NRES 103 Final Exam
The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels is
$600 million
Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; The Seaway was designed to handle...
80 million tons
Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a GL port?
99%
The early immigrants who encountered the Great Black Swamp and decided to settle in the region
Decided to drain it, were in awe
Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage species has
Decreased
Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be
Habitat generalists
Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also
Harmed the reproductive potential of the trout
The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie
Has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico, has resulted in dead zones around the world
The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that
Have a low reproductive rate
In 2011, the EPA agreed to mandate treatment systems for trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in US waters, but...
Such systems aren't required til 2021; It's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply; It's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species
A key question in Ecosystem Restoration globally, especially applicable to the Great Lakes, has to do with
Target conditions
There were two water features that had to be addressed to achieve connectivity for shipping across all five lakes. One was Niagara Falls, the other was:
The Falls of St. Mary
One of the hotspots for invasive carp highlighted in the film Silent Invaders is:
The Illinois River
The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was
The Illinois and Michigan Canal
Water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because
People didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water
DNA Barcoding
is meant to identify species; was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast
For 4 out of the 5 Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is
moderate to high
Invasive species are harmful because
of where they are
Regulating services
services that affect or modify factors such as air and water quality, climate, erosion, diseases, pests, and natural hazards
The sea lamprey is anadromous, meaning that they
spawn in freshwater but live in the oceans as adults
On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in Ecosystem Restoration on...
wetlands
A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was
The 9 month shipping season, that the locks and channels were too small for the cargo ships used mainly in international shipping
Howard Tanner's overarching objective as Michigan's Chief of Fisheries was..
To provide the best experience possible in recreational fishing
By far, the best predictors of the presence of environmental pollutants is/are:
Race
The diet of the round goby includes:
young zebra and quagga mussels, zooplankton, young or larger fish, eggs of other fish
For a given set of 100 species introductions, how many on average will become invasive?
1
Eutrophic
A condition of high nutrient concentration and high standing stock of living organisms. Eutrophic lakes or other bodies of water are richly supplied with plant nutrients and supportive of heavy plant growth
Microcystis
A cyanobacterium that thrives in warm water with heavy loads of phosphorus and nitrogen; liver toxin
The future of the Great Lakes will be by...
Adaptation of people and species
Cities tended to be constructed
Adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths, where timber resources were, near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl
The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972
Between the US and Canada, regulating phosphorus inputs into the Lakes, Slowed down the cladaphora for the time being, but the zebra and quagga mussels provide this and allowed them to grow deeper down
What is the process by which toxin reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain?
Bioaccumulation
Oligotrophic
Describes a lake with a low level of productivity; A condition of low nutrient concentration and low standing stock of living organisms. These lakes are poorly supplied with plant nutrients and support little plant life
Dead zones in the Great Lakes are created by
Excessive nutrient inputs, run-away algal growth, decomposition of algal cells
John Lodge
Expert on Genetic-based testing to identify the presence of invasive species in ballast, known as DNA barcoding
Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters
FALSE
When a bighead carp was caught beyond the carrier and just miles from Lake Michigan,
Five states took USACE and Illinois to court (and lost)
The Clean Water Act
Focused on point-source pollution, ignored non-point pollution
Provisioning services
Food, fiber, energy, freshwater
Collectively, western states in the US have spent how much to monitor and control invasive mussels?
Hundreds of millions of dollars
When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish
Let some of them go
Some strategies for getting rid of carp include:
Making fertilizer from them, Making fish cakes from them, Making pet food from them
According to the lamprey film, the battle to control lampreys is
Never-ending
In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include:
Not lawn fertilizer, Not leaky septic fields, Not inputs from the Detroit River
Eutrophication
Not unnatural, the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life, usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen
Environmental Justice
People should have a meaningful voice in the decision that affected them, specific minority groups should not be disproportionally burdened by environmental harm
The St. Lawrence Divide
Separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin; runs through the western part of Chicago, Is generally more of a hill than a mountain, runs through southern Canada
Anadromous
Spend the first part of their lives in freshwater streams and rivers, then descent to the ocean to live as adults, and then return to the freshwater streams and rivers to spawn and die
Bighead and silver carp are able to take over aquatic ecosystems because they
Starve competitors by eating plankton
Ecosystem Services
The conditions and processes by which ecosystems and the species that comprise them sustain and fulfill human life. There are four generally categorized as these: Provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting
Cultural Eutrophication
The over enrichment of a body of water resulting from excessive additions of chemical nutrients due to human activity
Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found...
The soils were incredibly rich, They had the most productive land in the country
The massive die-off of alewives in 1967 involved an estimated 20 billion of them and was caused by
Their own physiology
Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a food source because
Their stomach muscles began to enlarge
One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes fisheries had in common was that
They both seemed limitless
Fishery managers began to stock chinook salmon because
They could be planted after 6 months (in comparison to coho)
The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was
To find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay
According to the St. Lawrence Seaway film...
Tourists from all over the world sail through the seaway on luxury cruise ships, The Seaway was one of the top 10 public works projects of 20th century, all Cargo is tracked as it makes its way thought the system
A key commercial use of the Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves:
Transportation
When General Peabody took charge of the situation for USACE, he
Turned on the barriers, kept the voltage to 1/4 capacity
The round goby is highly successful as an invasive species because it is
Very aggressive
To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint
decided to build its own water pipeline, decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River
The Paleo Indians are thought to have played a role in...
driving the mastodon to extinction
One problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks is:
effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species; it kills 99% of organisms, but there still could be a lot in there
The 3 Components of the water budget that drive the system:
evaporation off the surface of the lakes, precipitation directly on the surface of the lakes, run off into the Lakes
A trip through the Welland Canal
from Lake Erie to Ontario
the lamprey was so successful in the Great Lakes because
it produces so many eggs, there were no natural predators there, they were able to colonize the upper lakes so rapidly
In the lamprey film, a key target for controlling lampreys was
the St. Mary's River
Alewives populations crashed because
there was so much predation pressure from salmon, the invasive mussels took up so much plankton
In addition to ballast water, round gobies are spreading in the Great Lakes Region because
they are used as bait to catch larger fish
The zebra mussel could not have "walked" across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes even over many generations because
they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth
Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because
they had no teeth
It was surprising that a year after the zebra mussel was discovered in Lake St. Claire, the species was found at extremely high densities in southern Lake Michigan, surprising because
this movement would have been against the Lake's currents
Applegate discovered the first lampricide by
trial and error
99% of the world's ports are within
two stops of any commercial dock in the Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are connected directly to
12% of the world's ports
Continental Divide
A drainage divide on a continent such that the drainage basin on one side of the divide feeds into one ocean or sea, and the basin on the other side either feeds into a different ocean or sea, or else is not connected to the ocean or sea
Cladaphora is a green algae that is native to all the Great Lakes except Superior, and a nuisance in the 1960s due to
Adverse impacts of human activities, excess phosphorus inputs
As described in Silent Invaders, zebra mussels have an inhalant siphon and an exhaling siphon. What is removed in between?
All algae
James Hill invested what that did what?
Buckeye Traction Ditcher that quickened the drainage of the Great Black Swamp (1880s)
The effects of lead poisoning
Can last for decades, are especially pronounced in children
The Welland Canal was constructed to
Circumvent Niagara Falls, Enable Canada to compete with the Erie Canal, Enable ships rather than barges to reach the Great Lakes
In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with
Data
Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tiles
Have increased flows in the river, have made the river more turbid, has increased nutrient inputs into the river
The Pacific Northwest is vulnerable to mussel invasion because
Hundreds of thousands of boats use the lakes as reservoirs there every year; it's impossible to guard every boat ramp; No state or water body has been able to stop the mussel from invading
Cultural services
Include fulfilling spiritual, religious, and aesthetic needs
Supporting services
Include soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling
Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly by
Inhibiting their ability to open their shells
Phosphorus
Is required by every living organism, does not exist naturally in the environment, was present in Lake Erie prior to settlement
Of the 5 Great Lakes, Lake Erie...
Is the most productive, Has the most fish
For a trait to be considered an adaptation in an evolutionary sense...
It must be favorable to an organism's survival, must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce, must be heritable
Even though zebra mussels can only move 14" an hour using their foot, they can rapidly reach new locations because
Offspring are covered with hairs that help them catch currents
Adaptation
The evolution of a population by a process of natural selection in which hereditary variants most favorable to organismal survival and reproduction are accumulated, and less advantageous forms are discarded
Ecological Restoration
The process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed
Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because
The residents were mostly poor and African American, the residents were not viewed as credible, the complaints of the residents were not taken seriously
One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that:
They spawn up to three times a year, they are voracious egg eaters, they drive other fish from their spawning beds
Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Meads bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because
They were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate
A goal in constructing the Erie Canal was
To help organize the territories west of the original 13 colonies, make NYC a port of global significance, Connect the eastern seaboard to the interior of the continent
Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is
Very difficult to do
The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
Was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time; Helped to sanitize Chicago's water; Reversed the flow of the Chicago River
A key difference between the exploitation of the environment by the Europeans and Native Americans was that
Were relatively few in number (N.A.)
Fishery managers were surprised to learn that chinook salmon
Were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers
