NROSCI 0081 EXAM 3

nesbitt's paradox

-nicotine, although a stimulant, also produces relaxation (anti anxiety, anti stress) nicotine changes from stimulant to sedative with increase of dose

transdermal

Green tobacco sickness occurs from the following route of nicotine administration inhalation oral insufflation transdermal

none

In the Schedule of Controlled Substances nicotine is located in schedule I, II, III, or none?

acetylcholine agonist

Nicotine is Acetylcholine antagonist Acetylcholine agonist Glutamate antagonist GABA agonist

true

T or F : People who drink caffeine repeatedly over the course of a day experience gradually rising plasma caffeine concentrations

true

T or F : since energy drinks are marketed as "supplements" they are not required to disclose amount of caffeine in one can

true

T or F: Both caffeine consumers and nonconsumers benefitted from caffeine treatment.

true

T or F: each dose builds on the residual nicotine from the previous one, but tolerance also builds

True

T or F: in non-smokers, nicotine improves cognitive functioning

false

T or F; high doses of nicotines can be administered through inhalation

Depot biding in fat tissue

THC metabolites can be detected during more than 2 weeks after a single marijuana use due to

False

True or False: while smoking can increase risk of heart disease, the risk is not related to the actual nicotine use, but rather is a result of the harms associated with smoking (toxic chemicals, etc).

it will have more bioavailability on a per-use basis

Which is not an implication of nicotine having reinforcing properties? users will self-administer nicotine it will have more bioavailability on a per-use basis it utilizes dopaminergic signaling nicotine is likely to be addictive

increased synthesis of seritonin

Which of these is not a direct effect seen when caffeine is used at higher (near toxic) doses? stimulation of calcium ion release phosphodiesterase inhibition increased synthesis of serotonin GABA A receptor blockade these are all direct effects of high- dose caffeine use

cigarettes were included in soldier's C-Rations from tobacco companies for free; when soldiers came home, they were loyal customers health hazard, a cause for cancer, as well as respiratory and circulatory diseases

Why were cigarettes popularized in WWII? In 1971, ads for cigarettes were taken down, why?

tar

a complex mixture of chemicals, some of which are known to be carcinogenic

nonsmokers; smokers

a high dose of nicotine elicited an aversive reaction with some symptoms of mild nicotine toxicity in _________ but no such reaction in ____________.

absorbent surface > lungs > bloodstream reaches brain in 7 seconds (twice as fast as when drug is administered intravenously); lesser extent when chewed or snorted

absorption of nicotine

smoker's behavior (number and length of each puff) chemical form of nicotine

absorption of nicotine depends on (2)

short; 4; nicotine gum

abstinence syndrome is relatively _______, with most symtpoms gone by _________ weeks. ________ prevents most symptoms.

increased blood pressure, increased respiration rate, enhanced water excretion (diuresis)

acute caffeine intake leads to what several physiological (sympathomimetic) effects

stimulant effect

antagonism of adenosine receptor also promotes release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, which is responsible for caffeine's stimulant effects

nicotinic receptor agonists

benefits for alzheimer's disease

was an antidepressant; related to its action as a dopamine uptake inhibitor and a weak antagonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors rewarding properties of nicotine and reduces nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms

bupropion (zyban) as a treatment for nicotine

is rapidly and completely absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract

caffeine is rapidly and completely absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract has a half-life that averages about 8 hours accumulates over the day, with significant amounts remaining the following morning in the blood stream is a controlled substance

caffeinism

characterized by restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, tachycardia, and GI upset can be difficult to distinguish from a primary anxiety disorder more than 10 g can be lethal (~75-100 cups of coffee or tablespoon of powdered caffeine supplements) high caffeine doses are positively correlated with health risks

nicotine use disorder

cigarette smoking; 70-75% of current US smoker would like to quit, and ~40-45% of daily smoker actually attempt every year addiction to nicotine is so powerful that the success rate is very low

oily water soluble substance, a colorless liquid; changes color to yellow and brown on contact with air or slowly with light potent neurotoxin w/ specificity to insects > widely used as an insecticide

description of nicotine

2 hours

elimination half-life nicotine is around how many hours?

salt

freebase is absorbed better than ______

self-mediate

high smoking rates in people with schizophrenia (which includes significant cognitive dysfunction) may be an attempt to ___________ their cognitive deficits

mainly in the urine

how are the metabolites (cotinine and other nicotine) excreted?

quick first pass metabolism through liver or activation of vomiting center to reduce nicotine levels

how can someone survive a high dose of nicotine?

when Columbus reached West Indies; smoking was taken up by Europeans 1600s : England commercialized tobacco growing in Virginia colony

how did Europeans first encounter nicotine?

benefit to athletic performance; increased force of muscle contraction, enhanced arousal and alertness, and reduced pain perception

how does caffeine impact athletic performance?

stimulates them, stimulates CA2+ release

how does high doses of caffeine affect GABA receptors?

caffeine blocks adenosine receptors in the medulla vasomotor and respiratory centers, which leads to increase in respiratory rate and constriction of blood vessels

how does high doses of caffeine affect breathing and blood pressure?

orally in beverages (coffee is 85-175mg per cup); 30-60 minutes yes; because it is both water- and lipid soluble, it readily crosses the BBB

how is caffeine normally consumed? how long does it take for it to be completely absorbed from the GI tract? does it cross the BBB?

effective in treatment of apnea in premature newborns; can normalize breathing

how is caffeine used as a treatment in premature newborns?

potentiates analgesic properties of aspirin and acetaminophen Anacin = aspirin + caffeine Excedrin = aspirin + paracetamol + caffeine

how is caffeine used in OTC pain medications?

within 45 minutes of ingestion; peak is reached within 1-2 hours; half-life is ~4 hours (3-7 hours)

how long does it take for caffeine to be absorbed by the small intestine? when is peak blood concentration reached? what is the average plasma half-life?

VTA neurons

in animal studies, inhalation of tobacco smoke increased firing of

enhanced vigor and ability to concentrate

in controlled studies of regular caffeine users, humans report positive subjective effects like?

stimulant; reduced activity; tension and anxiety

in laboratory animals, low doses of caffeine have _________ effects, but at high doses animals show _________ _________. at high doses humans experience feelings of _________ and _______.

heightened tension or arousal, along with lightheadedness, dizziness, and even nausea

in nonsmokers, nicotine tends to elicit

calm or relaxed

in smokers, nicotine produces a ________ state

nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs)

ionotropic receptors made up by five subunits; activated by nicotine

not for now; many neuroscientists / clinicians think there is not enough evidence to support "caffeine addiction" caffeine addiction added to ICD-10; DSM-V describes caffeine withdrawal but caffeine use disorder is listed in the emerging models section

is there such thing as caffeine use disorder?

80-85%

leaves of a nicotine plant contain _______% water

tobacco snuff

made by grinding dried tobacco leaves to a very fine powder

tobacco for burning

made into cigars, cigarettes, or pipe tobacco

ammonia nicotine salt + ammonia > nicotine free base > higher absorption

marlboro added _______ for better absorption

wide-awake drunk; subjects may feel less intoxicated but alcohol-related impairment of psychomotor performance is still present

mixing alcohol and energy drinks

Cotinine; cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)

most nicotine is metabolized to __________ by liver enzyme ___________.

adenosine caffeine = antagonist of adenosine receptors

neurotransmitter-like function and has been proposed as a key modulator in induced drowsiness and sleep

Stimulant; Relaxant

nicotine is both a _____ and _______

important role; seen in both animals and humans nicotine administration temporarily improves visual attention and working memory abstinent smokers given nicotine show enhanced performance on many kinds of cognitive and motor tasks

nicotine's effect on cognitive functioning

tobacco chewing (smokeless tobacco)

one to three high-quality leaves are braided and twisted into a rope while green, and then are cured in the same manner as other tobacco

ammonia (toilet cleaners), acetone (nail varnish remover), cadmium (high poisonous metal found in batteries), naphthalene (used in moth balls), cyanide (gas chambers), formaldehyde (preserve dead bodies)

other chemicals found in cigarette smoke

curing

process that brings out the aroma and flavor of each variety of tobacco; after cycle, there is no water left

schizophrenia

research has shown that human subjects receiving high doses of ketamine develop symptoms of

6-11 (10-14) mg 1-3mg reach bloodstream

route of administration : smoking contains how much mg? how much is reached in the bloodstream?

both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, causing a wide range of physiological effects (tachycardia and elevated blood pressure) this can increase risk of cardiovascular disease

smoking activates what? what does it cause thus leading to what increasing?

is a partial agonist at high-affinity a4b2 nicotinic receptors expressed in the VTA and other brain areas reduces nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms

varenicline (Chantix) as a treatment for nicotine

behavioral interventions (anti-smoking appeals in media, health warnings on packages, and high taxes on tobacco products); individual or group counseling programs (soical support and / or training on coping skills)

what are some other treatments for nicotine use disorder?

biomedical (abstinence syndrome, reinforcing properties of nicotine), sociocultural

what are the two aspects of nicotine use disorder?

tar

what contributed to the taste and smell of cigarette smoke?

carbon monoxide from burning tobacco, tar, and nicotine

what do the deleterious health effects stem from in cigarettes?

stimulates firing of DA neurons; increasing DA release in the NAcc injected = inhaling nicotine in rats

what do the high-affinity nicotinic receptors in VTA stimulate? what does this increase?

lead to tolerance for some of the subjective effects and ability to disrupt sleep, as well as tolerance to the cardiovascular and respiratory effects may exhibit no trouble sleeping after consuming coffee right before bedtime

what does chronic caffeine usage lead to? what are some signs?

chronic tolerance, superimposed on the acute within-a-day tolerance

what does long-term exposure to nicotine cause?

reduces appetite and increases metabolic rate, resulting in weight loss results in weight gain

what does nicotine reduce and increase? what does this result in? what does quitting usually result in?

2019 : a vaping-related lung injury epidemic 2020 : bans mint and fruit-flavored vaping products but exempts menthol and tobacco

what happened in 2019 for those who vape? what did FDA ban in Jan 2020?

variety of metabolites by CYP450 in the liver; through the urine

what is caffeine converted to? in humans, how are 95% of caffeine metabolites eliminated?

caffeine; coffee beans; tea, chocolate, etc.

what is one of the most widely used drugs in the world? what is the major source and where is it present?

tar and carbon monoxide

what is released when smoking nicotione?

major cause of illness and premature death; many life-threatening illnesses : cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease

what is smoking a major cause of? what does it increase the risk of?

LD50 ~ 40-60mg; eating, contact with tobacco in field (green tobacco sickness), or insecticides that contain nicotine

what is the LD50 of nicotine (when is it considered fatal)? what is the route of administration for these high doses?

as much as 6.17%

what is the actual content of the cured tobacco leaf?

nicotine replacement; nicotine gum and lozenges, transdermal patch are OTC; nasal spray and inhalers need a doctor's prescription

what is the most common form of pharmacological intervention for nicotine use disorder? what are some of its forms?

cold turkey / self-help (90.4%); less than 10% others counseling 1.3% > 15% nicotine patch 4.2% > 17.7% nicotine gum 1.6% > 23.7% nicotine inhaler <1% > 22.8% nicotine spray 0% > 30.5% zyban 1.2% > 30.5%

what is the most preferred way of quitting smoking? what is the success rate?

more caffeinism; agitation, tremors, seizures, damage to the liver and kidneys, GI distress, respiratory problems, cardiac arrhythmia, tachycardia, and even heart failure

what may result from energy drinks? what health effects come from energy drinks?

mesolimbic DA pathway from the VTA to nucleus accumbens lesioning the dopaminergic innervation of NAcc

what pathway plays a key role in reinforcement of nicotine? what significantly attenuates nicotine self-administration?

2002 : free moving rats, caffeine can preferentially increase extracellular levels of dopamine in the NAcc reproduced by selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist but not selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist

what year was it discovered that caffeine increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens? how?

1960s; due to Surgeon General's reports on health consequences, antismoking ads, high cigarette taxes, and societal disapproval of smoking

when did smoking dramatically increase? since then, what are declines due to?

even in individuals who consume as little as 100 mg per day dissipates after a few days caffeine does not meet criteria to be considered addictive, despite its ability to produce physical dependence

when do withdrawal symptoms occur? when will they dissipate? is caffeine addictive?

during the night and mild withdrawal occurs

when does acute tolerance of nicotine dissipate?

1928; 5% of the weight of dry tobacco leaves

when was nicotine first isolated? what does it constitute?

mid 19th century over the next 30 years the cigarette machine, curing tobacco leaves improved flavor

when were cigarettes used in Europe? When were they popularized in the US? What was made to increase production?

2003 by Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik; does not contain tobacco, do and do not contain nicotine likely safer than tobacco cigarettes but the long-term health effects are not know

when were electronic cigarettes / vaping discovered? do they contain tobacco? nicotine? are they safer than cigarettes?

movies and media (pop culture) however is looked down upon today

where are cigarettes seen that increase its usage in the sociocultural aspect?

many parts of the brain, neuro-muscular junctions and in the ganglia of the ANS

where are high-affinity nAChRs found?

in the autonomic nervous system

where are nicotinic receptors abundant?

1st cigarette

which cigarette of the day has the strongest effect?

weight loss

which of the following is NOT a symptom of nicotine abstinence syndrome? weight loss insomnia trouble concentrating restlessness

increased relaxation

which of the following is NOT an effect of caffeine reported by regular users? increased relaxation wakefulness improved mood more focused attention

They are considered addicted to caffeine.

which of the following regarding people who are tolerant and / or dependent on caffeine in coffee is FALSE? They may develop a headache if they miss their morning cup of coffee. They are considered addicted to caffeine. They may exhibit no trouble sleeping after consuming coffee right before bedtime. They may develop an intense craving for coffee if they try to stop drinking it.

Maya : used in religious ceremonies, rituals, and in medicinal practices passed on customs of smoking to almost every other Indian group in North and South America

who was known for the popularity of the first occurrences of nicotine? what was it used for? who did they pass it to?

decreased heart rate, increased eating, an inability to concentrate, aggression, depression, anxiety, sleep disruption, craving for cigarettes

withdrawal of nicotine symptoms

headache and fatigue if miss morning coffee, impaired concentration and psychomotor performance, mild anxiety and depression may develop an intense craving for coffee if they try to stop drinking it

withdrawal symptoms of caffeine