NRES 103 Final Exam

The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels is

$600 million

Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; The Seaway was designed to handle...

80 million tons

Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a GL port?

99%

The early immigrants who encountered the Great Black Swamp and decided to settle in the region

Decided to drain it, were in awe

Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage species has

Decreased

Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be

Habitat generalists

Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also

Harmed the reproductive potential of the trout

The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie

Has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico, has resulted in dead zones around the world

The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that

Have a low reproductive rate

In 2011, the EPA agreed to mandate treatment systems for trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in US waters, but...

Such systems aren't required til 2021; It's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply; It's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species

A key question in Ecosystem Restoration globally, especially applicable to the Great Lakes, has to do with

Target conditions

There were two water features that had to be addressed to achieve connectivity for shipping across all five lakes. One was Niagara Falls, the other was:

The Falls of St. Mary

One of the hotspots for invasive carp highlighted in the film Silent Invaders is:

The Illinois River

The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was

The Illinois and Michigan Canal

Water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because

People didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water

DNA Barcoding

is meant to identify species; was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast

For 4 out of the 5 Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is

moderate to high

Invasive species are harmful because

of where they are

Regulating services

services that affect or modify factors such as air and water quality, climate, erosion, diseases, pests, and natural hazards

The sea lamprey is anadromous, meaning that they

spawn in freshwater but live in the oceans as adults

On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in Ecosystem Restoration on...

wetlands

A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was

The 9 month shipping season, that the locks and channels were too small for the cargo ships used mainly in international shipping

Howard Tanner's overarching objective as Michigan's Chief of Fisheries was..

To provide the best experience possible in recreational fishing

By far, the best predictors of the presence of environmental pollutants is/are:

Race

The diet of the round goby includes:

young zebra and quagga mussels, zooplankton, young or larger fish, eggs of other fish

For a given set of 100 species introductions, how many on average will become invasive?

1

Eutrophic

A condition of high nutrient concentration and high standing stock of living organisms. Eutrophic lakes or other bodies of water are richly supplied with plant nutrients and supportive of heavy plant growth

Microcystis

A cyanobacterium that thrives in warm water with heavy loads of phosphorus and nitrogen; liver toxin

The future of the Great Lakes will be by...

Adaptation of people and species

Cities tended to be constructed

Adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths, where timber resources were, near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl

The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972

Between the US and Canada, regulating phosphorus inputs into the Lakes, Slowed down the cladaphora for the time being, but the zebra and quagga mussels provide this and allowed them to grow deeper down

What is the process by which toxin reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain?

Bioaccumulation

Oligotrophic

Describes a lake with a low level of productivity; A condition of low nutrient concentration and low standing stock of living organisms. These lakes are poorly supplied with plant nutrients and support little plant life

Dead zones in the Great Lakes are created by

Excessive nutrient inputs, run-away algal growth, decomposition of algal cells

John Lodge

Expert on Genetic-based testing to identify the presence of invasive species in ballast, known as DNA barcoding

Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters

FALSE

When a bighead carp was caught beyond the carrier and just miles from Lake Michigan,

Five states took USACE and Illinois to court (and lost)

The Clean Water Act

Focused on point-source pollution, ignored non-point pollution

Provisioning services

Food, fiber, energy, freshwater

Collectively, western states in the US have spent how much to monitor and control invasive mussels?

Hundreds of millions of dollars

When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish

Let some of them go

Some strategies for getting rid of carp include:

Making fertilizer from them, Making fish cakes from them, Making pet food from them

According to the lamprey film, the battle to control lampreys is

Never-ending

In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include:

Not lawn fertilizer, Not leaky septic fields, Not inputs from the Detroit River

Eutrophication

Not unnatural, the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life, usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen

Environmental Justice

People should have a meaningful voice in the decision that affected them, specific minority groups should not be disproportionally burdened by environmental harm

The St. Lawrence Divide

Separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin; runs through the western part of Chicago, Is generally more of a hill than a mountain, runs through southern Canada

Anadromous

Spend the first part of their lives in freshwater streams and rivers, then descent to the ocean to live as adults, and then return to the freshwater streams and rivers to spawn and die

Bighead and silver carp are able to take over aquatic ecosystems because they

Starve competitors by eating plankton

Ecosystem Services

The conditions and processes by which ecosystems and the species that comprise them sustain and fulfill human life. There are four generally categorized as these: Provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting

Cultural Eutrophication

The over enrichment of a body of water resulting from excessive additions of chemical nutrients due to human activity

Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found...

The soils were incredibly rich, They had the most productive land in the country

The massive die-off of alewives in 1967 involved an estimated 20 billion of them and was caused by

Their own physiology

Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a food source because

Their stomach muscles began to enlarge

One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes fisheries had in common was that

They both seemed limitless

Fishery managers began to stock chinook salmon because

They could be planted after 6 months (in comparison to coho)

The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was

To find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay

According to the St. Lawrence Seaway film...

Tourists from all over the world sail through the seaway on luxury cruise ships, The Seaway was one of the top 10 public works projects of 20th century, all Cargo is tracked as it makes its way thought the system

A key commercial use of the Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves:

Transportation

When General Peabody took charge of the situation for USACE, he

Turned on the barriers, kept the voltage to 1/4 capacity

The round goby is highly successful as an invasive species because it is

Very aggressive

To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint

decided to build its own water pipeline, decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River

The Paleo Indians are thought to have played a role in...

driving the mastodon to extinction

One problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks is:

effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species; it kills 99% of organisms, but there still could be a lot in there

The 3 Components of the water budget that drive the system:

evaporation off the surface of the lakes, precipitation directly on the surface of the lakes, run off into the Lakes

A trip through the Welland Canal

from Lake Erie to Ontario

the lamprey was so successful in the Great Lakes because

it produces so many eggs, there were no natural predators there, they were able to colonize the upper lakes so rapidly

In the lamprey film, a key target for controlling lampreys was

the St. Mary's River

Alewives populations crashed because

there was so much predation pressure from salmon, the invasive mussels took up so much plankton

In addition to ballast water, round gobies are spreading in the Great Lakes Region because

they are used as bait to catch larger fish

The zebra mussel could not have "walked" across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes even over many generations because

they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth

Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because

they had no teeth

It was surprising that a year after the zebra mussel was discovered in Lake St. Claire, the species was found at extremely high densities in southern Lake Michigan, surprising because

this movement would have been against the Lake's currents

Applegate discovered the first lampricide by

trial and error

99% of the world's ports are within

two stops of any commercial dock in the Great Lakes

The Great Lakes are connected directly to

12% of the world's ports

Continental Divide

A drainage divide on a continent such that the drainage basin on one side of the divide feeds into one ocean or sea, and the basin on the other side either feeds into a different ocean or sea, or else is not connected to the ocean or sea

Cladaphora is a green algae that is native to all the Great Lakes except Superior, and a nuisance in the 1960s due to

Adverse impacts of human activities, excess phosphorus inputs

As described in Silent Invaders, zebra mussels have an inhalant siphon and an exhaling siphon. What is removed in between?

All algae

James Hill invested what that did what?

Buckeye Traction Ditcher that quickened the drainage of the Great Black Swamp (1880s)

The effects of lead poisoning

Can last for decades, are especially pronounced in children

The Welland Canal was constructed to

Circumvent Niagara Falls, Enable Canada to compete with the Erie Canal, Enable ships rather than barges to reach the Great Lakes

In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with

Data

Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tiles

Have increased flows in the river, have made the river more turbid, has increased nutrient inputs into the river

The Pacific Northwest is vulnerable to mussel invasion because

Hundreds of thousands of boats use the lakes as reservoirs there every year; it's impossible to guard every boat ramp; No state or water body has been able to stop the mussel from invading

Cultural services

Include fulfilling spiritual, religious, and aesthetic needs

Supporting services

Include soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling

Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly by

Inhibiting their ability to open their shells

Phosphorus

Is required by every living organism, does not exist naturally in the environment, was present in Lake Erie prior to settlement

Of the 5 Great Lakes, Lake Erie...

Is the most productive, Has the most fish

For a trait to be considered an adaptation in an evolutionary sense...

It must be favorable to an organism's survival, must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce, must be heritable

Even though zebra mussels can only move 14" an hour using their foot, they can rapidly reach new locations because

Offspring are covered with hairs that help them catch currents

Adaptation

The evolution of a population by a process of natural selection in which hereditary variants most favorable to organismal survival and reproduction are accumulated, and less advantageous forms are discarded

Ecological Restoration

The process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed

Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because

The residents were mostly poor and African American, the residents were not viewed as credible, the complaints of the residents were not taken seriously

One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that:

They spawn up to three times a year, they are voracious egg eaters, they drive other fish from their spawning beds

Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Meads bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because

They were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate

A goal in constructing the Erie Canal was

To help organize the territories west of the original 13 colonies, make NYC a port of global significance, Connect the eastern seaboard to the interior of the continent

Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is

Very difficult to do

The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal

Was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time; Helped to sanitize Chicago's water; Reversed the flow of the Chicago River

A key difference between the exploitation of the environment by the Europeans and Native Americans was that

Were relatively few in number (N.A.)

Fishery managers were surprised to learn that chinook salmon

Were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers