment of an unconscious patient, you use _____ , assessing for________ first... not ________.

C-A-B circulation ABC

The body will compensate for blood loss in all of the following ways, except? Increased contraction of the heart Dilation of the blood vessels Release of epinephrine Increased heart rate

Dilation of the blood vessels Answer Explanation The body compensates for blood loss by contracting blood vessels to maintain blood pressure and increasing the output of the heart by increasing heart rate and the contractile strength of the heart. Part of the mechanism behind these physiological changes is the body's natural release of epinephrine. The blood vessels do not dilate, they contract when the body compensates for blood loss.

T / F Ambient light can result in a falsely low SpO2 reading.

FALSE Ambient light can result in a falsely high SpO2 reading.

T / F The body compensates for blood loss by contracting blood vessels to maintain blood pressure and increasing the output of the heart by increasing heart rate and the contractile strength of the heart. Part of the mechanism behind these physiological changes is the body's natural release of epinephrine. The blood vessels do not contract, they dilate when the body compensates for blood loss.

FALSE Answer Explanation The body compensates for blood loss by contracting blood vessels to maintain blood pressure and increasing the output of the heart by increasing heart rate and the contractile strength of the heart. Part of the mechanism behind these physiological changes is the body's natural release of epinephrine. The blood vessels DO NOT DILATE, they CONTRACT when the body compensates for blood loss.

Which of the following is not an incident scene hazard at a motor vehicle crash? Location Downed electrical wires Bystanders Fog

Fog Answer Explanation Incident scene hazards are those hazards that are specific to an incident. These hazards include crowd and traffic control, the location of the incident, and specific hazards involved.

You are on scene with a diabetic patient with a CBG of 30. A paramedic administers D50% and the patient's GCS increases to 15. As you begin obtaining a medical history from the patient, which of the following questions is least appropriate when asking about the patient's diabetic history? Have you eaten today? Have you taken your insulin today? Have you been sick recently? Have you gone to the bathroom today?

Have you gone to the bathroom today? Answer Explanation Recent illness, too much insulin, or not enough food are all possible reasons that could cause a person with diabetes to have a low blood sugar. Although asking a patient about their bowel movements may become pertinent at some point, it is the least appropriate question to ask when inquiring specifically about diabetes.

During childbirth, what orientation would you expect to see the baby coming from the birth canal? Head first, head down Head first, head up Feet first Buttocks first

Head first, head down Answer Explanation During childbirth, the normal presentation is head first and head down. If the buttock or feet come first, it is known as a breech presentation.

You are called to an amusement park where the temperature has been well above 100 degrees Fahrenheit all day. Your patient is a 57-year-old female. She feels faint, her skin is cool and clammy, and she appears to be sweating profusely. Her heart rate is 100 bpm. This patient is most likely experiencing which of the following? Hyponutremia Heat stroke Heat cramps Heat exhaustion

Heat exhaustion Answer Explanation The main differentiation between heat exhaustion and heat stroke is that a person with heat exhaustion is still capable of removing heat from their body by sweating. A person with heat stroke will typically be dry and no longer sweating, which will increase their core temperature rapidly creating a life threatening emergency.

You respond to the local park for a 20-year-old female with a complaint of severe muscle cramps and altered mental status. The outside temperature is 94 degrees Fahrenheit and humid. The patient had been playing soccer all day in the heat and her skin is hot to the touch and dry. What do you suspect this patient is suffering from? Heat stroke Flu Heat cramps Heat exhaustion

Heat stroke Answer Explanation Heat stroke is a serious emergency, due to a loss of water in the body. This patient shows classic signs and symptoms of heat stroke, which includes hot dry skin, lack of sweating, and altered mental status.

Penetrating trauma will most likely involve the small bowel and which other abdominal organ? Liver Gall bladder Stomach Spleen

Liver Answer Explanation This question is only asking the likelihood of injury due to size. The liver is the largest of the organs listed and will most likely be injured during a penetrating trauma to the abdomen in addition to the small bowel.

Name one condition that can't result in shock? Pulmonary Emobolus Anaphylaxis Myocardial Infarction Mild tachycardia

Mild tachycardia

____ ____ fractures are the most common fracture of all facial bones.

Nasal bone

You are assessing a patient who experienced sudden onset blindness in her right eye. A detailed physical exam of her eye would require the use of which instrument? Sphygmomanometer Venturi mask Opthalmoscope Otoscope

Opthalmoscope Answer Explanation Opthalm/o = eye. Although EMS is not likely to use these in the field, it is good to know what the instrument to use as well as understand the medical terminology.

A patient suffering from hypoglycemia is acting intoxicated and family members say that they have misplaced her oral glucose. After checking the patient's blood glucose level, you find that it is 40 mg/dl. While consulting with medical control, she loses consciousness. After relaying this information, you are ordered to administer 45 grams Oral Glucose. What would be the most appropriate response? Rectally administer the oral glucose since the patient is unconscious Repeat the order to ensure you heard it correctly, and administer the oral glucose Administer the oral glucose, as directed Politely inform medical control that the patient has lost consciousness, which is a contraindication for administration of oral glucose

Politely inform medical control that the patient has lost consciousness, which is a contraindication for administration of oral glucose Answer Explanation Although it is essential to repeat orders for clarification, you must also do your best to assertively make your point if you feel that carrying out the order may cause harm to your patient. A good alternative would be to call ALS to administer dextrose, but that wasn't an option in this question.

T / F Ambient light can result in a falsely high SpO2 reading.

TRUE

T / F : The clavicle is the most frequently fractured bone in the human body

TRUE

In which order should you immobilize a patient to a long spinal board? Head and torso at the same time, then feet Feet first Head first Torso first

Torso first Answer Explanation Securing the torso first will reduce the possibility of damaging the cervical spine while immobilizing the patient.

Which of the following is not a type of external bleeding? Capillary Splenic Venous Arterial

Splenic Answer Explanation A splenic bleed would be internal and is not necessarily a type of external bleed

Behind cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer, what causes the most deaths per year in the U.S. in all age groups? Falls Drownings Anaphylaxis Trauma

Trauma Answer Explanation Trauma is the number four killer in the U.S. Most of these from MVCs, stabbings, shootings, and falls.

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

You are called to a bookstore where a 30-year-old woman had a syncopal episode. When you arrive, she is CAOx4 and complains of acute lower left quadrant abdominal pain that started a week ago, and has steadily gotten worse. Her pulse is 115 and weak, respirations 20, and blood pressure 108/66. What is the most pressing and relevant question to ask her? "What is the last thing you ate or drank, and at what time?" "Are you allergic to any medications?" "Have you fallen down or had any trauma recently?" "Have you experienced any unusual vaginal bleeding?"

"Have you experienced any unusual vaginal bleeding?" Answer Explanation Acute abdominal pain, high pulse, and low blood pressure are classic signs of ectopic pregnancy. Also, any woman of child-bearing age with abdominal pain should be treated as if she may be pregnant (and therefore critical).

The distal strap (ankle strap) should always be applied after the ischial strap on a sager traction splint to check for proper positioning of the device. You're going to see this time and time again, but make sure you check __ __ __ before and after you apply the traction splint.

... check CMS before and after you apply the traction splint.

Although local protocols may vary, as a general rule, we apply __x__% of the patient's body weight, not exceeding 15 lbs of traction.

10% Although local protocols may vary, as a general rule, we apply 10% of the patient's body weight, not exceeding 15 lbs of traction.

As a general rule, what is the maximum amount of traction you should apply to a traction splint? 15 lbs 12 lbs 10 lbs 8 lbs

15 lbs Answer Explanation Although local protocols may vary, as a general rule, we apply 10% of the patient's body weight, not exceeding 15 lbs of traction.

Of the following burn victims, which one requires the most immediate medical attention? 27-year-old with superficial burns on the torso, legs, and arms 3-year-old with partial thickness burns covering the lower half of the posterior torso 19-year-old with a full-thickness burn approximately 2 inches in diameter just under the patella. 58-year-old with partial thickness burns on both hands and around the mouth

58-year-old with partial thickness burns on both hands and around the mouth Answer Explanation The 58-year-old would be the most immediate cause for concern specifically due to the location of the burns. The airway of this patient could be compromised by swelling from the burns.

You are treating a 4-year-old male with burns to his head, neck, one arm, and anterior/posterior torso. What percentage of body surface area is burned? 63 48 52 73

63 Answer Explanation There are slight differences between adults and children. Using the rule of nines, we give the following percentages: head - 18, anterior torso - 18, posterior torso - 18, each arm - 9. 18+18+18+9 = 63. Using this method, the neck does not get any additional surface area added.

Mild hypothermia occurs when a patient's core temperature is between ___ and ___ degrees Fahrenheit. Patients will breath rapidly and be shivering.

90 - 95

Your patient was traveling at a high rate of speed and hit a brick wall. It is possible that he may have suffered life-threatening injuries due to severe deceleration forces. Which organ may have been lacerated by the ligamentum teres resulting in hemorrhage in this event? The pancreas The spleen The liver The aorta

??? The liver The liver is supported by the ligamentum teres which may cause laceration by severe deceleration forces

You arrive to find a patient who fell five feet off a porch and landed on his head. He is unresponsive, has gurgling respirations, and is bleeding from a head wound. What is the patient's most immediate life threat? Head injury Hypovolemic shock Severe external bleeding Airway compromise

Airway compromise Answer Explanation Airway compromise is this patient's immediate life threat due to the gurgling, which indicates there is probable airway obstruction.

All of the following can cause an SpO2 reading to be falsely low EXCEPT: Ambient light Motion Shock Fingernail polish

Ambient light Answer Explanation Ambient light can result in a falsely high SpO2 reading.

Which strap should be applied second when placing a Sager traction splint? The waist strap The knee strap The ischial strap The distal strap

Answer Explanation The distal strap (ankle strap) should always be applied after the ischial strap to check for proper positioning of the device. You're going to see this time and time again, but make sure you check CMS before and after you apply the traction splint.

You respond to a local bar where a man was struck in the head with a baseball bat. The police have secured the scene. Bystanders say the patient was knocked out cold but then regained consciousness just before you arrived. When questioning the patient, he continues to ask you who you are and what you are doing over and over. This is a sign of: Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia Drug or alcohol abuse A transient ischemic attack

Anterograde amnesia Answer Explanation Anterograde amnesia refers to loss of memory for events after an incident .

You are called to an urban apartment where a woman has burns, bruises, and cuts on most of her torso, arms, and face. The carpet is black with ash and soot. She is lying supine, not moving or making any noise, grasping a baseball bat. After making sure the scene is safe, you must first? Assess pulse Assess the respiratory rate Assess airway Perform a rapid trauma assessment

Assess pulse Answer Explanation This patient is unconscious based on the information you were given. Remember that during the initial assessment of an unconscious patient, you use C-A-B, assessing for circulation first... not ABC.

When assessing patients with chemical burns, it is important to know the biochemical makeup of the agent causing the injury. The process by which acids burn skin that makes them less injurious than alkalis is called? Radiation necrosis Coagulation necrosis Avascular necrosis Liquefaction necrosis

Coagulation necrosis Answer Explanation As an acid burns tissues by dissolving proteins, a thick mass called a coagulum is formed that limits the depth with which the injury pattern proceeds. Alkalis destroy cell membranes through a process called liquefaction necrosis, which effectively digest the cell membrane. This process allows the alkali to penetrate deeply into tissues.

You respond to the scene of a car accident. Your 24-year-old female patient was the restrained driver of a small sedan that was struck from behind. What type of injuries are you most likely to see? Upper extremity injuries and fractures Connective tissue and cervical vertebrae injuries Knee, femur, and hip dislocations or fractures Lateral impact to the head and lateral bending of the neck

Connective tissue and cervical vertebrae injuries Answer Explanation Connective tissue and cervical vertebrae injuries are the most likely injuries in a rear end collision, due to hyperextension followed by hyperflexion. Lateral injuries are most common in side collisions. Leg injuries and upper extremity injuries and fractures are most common in frontal collisions.

Your patient is injured during a construction accident. You suspect a significant spine injury. You should begin your assessment by: Locating the types of visible wounds Assessing perfusion Assessing the airway Establishing manual cervical in-line immobilization

Establishing manual cervical in-line immobilization Answer Explanation Immobilization is the first step of the assessment process when a significant head or spine injury is suspected. The other choices should all be performed after you immobilize the patient.

What is the leading cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in people 5 to 65 years of age? Motor vehicle crashes Seizures Sports injuries Falls

Falls Answer Explanation Falls are the leading cause of traumatic brain injuries in people ages 5 to 65.

Your patient is a 60-year-old male with a gunshot wound on the anterior left side, second intercostal space. You note that he has frothy blood coming from his mouth. Which of the following must you have the highest index of suspicion? Traumatic asphyxia Pericardial tamponade Heart failure Hemopneumothorax

Hemopneumothorax Answer Explanation Due to the location and blood coming from the mouth, we're highly suspicious of a hemopneumothorax. We would also suspect a pericardial tamponade, but with limited vital signs and symptoms, hemopneumothorax is more appropriate.

You shouldn't suction the airway of an adult patient for more than 15 seconds and should ensure that you only suction while removing the catheter due to the risk of causing? Hypoxia Bronchial constriction Oral aspiration Tracheal occlusion

Hypoxia Answer Explanation Suctioning removes fluid and other occlusive matter from the airway, but it also removes oxygen. Adults should not be suctioned for more than 15 seconds. The smaller airway of children and infants should be suctioned even less.

You arrive on the scene of an automobile accident. After completing your initial assessment, you decide to take the patient's vitals. Blood pressure is 165/90, pulse is 50 bpm, respiratory rate is 10/min, and he is responding to painful rubbing of the sternum. Your instinct tells you that your patient may be experiencing? Myocardial infarction Stroke Shock Increased intracranial pressure

Increased intracranial pressure Answer Explanation Although high blood pressure can be normal for some patients, all instances of high blood pressure should be taken with concern. This patient has a high blood pressure and a low pulse. These vitals are the opposite of shock and are characteristic of intracranial pressure.

You are called for a 29-year-old male that was struck by lightning. The patient is unconscious, but breathing. You move the patient to a safer location, administer oxygen, and attach an EKG monitor at your partner's request. Your next course of action is to? Look for entrance wounds and signs of internal bleeding Look for entrance and exit wounds Elevate the patient's head to a 45-degree angle Apply moist sterile dressings

Look for entrance and exit wounds Answer Explanation With lightning or electrocution injuries you should inspect and manage entrance and exit wounds. You should be applying dry sterile dressings, and immobilizing the patient flat for possible c-spine injuries.

S/S of shock

Low BP Rapid, weak pulse Increased thirst Cold, clammy skin Restlessness

You are called to the scene of an accident where a 19-year-old male fell through the ice on a frozen lake. His friends quickly pulled him to the shore. When you arrive he is breathing at a rate of 30 breaths per minute, heart rate 90 BPM, and is shivering uncontrollably. You take his temperature with a temporal thermometer, which reads 95 degrees Fahrenheit. He is alert but appears to be slightly withdrawn. This patient is best described as? Hyperthermic Mildly hypothermic Severely hypothermic Not hypothermic

Mildly hypothermic Answer Explanation Mild hypothermia occurs when a patient's core temperature is between 90 and 95 degrees Fahrenheit. Patients will breath rapidly and be shivering. Severe hypothermia is characterized by slowing respirations, no shivering, and deteriorating mental status. If you answered hyperthermic, just remember to read each answer a couple of times through. Hyper means "over" or "excessive". Hypo means "under".

You find your 56-year-old patient unconscious after being outside in freezing weather for an extended period of time. During your assessment, you note his core body temperature is 87 degrees Fahrenheit. You know that his temperature indicates: Mild hypothermia Moderate hypothermia Severe hypothermia Normal body temperature

Moderate hypothermia Answer Explanation Moderate hypothermia is indicated with a core body temperature from 86 - 93.2 degrees Fahrenheit

Which bone of the face is most commonly fractured? Mandible Nasal Maxilla Orbit

Nasal Answer Explanation Nasal bone fractures are the most common fracture of all facial bones.

Your patient has neck/back pain and a possible pelvic fracture after a 5 foot fall from a ladder. His blood pressure is 74 by palpation, heart rate of 136, respiratory rate of 22, and responds only to painful stimuli. Prior to your arrival, fire department responders immobilized the patient to a long backboard with a cervical collar. How would you proceed? Call OLMC and activate the trauma system Apply a pneumatic anti-shock garment (PASG) Perform a rapid trauma assessment Rapid transport

Rapid transport Answer Explanation Stable or unstable? Based on the blood pressure and level of consciousness, you could say this patient is very unstable. First thing to do is start transport. Then perform your assessment and call the hospital or OLMC enroute, if indicated. PASG isn't used anymore and shouldn't be considered as an answer. Also consider the placement of a pelvic sling or pelvic wrap.

Your coworker is attempting to control bleeding by applying direct pressure to a patient's partially-amputated right leg. The patient was ejected from the bed of a pickup truck when the truck was involved in a "t-bone" style crash with a garbage truck. The patient is confused, has rapid but shallow respirations, and has a weak carotid pulse. Blood is still freely flowing from their right leg despite the direct pressure. What stage of hemorrhage do you suspect your patient is in and how should you attempt to control their bleeding? Stage 3 hemorrhage. Apply a tourniquet above the partial amputation Stage 4 hemorrhage. Apply a tourniquet above the partial amputation Stage 4 hemorrhage. Elevate the right leg, place the patient in Trendelenburg position, and cover them with a blanket to counteract shock Stage 3 hemorrhage. Elevate the right leg, place the patient in Trendelenburg position, and cover them with a blanket to counteract shock

Stage 4 hemorrhage. Apply a tourniquet above the partial amputation Answer Explanation Trauma guidelines indicate that a tourniquet should be applied to a bleeding extremity if direct pressure does not stop the bleeding. After applying a tourniquet, you should cover the patient and keep them warm. Stage 4 hemorrhage is characterized by weak or absent core pulses with inadequate respiratory effort and altered mental status or decreased level of consciousness.

A horse-riding accident results in an abrasion of the clavicle, a contusion of the patella, swelling of the humerus, and a laceration around the orbit. Which of these is the cause for the most concern? Abrasion of the clavicle Contusion of the patella Laceration around the orbit Swelling of the humerus

Swelling of the humerus Answer Explanation On this question, we are looking for the greatest life threat. Contusion of the patella is out because a bruise is not life-threatening. An abrasion of the clavicle could be indicative of further injury, but that is reading too much into it. Now we are left with the last two. Swelling of the humerus and laceration around the orbit. Bleeding into the eye is not too concerning, at least from a life-threat standpoint. If it had affected the actual eye, we could give it more consideration, but again, that would be reading too much into it with the information we have. With swelling of the humerus, we are thinking a possible fracture and blood loss into the arm. Although, it is not a life-threat in itself, it is still giving us the most concern out of all of the answers.

T / F The body compensates for blood loss by contracting blood vessels to maintain blood pressure and increasing the output of the heart by increasing heart rate and the contractile strength of the heart. Part of the mechanism behind these physiological changes is the body's natural release of epinephrine. The blood vessels do not dilate, they contract when the body compensates for blood loss.

TRUE

Which of the following early signs of shock is easily missed? Decrease in Blood Pressure Narrowing pulse pressures Decrease in respiratory rate and volume Tachycardia

Tachycardia Answer Explanation It is common for EMS providers to overlook tachycardia as an early sign of shock as other signs/symptoms appear normal. It's the body's way of compensating for the lack of blood flow.

Which of the following early signs of shock is easily missed? Decrease in Blood Pressure Narrowing pulse pressures Decrease in respiratory rate and volume Tachycardia

Tachycardia Answer Explanation It is common for EMS providers to overlook tachycardia as an early sign of shock as other signs/symptoms appear normal. It's the body's way of compensating for the lack of blood flow.

The mnemonic D.O.T.S is used to remember the signs of injury. What does the "T" stand for? Time Tears Temperature Tenderness

Tenderness Answer Explanation The T in DOTS stands for Tenderness.

You are assessing a 14-year-old female patient who has attempted suicide by lacerating her wrists. The patient has lacerated herself with a scalpel across tension lines. Why is this more concerning than cutting with tension lines? Scarring is more prevalent when tension lines are cut across Cutting with tension lines creates a more injurious pattern The arteries are more apt to be transected against tension lines The laceration will spread wide open when cutting across tension lines

The laceration will spread wide open when cutting across tension lines Answer Explanation The tension lines run horizontally across the wrists and if the patient cuts parallel with the radius and ulna bones, they will transect the tension lines. These wounds tend to open up more and lead to a greater amount of blood loss, more healing time and more scarring. In the pre-hospital setting, the blood loss is the most concerning factor.

You are treating a gunshot victim, awaiting back up from another unit. Your victim is a 32-year-old male who was shot while walking down the street. The scene has been secured by police and you're trying to get some information about what occurred. You radio the hospital to let them know what type of patient they will soon be receiving. The Physician asks you about the type of gun that was used, as he needs to gauge the level of cavitation the patient likely has. You know cavitation to mean? The amount of blood loss relative to the size of the entry wound The amount of dead tissue around the entry wound The lateral spreading of tissues caused by a projectile The amount of dead tissue around the exit wound

The lateral spreading of tissues caused by a projectile Answer Explanation Cavitation is gauged by the caliber and type of weapon used when it comes to guns. The faster a projectile is moving, the worse the cavitation, or tissue spread, will be.

The "Golden Period" refers to the time period that occurs from EMS activation to delivery of a trauma patient to a definitive care facility. Which of the following is not a time component of the Golden Period? EMS transport of patient Assessment and packaging of patient EMS activation Time to Paramedic intervention

Time to Paramedic intervention Answer Explanation Although Paramedic intervention may be needed, the ultimate goal is to get the patient to definitive care (hospital). Do not delay transport to wait for ALS transport. If needed, you can arrange to meet on the way to the hospital.

You are called to the scene of a stabbing. Your patient has been stabbed on their right side, directly below the 12th rib. What major vein may have been affected? No major veins are threatened Saphenous vein Jugular vein Vena Cava

Vena Cava Answer Explanation A stabbing below the 12th rib indicates the RUQ. The only organs in the RUQ are liver, gallbladder, kidney, small intestine and large intestine. The vena cava passes through the liver before returning blood to the heart.

You are on scene with a 24-year-old male who has a large laceration on his posterior lower right leg with active bleeding. The blood is dark in color and is steadily flowing from the wound. What kind of bleeding do you suspect? Life-threatening hemorrhage Arterial bleeding Capillary bleeding Venous bleeding

Venous bleeding Answer Explanation Venous bleeding is dark in color and can be slow or fast in flow. Most venous bleeding can be controlled with minimal direct pressure. Arterial bleeding is bright red and spurting. Capillary bleeding is characterized by oozing but may have stopped prior to EMS arrival.

What is the difference between heat stroke and heat exhaustion?

You know heatstroke and heat exhaustion are threats to your child, but do you understand the difference? Both heat exhaustion and heatstroke are caused by exercising or playing in a hot, humid environment where the body becomes dehydrated. However, they show different combinations of symptoms. Heat exhaustion is usually accompanied by a fever no higher than 104 degrees Fahrenheit, excessive thirst, nausea, fainting, COOL AND CLAMMY SKIN, weakness, muscle aches, heavy sweating, slow heartbeat and dizziness. Heatstroke may develop following heat exhaustion if the condition is not treated. It occurs when the body's temperature rises and the cooling system stops working. This potentially life-threatening condition is characterized by nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, fatigue, rapid heart rate, HOT AND DRY SKIN, shortness of breath and decreased urination. If your child shows signs of either of these conditions, immediately seek medical attention. https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/parenting/parenting-articles/heat-exhaustion-symptoms/

Tx of sucking chest wound?

You want to prevent air from entering the chest but allow air to escape. This would be accomplished with an occlusive dressing, taped on three sides.

tension pneumothorax

a pneumothorax with rapid accumulation of air in the pleural space causing severely high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great vessels.

Stage 4 hemorrhage is characterized by weak or absent core pulses with inadequate respiratory effort and ______ or ________.

altered mental status or decreased level of consciousness.

What's the difference between retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia?

anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories retrograde amnesia is an inability to retrieve information from one's past

Behind cardiovascular disease and stroke, what causes the most deaths per year in the U.S. in all age groups?

cancer

what causes the most deaths per year in the U.S. in all age groups?

cardiovascular disease

DOTS

deformities, open wounds, tenderness, swelling

The tension lines run _______ across the wrists and if the patient cuts parallel with the radius and ulna bones, they will transect the tension lines

horizontally

ligamentum teres

ligament of the head of the femur / The liver is supported by the ligamentum teres which may cause laceration by severe deceleration forces

ligament of the head of the femur is called _____ / The liver is supported by the ____ _____ which may cause laceration by severe deceleration forces

ligamentum teres

As an acid burns tissues by dissolving proteins, a thick mass called a coagulum is formed that limits the depth with which the injury pattern proceeds. Alkalis destroy cell membranes through a process called _______ , which effectively digest the cell membrane. This process allows the alkali to penetrate deeply into tissues.

liquefaction necrosis

The body loses heat through __, __, __, __, and __. (recall 5 ways) hint: R C C E R

radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation (sweating), and respiration (breathing).

Stage 4 hemorrhage is characterized by weak or absent core pulses with inadequate _________ _________ and altered mental status or decreased level of consciousness.

respiratory effort

retrograde amnesia

retrograde amnesia is an inability to retrieve information from one's past

Behind cardiovascular disease, what causes the most deaths per year in the U.S. in all age groups?

stroke

To treat a sucking chest wound you want to prevent air from entering the chest but allow air to escape. This would be accomplished with an occlusive dressing, taped on ____ sides.

three

_____ is the number four killer in the U.S. Most of these from MVCs, stabbings, shootings, and falls.

trauma

Stage 4 hemorrhage is characterized by ________________ with inadequate respiratory effort and altered mental status or decreased level of consciousness.

weak or absent core pulses