NS 4360 Quiz 1
A theory establishes
a cause and effect relationship between the variables for the purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena
Conflict of interest
a conflict between the private interests and the official or professional responsibilities of a person in a position of trust - financial - conflict - personal and intellectual
Research is
a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information/data to answer questions to extend knowledge
Scientific method
a way of solving problems and acquiring knowledge that involved both deductive and inductive reasoning in a systematic approach to obtaining information
Variables are
any characteristic (such as BMI or social support) that are measured, controlled, or manipulated in research can be categorial or continous
Translational Research
bench to Bedside to community
Office of research integrity - values
honesty - conveying info truthfully and honoring commitments accuracy - reporting findings precisely and taking care to avoid errors efficiency - using resources wisely and avoiding waste objectivity - letting the facts speak for themselves and avoiding improper bias
Dietetics Outcomes Registry
makes anonymous data available for outcomes research and quality improvement projects
Fabrication
making up data or results and recording or reporting them
Falsification
manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record
MeSH
medical subject headings online thesaurus used by the national library of medicine when an article is submitted, subject analysts assign 10-12 MeSH headings to each article
Outcomes Research
outcomes - changes in a client's health or quality of life that result from health/nutrition care. Effectiveness studies - does the intervention work in a real world setting.
Strengths & weaknesses of qualitative data
provides a holistic view, understanding of complex situations. To gain initial insights into new area of research To generate theory Time consuming to collect and analyze data Smaller number of participants Not usually generalizable
Stages of the scientific method
question identified --> hypothesis formed --> research plan --> data collected --> results analyzed (new questions arise) --> conclusions
Exempt review
research in established or accepted educational settings Research involving the use of surveys, interviews, or observation of public behavior if subjects cannot be identified Analysis of previous collected data with no identifiable information, the participants cannot be identified if these data are publicly available, you may not need IRB approval. Consumer acceptance, taste, and food quality studies Research to study or evaluate public benefit or service programs
Human subjects research is
research involving a living individual about whom a researcher conducting research obtains data through: 1 - an intervention 2 - an interaction with the individual 3 - identifiable private information
Case control studies
retrospective studies - a study comparing a group who already have a condition of interest to a group that does not -case study - the group with the characteristic of interest -control group - the group without the characteristics of interest NO intervention is attempted Advantages good for studying rare conditions less time is needed to complete the study look at multiple risk factors simultaneously useful to establish and association
What is the name of the systematic process used in research
scientific method
Nutrition advice and recommendations must be based on
scientific studies
analytic epidemiology
seeking to determine causation of disease, injury or death common in health fields
Descriptive epidemiology
seeking to identify patterns or tends in disease, injury or death Common in health fields
Descriptive Research
seeks to describe specific phenomena or characteristics of a particular group of subjects -answers the questions "what is" - does not describe the how come - causation - no manipulation of an independent variable Wide range of methodologies -surveys -direct measurement -observation -interviews
Correlational Research
seeks to determine whether, and to what extend, a relationship exists between 2 or more variables -no manipulation of an independent variable
Historical research
seeks to explore events and information from the past in order to provide a better understanding of the present with implications for the future -answers the question "what was" Limited to synthesis and interpretation of data that already exists
Types of research
several research classifications have been proposed basic vs. applied quantitative vs. qualitative experimental vs. non-experimental NONE of the various research categories are mutually exclusive.
Types of descriptive research
survey developmental - longitudinal, cross-sectional case study correlational normative - norm-reference observational - qualitative causal comparative - ex post facto - past data
Non-experimental research
tends to observe, analyze, and describe what exists rather than manipulating the variable under study various types: causal-comparative descriptive correlational historical
Plagiarism
the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit
Nutrition research is
varied research with cells and animals clinical studies with human subjects population studies with many participants
Intervention Research
varied interventions may be clinical trial efficacy studies - does the intervention work under optimal and controlled conditions
Research is NOT
when you look really hard for information on a topic when you read a number of journal articles on a nutrition topic when you write a research paper with highlights from several journal articles
Responsible conduct of research
- practice of scientific investigators with integrity - involved the awareness and application of established professional norms and ethical principles in the performance of all activities related to research -policies regarding human subjects, live animals in research and safe laboratory practices - mentor and mentee responsibilities and relationships -Conflict of interest - collaborative research - peer review - data acquisition and management - misconduct -responsible authorship & publication
Principles of scientific writing
1 - be organized, professional, unemotional, and practical 2 - keep it simple with short sentences 3 - limit one thought to each paragraph and tie your paragraphs together so they flow 4 - use the active voice most often and pick appropriate action verbs 5 - write concisely and omit needless words 6 - before starting a rough draft, carefully read everything and write some notes along with an outline to help organize your paper 7 - revise and edit your rough draft 8 - use your own words. use quotes sparingly.
IRB application requires
1 - detailed description of your planned research 2 - length of study 3 - risk-benefits 4 - any surveys or questionaries 5 - any consent forms 6 - privacy and confidentiality for participants 7 - any recruitment materials 8 - any compensation or benefits 9 - how will you store your data and keep it safe 10 - budget information 11- a detailed description of any secondary data you may use
Checklist for selecting articles
1 - make sure you choose the correct type of article 2 - be selective about the date the research was published 3 - make sure it is not just an abstract 4 - be sure the study is relevant 5 - use more than 1 database 6 - talk to the reference library
Requirements for evaluating ethics of human subject research
1 - social value 2 - scientific validity 3 - fair subject selection 4 - favorable risk-benefit ratio 5 - independent review 6 - informed consent 7 - respect for subjects
Nuremburg Code (1949)
1 - subjects must voluntarily consent to be in the study 2 - subjects have the right to stop participating in the study 3 - subjects should be protected from unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury, disability and death. 4 - the benefits of the study will justify the costs
Randomized Controlled Trial
A study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group. As the study is conducted, the only expected difference between the control and experimental groups in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the outcome variable being studied. Advantages - good randomization will wash out population bias -easier to blind than observational studies Disadvantages -expensive - time and money -volunteer bias - does not reveal causation
Strengths and weakness of quantitative data
Allows for greater objectivity, control, and accuracy. Can examine possible causes, and test theories or hypotheses. Can replicate. Does not work as well with phenomenon that are hard to measure or complex Does not capture the full breath of human experience
Trade publications
Articles are generally written by members of a specific profession, trade, or journalists Articles are factual, anecdotal, or opinion Trade magazines are full of news and stories about a certain trade
Magazines and Newspapers
Articles are written by journalists Articles are simple and easy to understand by a wide range or readers Articles appear amidst advertisements, photos, etc.
How to tell if a study is quantitative or qualitative?
Carefully read the title If study relied on a focus groups, in-depth interviewing, observations, or a case study for its data - qualitative Lot of numerical data and statistical results - quantitative
HHS and FDA Code of Fed. Reg.
Common Rule or Federal policy for the protection of human subjects - ensure compliance by research institutions - secure and document informed consent - to guide IRB operation - protect vulnerable research participants
Belmont Report
Defined ethics principles for research: -respect for persons. Individuals have the right to self-determine and to choose whether or not to participate in a research study -beneficence. Individuals in a study should not be harmed, researchers should minimize harms and maximize potential benefits -Justice. Individuals in a study should be treated fairly and the benefits and risks should be distributed fairly.
Scientific Journals
Digital Object Identifier Impact factor - frequency with which an article in a journal has been cited within a specific time frame Open access journal - pay a fee to reach audience and to be published but in less time
Gray Literature
Dissertations and theses Conference proceedings - abstract from presentation and posters generally do not include a research paper Books Technical reports Commentaries and opinion pieces
Tips for PubMed
Enter phrases using double quotation marks only if you want to yield an exact match Avoid truncation Use and capitalize all Boolean operators Do NOT use acronyms or abbreviations Avoid multiple search terms together Avoid imprecise terms and prepositions Use the filters
What is the norms for conduct that describe acceptable and unacceptable behavior
Ethics 1 - ethics standards in research promote knowledge and avoid errors in the pursuit of knowledge 2 - ethics standards in research promote collaborative work among researchers who are often from different disciplines and institutions 3 - ethics norms in research helps keep research accountable 4 - promote values such as human rights and compliance with regulations
Research Misconduct
Fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reporting research, or in reporting research results and does not include honest error or differences of opinion.
Through scientific research, what are discovered?
Facts The interpretation or explanation of these facts is the basis for theory, which is a belief about how things relate to each other.
Quantitative Research Focus, Reasoning, Objectively, Setting, Sampling, Methodology, Data & Analysis, Study Validations, Generalize the findings.
Focus - describe and test relationships among variables. Examine cause and effect. Make predictions Reasoning - deductive Objectively - Objectivity Setting - Controlled Sampling - Random sample Methodology - experimental or quasi-experimental designs to test for group differences, relationships, etc. Fixed design Data - number based, statistical analysis Study - strive for rigor - reliability, validity Findings - more generalizable
Qualitative Research Focus, Reasoning, Objectively, Setting, Sampling, Methodology, Data, Study validations, generalize the findings
Focus - provide details about human behavior, emotion, personality, and interactions. To formulate theory or hypothesis after data is collected. Reasoning - Inductive Objectively - subjectivity Setting - natural Sampling - Nonrandom Methodology - methods that explore and describe such as focus groups, observations, or semi-structured interviews. Flexible design Data - Narrative, text based, images. Use of coding to identify themes. Study - Strive for rigor - trustworthiness Findings - Less generalizable
Privacy
HIPPA Privacy Rule IIHI
4 major types of nutrition research studies
Intervention Outcomes Epidemiological Translational
Helsinki
Medical research should protect the health, well-being, and rights of human subjects Physicians involved in a human subjects study must be sure the risks have been adequately anticipated and can be managed in a satisfactory manner. Research objective outweigh risk. Medical research with vulnerable groups should only be done if it would benefit the heath needs of this group and the research cannot be carried out in other groups that are not vulnerable Efforts should be made to provide access to interventions that have been proven effective in the study
Journal Databases
Medline/pubmed Web of science Scopus Science direct Search using keywords and subject headings
Correlation does ____ equal causation
NOT
Theory is ____ a law
NOT could become a law through additional research and experimentation
Journals
Narrative review Systematic review Evidence Analysis library reviews Each is set up a little different and is peer reviewed except narrative
Qualitative Research
No hypotheses No statistics (very few numbers) Focus is on words, stories, and experiences
Ways to classify research
Primary - ex. original research study Secondary - ex. narrative reviews tertiary research - ex. systematic reviews
Informed Consent
Process, not just a form 1 - competence 2 - full disclosure 3 - understanding 4 - voluntary
Cohort Studies
Prospective studies or longitudinal - a study that begins with a group of people (a cohort) and follows them over time Subsequent status evaluations with respect to disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants risk factors are associated with it Advantages: Subjects in cohort can be matched which limits influence of confounding variables Standardization of criteria/outcome is possible Easier and cheaper than RCT
Scholarly/Academic Journals
Publish original research articles to an audience of researchers, professors, and students in a specific field Articles usually undergo peer review Medical/scientific articles generally contain: abstract, intro, methods, results, discussion, conclusion
Experimental Research
Purpose: investigate cause and effect relationships by manipulating certain variables to determine their effect on another variable. - attempts to establish causality - manipulations of independent variable - control of extraneous variables is vital - often uses a control group - often uses randomization procedures
Google Scholar
Searches complete articles so search results can be large Often brings up a lot of sources that are NOT journal articles
Causal-Comparative Research
Seeks to investigate cause-and-effect relationships similar to experimental research Researcher cannot manipulate the independent variable, because it is something the subject already has/is - attribute variable Gender Ethnicity Medical condition
Purposes of nutrition research
Solve nutrition-related problems Improve client outcomes Provide cost-effective and efficient care for clients Serve as a foundation for evidence based practice
Quantitative Research
Starts with hypotheses Applies statistics to data to get results Focus is on describing and testing relationships among variables
dependent variable (outcome measure)
The variable/outcome measured in research that is assumed to be influenced by the independent variable. The variable that captures the outcome of an intervention.
Institutional Review Boards
Universities, hospital corporations, and other institutions where research is conducted must have a formal committee that reviews research proposals with human subjects before research begins Independent committee of at least 5 members Purpose is to protect human subjects, especially vulnerable groups: pregnant women, kids under 18, prisoners, people who are economically or educationally disadvantaged. Determines whether research is ethical and safe to carry out, and monitors your research.
ANDHII
collects data from practitioners using standardized terminology so that the data can be analyzed in research projects
Before starting any research activities, a researcher must
complete and file and IRB application for the study and wait for approval Complete mandated training
The nuremburg code was the basis for the
declaration of Helsinki
Research participants are protected by:
ethics guidelines Informed consent Institutional review board
3 levels of IRB Review
exempt (do not need to reviewed by all members) expedited - minimal risk, pain, discomfort (do not need to be reviewed by all members) full board - more complicated, high risk.
independent variable
the variable that is assumed to affect the dependent variable or the outcome. May be the treatment that is varied.
Both types of research (quantitative and qualitative) complement each other because
they generate different kinds of knowledge Qualitative research: provides insight into problems may identify variables important for future quantitative research can help researches develop a theory
Basic Research Purpose
to discover new or fundamental knowledge practical application is NOT a goal Usually in highly controlled laboratory settings.
Applied research purpose
to find answers to practical problems practical in nature Inferences or generalizations are made to the intended population
