NS4 Test 4 Allergic Disorders

Re-exposure

A hypersensitivity reaction to an antigen develops at the time of the _________ to that antigen.

-a manifestation of tissue injury resulting from interactions between antigen and antibody (humoral immunity) -most allergens are proteins -IgE involved in allergic disorders -an inappropriate, often harmful response to a normally harmless substance

Allergic Reaction

Airborne pollens or molds

Allergic rhinitis is induced by _______ and ________

IV

Contact dermatitis is a type ______ immediate hypersensitivity disorder characterized by inflammation and hyperreactivity of the skin

-excess of immune response to any type of stimuli -usually occurs after a re-exposure -Four types : all result in tissue damage -Type 1: anaphylactic -Type 2: cytotoxic -Type 3: immune complex -Type 4: delayed

Hypersensitivity

IgE

Immunoglobulins of the ______ class are involved in allergic disorders and some parasitic infections

Natural rubber proteins

Latex allergy is an allergic reaction to _________

-basophils -allergen triggers B Cell to produce IgE, two or more IgE bind together on mast cell and trigger mast cells to release chemical mediators (histamines, serotonin, kinins) which produces the allergic skin reactions, asthma, and/or hay fever -reaction is very fast -mast cells located in skin and mucus membranes

Mast cells

S&S: tingling, fullness in mouth and throat, swelling of tongue, nasal congestion, teary eyes, anxiety, itching, hives, bronchspasms, edema of larynx, dyspnea, coughing, wheezing, cyanosis, hypotension, abd cramping, vomit/diarrhea, seizures, cardiac arrest, coma, death Treatment: -activate rapid response -maintain airway -fluids -steroids -bronchodilators -antihistamines -0.3 mL 1:1000 epi -H2 blockers (pepsid, tagament)

S&S and Treatment of Anaphylaxis

-prep skin w/ soap and water -alcohol to remove oils -equip available to treat anaphylaxis -avoid use of corticosteroids/antihistamines 2 days to 2 weeks prior -educ on procedure what to expect -assess w/in 15-20 minutes -positive result is the presence of a wheal (round, red, skin elevation)

Skin testing for allergens

Antihistamines

The major class of medications prescribed for the symptomatic relief of allergic rhinitis is ___________.

Anaphylaxis

The most severe hypersensitivity reaction is _______, an unanticipated allergic reaction often accompanied by hypotension, bronchospasm, and cardiovascular collapse in severe cases.

Epinephrine

The patient at risk for an anaphylactic response to an allergen should be instructed to carry an emergency kit containing _______ at all times.

-Anaphylactic -most severe -rapid onset of edema, hypotension, bronchospasm, and cardiovascular collapse -Primary mediators (histamines, eosinophils, prostaglandins, platelet-activation factor) is responsible -can occur for up to 24 hours -S&S depend on amount of allergen introduced and route of entry -Penicillin most common cause, also foods, bees, latex -affect multiple orans -mild, moderate, or severe: faster the onset, more severe the reaction -prevention is key

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

-delayed response -cellular reaction that happens 1-3 days after exposure -S&S: erythema, itching, raised lesions (hives), -Ex: contact dermatitis, sarcodosis

Type 4 Hypersensitivity

Uticaria

_____ is a type I hypersensitive allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the sudden appearance of pinkish, edematous elevations that vary in size and shape, itch, and cause local discomfort.

Histamine

_________, which is released by mast cells, is a primary chemical mediator of hypersensitivity that acts within about 15 minutes after antigen contact.