NSCCh17
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. a.the same b.different c.tangential d.inhibitory e.excitatory
A
According to the James-Lange theory, the a.experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli. b.cortex is not involved in emotion. c.autonomic nervous system is not involved in emotion. d.experience of emotion triggers the autonomic response to emotional stimuli. e.experience of emotion is not physiological.
A
An important advance in the study of the physiology of stress came with the discovery in the 1990s that stress triggers the release of __________, which play a role in inflammation and fever. a.cytokines b.glucocorticoids c.adrenocorticotropic hormones d.thiamines e.catecholamines
A
An important feature of social aggression that distinguishes it from other forms of aggression in many mammalian species is that it is a.dependent on testosterone. b.similar to defensive attack. c.controlled by the amygdala. d.directed at the tail. e.directed at the head.
A
Antibodies are manufactured by a class of lymphocytes called a.B cells. b.T cells. c.antigens. d.leucocytes. e.white blood cells.
A
Bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the __________ block auditory fear conditioning. a.amygdala b.septum c.auditory cortex d.hippocampus e.granule cells
A
Evidence has been accumulating that the _________________ is critically involved in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear. a.lateral nucleus of the amygdala b.medial geniculate nucleus of the amygdala c.lateral nucleus of the hippocampus d.lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
A
H. pylori has been implicated as a causal factor in a.gastric ulcers. b.heart disease. c.stress. d.immune dysfunction. e.brain tumors.
A
In functional brain-imaging studies, emotional situations typically produce a.widespread increases of cerebral activity, not just in the amygdalae and prefrontal cortex. b.increases in cerebral activity that are largely restricted to the amygdalae. c.increases in cerebral activity that are largely restricted to the prefrontal cortex. d.increases in cerebral activity that are largely restricted to the amygdalae and prefrontal cortex.
A
In rats, bilateral lesions to the __________________ block fear conditioning to a tone, but bilateral lesions to the _______________ do not. a.medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex b.lateral geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex c.amygdala; medial geniculate nucleus d.auditory cortex; amygdala
A
In studies that use _____________________, participants are directed to inhibit their emotional reactions to unpleasant films or pictures. In studies that use _________________, participants are instructed to reinterpret a picture to change their emotional reaction to it. a.suppression paradigms; reappraisal paradigms b.reappraisal paradigms; suppression paradigms c.inhibition paradigms; reinterpretation paradigms d.reinterpretation paradigms; inhibition paradigms
A
Lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sounds but not simple sounds? a.auditory cortex b.hypothalamus c.periaqueductal gray d.amygdala e.medial geniculate nucleus
A
Pellis and his colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their a.mouse killing. b.play. c.defensive attack. d.risk assessment. e.social aggression.
A
Some studies have found that violent male criminals and aggressive male athletes tend to have higher testosterone levels than normal; however, this does not necessarily mean that testosterone _________ aggression. a.causes b.inhibits c.is correlated with d.redirects
A
Stress disrupts the performance of a.tasks whose performance is controlled by the hippocampus. b.most memory tasks. c.almost all avoidance tasks. d.most cognitive tasks. e.tasks whose performance is controlled by the amygdala.
A
T cells and B cells are a.lymphocytes. b.antigens. c.antibodies. d.phagocytes. e.macrophages.
A
The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories make __________ predictions about the effects of feedback from somatic and autonomic activity on emotional experience. a.different b.the same c.similar d.no e.five
A
The ________________________ syndrome includes the following behaviors: the consumption of almost anything that is edible, increased sexual activity often directed at inappropriate objects, a tendency to repeatedly investigate familiar objects, a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth, and a lack of fear. a.Klüver-Bucy b.Darwinian antithesis c.sham rage d.septal damage
A
The belief that putting on a happy face makes one feel happier is an example of the a.facial feedback hypothesis. b.Duchenne hypothesis. c.Ekman hypothesis. d.prosody principle. e.Pinel principle.
A
The effects of adult stress on the hippocampus appear to be mediated by increases in a.corticosterone release. b.adrenalectomy. c.handling. d.maternal grooming. e.immune function.
A
The human amygdala seems to be specifically involved in the a.perception of fear in others. b.experience of fear. c.feelings of fear. d.focus of fear. e.reappraisal of fear paradigms.
A
The most commonly employed physiological measure of stress is the level of circulating a.glucocorticoids. b.adrenocorticotropic hormone. c.norepinephrine. d.epinephrine. e.serotonin.
A
The re-experiencing of related patterns of sensory and motor neural activity during the experience of emotion is generally referred to as a.the embodiment of emotions. b.empathy. c.love. d.negative emotions. e.Urbach-Wiethe disease.
A
The specific areas of the cortex that are involved in emotion seem to a.vary substantially from emotion to emotion and person to person. b.be clustered almost entirely in the prefrontal lobes. c.be clustered almost entirely in the temporal lobes. d.be clustered almost entirely in the right hemisphere. e.be clustered in the limbic system.
A
The structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the a.amygdala. b.hypothalamus. c.septum. d.hippocampus. e.medial geniculate.
A
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome? a.aggression b.sexual activity directed at inappropriate objects c.lack of fear d.consumption of almost anything that is edible e.a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth
A
According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. a.the same b.different c.tangential d.similar e.inhibitory
B
Decorticate cats display a.orchidectomy rage. b.sham rage. c.species-typical rage. d.species-common rage. e.offensive rage.
B
Each amygdala is a.a single nucleus. b.a cluster of many nuclei. c.actually two distinct structures. d.actually three distinct structures. e.composed of a medulla and a cortex.
B
Each facial expression __________ on the left side of the face. a.develops later b.develops sooner c.is of less magnitude d.both A and C e.both B and C
B
In a standard fear-conditioning experiment, the subject is presented with __________________ and then receives exposure to a footshock. a.a visual unconditional stimulus b.an auditory conditional stimulus c.access to food d.an auditory unconditional response
B
Modern neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscientific research has emphasized the roles of two brain structures in emotion: the a.hypothalamus and amygdala. b.medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. c.hippocampus and PAG. d.hypothalamus and hippocampus. e.hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
B
Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the a.autonomic nervous system. b.limbic system. c.hypothalamus. d.hippocampus. e.basal ganglion.
B
Phineas Gage had damage to his medial a.diencephalon. b.prefrontal lobes. c.temporal lobes. d.parietal lobes. e.hippocampus.
B
Stress that improves health has been termed a.good stress. b.eustress. c.adaptive stress. d.bona fide stress. e.pseudostress.
B
Subordination stress is most readily investigated in species that form a.attack teams. b.stable dominance hierarchies. c.social aggression groups. d.permanent mating bonds. e.social bonds.
B
The Duchenne smile a.is a false smile. b.involves the orbicularis oculi. c.does not involve the orbicularis oculi. d.both A and B e.both A and C
B
The _______________ concept is the idea that the aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own. a.defensive maneuver b.target-site c.attack-site d.aggressive maneuver
B
The adult neurogenesis of hippocampal cells is reduced by a.enriched environments. b.stress. c.antibodies. d.pyramidal cells. e.maternal grooming.
B
The colony-intruder model of aggression and defense has yielded rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggressive and defensive behaviors by studying the interactions between the _____________ of an established mixed-sex colony and a small ____________. a.beta male; male intruder b.alpha male; male intruder c.dominant female; female intruder d.dominant female; rat pup
B
The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of a.opposition. b.antithesis. c.conspecifics. d.parsimony. e.anti-expression.
B
The immune system has two components: the innate immune system and the __________ immune system. a.phagocyte b.adaptive c.antibody d.antigen e.antibody-mediated
B
The pattern of behavior that is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called a.sham rage. b.the Kluver-Bucy syndrome. c.hippocampal rage. d.septal rage. e.temporal-lobe rage.
B
The process by which benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli is called _________________ and requires intact _____________. a.contextual fear conditioning; amygdalae b.contextual fear conditioning; hippocampi c.environmental fear conditioning; amygdalae d.environmental fear conditioning; hippocampi
B
Urbach-Wiethe disease is associated with a.an inability to experience happiness. b.bilateral calcification of the amygdala. c.degeneration of the hippocampus. d.neurogenesis in the hippocampus. e.unilateral calcification of the amygdala.
B
Vaccination is often an effective preventive measure because a.viruses have a memory. b.the adaptive immune system has a memory. c.conspecifics have a memory. d.the innate immune system has a memory. e.the acquired immune system has a memory.
B
When conspecific threat becomes an enduring feature of daily life, the result is a.conspecific stress. b.subordination stress. c.hippocampal swelling. d.enlarged amygdalae.
B
Which neural structure has a particularly dense population of glucocorticoid receptors? a.hypothalamus b.hippocampus c.amygdala d.caudate e.frontal cortex
B
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are a.causally related. b.parallel processes. c.dependent processes. d.serial processes. e.adaptive processes.
B
Bard's 1929 research on sham rage led him to conclude that the a.Cannon-Bard theory is basically correct. b.James-Lange theory is basically correct. c.hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression. d.entire limbic system plays a critical role in the expression of emotion. e.neocortex plays a critical role in the expression of emotion.
C
Bilateral lesions to which of the following structures produces the Kluver-Bucy syndrome? a.medial prefrontal lobe b.hippocampus c.anterior temporal lobe d.lateral prefrontal lobe e.medial temporal lobe
C
Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because a.social aggression occurs only in males. b.the effects of estradial cannot be ruled out. c.aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels. d.humans and rats differ in their sex hormones. e.aggressive behavior is controlled by the amygdala.
C
In order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to a.also question a control suspect. b.ask pointed questions. c.have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects. d.have a piece of information that is known by all the suspects but nobody else. e.record basal skin conductance levels.
C
In some species, castration has ___________ effect on social aggression; in still others, castration ____________ social aggression during the breeding season but not at other times. a.no; increases b.a large; decreases c.no; decreases d.a small; increases
C
LeDoux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the __________ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the __________ did not. a.septum; lateral geniculate nucleus b.frontal lobe; cingulate c.medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex d.hypothalamus; septum e.hippocampus; medial geniculate nucleus
C
Lesions to which structure specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context? a.lateral geniculate nucleus b.auditory cortex c.hippocampus d.amygdala e.PAG
C
Papez believed that emotional states were expressed through the action of the other limbic structures on the a.amygdala. b.autonomic nervous system. c.hypothalamus. d.hippocampus. e.neocortex.
C
Patients with bilateral amygdalar damage tend to have particular difficulty a.experiencing fear. b.expressing fear prosody. c.recognizing facial expressions of fear. d.with contextual fear conditioning. e.with auditory fear conditioning.
C
Research on the lateralization of emotion in humans using functional brain imaging suggests that the degree to which it is lateralized to the right hemisphere depends on a.the degree of speech development. b.the emotionality of the person. c.the particular brain structure under investigation. d.cultural factors. e.prosody.
C
Selye concluded that stressors stimulate the release of ______________________ from the anterior pituitary, which in turn triggers the release of ______________ from the adrenal cortex. a.glucocorticoids; cytokines b.cytokines; glucocorticoids c.adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); glucocorticoids d.glucocorticoids; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
C
Separating rat pups from their mothers a.has the same effect as early handling. b.has the same effect as increased maternal grooming. c.produces increases in behavioral and endocrine stress responses in adulthood. d.both A and B e.both A and C
C
Sham rage was first observed in a.Papez's circuit. b.wild rats. c.decorticate cats. d.monkeys with no limbic system.
C
The Kluver-Bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the a.hippocampus. b.hypothalamus. c.amygdala. d.septum. e.cortex.
C
The amygdala is thought to control defensive behavior via outputs from the a.lateral nucleus of the amygdala. b.medial geniculate nucleus of the amygdala. c.central nucleus of the amygdala. d.lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
C
The effects of stress on the hippocampus appear to be mediated by elevated glucocorticoid levels: Stress effects can be induced by ______________ and blocked by ______________. a.adrenalectomy; glucocorticoid receptor agonists b.adrenalectomy; corticosterone c.corticosterone; adrenalectomy d.glucocorticoid receptor antagonists; adrenalectomy
C
The relation among chronic fear, stress, and ill health is apparent in animals undergoing a.predation. b.attack. c.subordination stress. d.social defense. e.alpha hazing.
C
The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the a.emotion feedback hypothesis. b.induced-emotion hypothesis. c.facial feedback hypothesis. d.Duchenne hypothesis. e.Ekman hypothesis.
C
The true expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called a.flash expressions. b.insidious expressions. c.microexpressions. d.give-away expressions. e.pseudoexpressions.
C
The true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the a.orbicularis smile. b.Ekman smile. c.Duchenne smile. d.legitimate smile. e.Barnes smirk.
C
When an alpha male rat attacks a submissive male intruder, he a.directs his attack at the intruder's face. b.directs his attack at the tip of the intruder's tail. c.moves sideways toward the intruder with a lateral attack. d.moves directly toward the intruder with a face-forward attack.
C
Which of the following is testosterone dependent in mice and many other mammalian species? a.defensive attack b.predatory aggression c.social aggression d.freezing e.flight
C
___ is a genetic disorder that often results in calcification of the amygdala and surrounding anterior medial-temporal-lobe structures in both hemispheres. a.Huntington's disease b.Prader-Willi syndrome c.Urbach-Wiethe disease d.Klüver-Bucy syndrome
C
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression a.are parallel processes. b.have no direct causal relation. c.are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli. d.all of the above e.none of the above
D
According to the ____________________, emotional stimuli excite both the feeling of emotion in the brain and the expression of emotion in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. a.Klüver-Bucy theory b.Darwinian theory c.James-Lange theory d.Cannon-Bard theory
D
Adrenocorticotropic hormone a.is released by the anterior pituitary. b.activates the adrenal cortex. c.increases circulating levels of glucocorticoids. d.all of the above e.none of the above
D
Cell-mediated immunity is directed by ____________, whereas antibody-mediated immunity is directed by __________. a.phagocytes; leukocytes b.leukocytes; phagocytes c.B cells; T cells d.T cells; B cells
D
Darwin believed that a.expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. b.expressions of emotion evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function and that their original function may be lost. c.opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures. d.all of the above e.none of the above
D
Disruptions in immune function do not necessarily increase the incidence of infectious disease because a.the immune system has many redundant components. b.disruptions in immune function may be too brief to affect susceptibility to infection. c.disruptions in immune function may trigger compensatory improvements to other aspects of immune function. d.all of the above e.both A and B
D
In rats, boxing is a.a defensive behavior. b.directed at attacking conspecifics. c.an aggressive behavior. d.both A and B e.none of the above
D
Lymphocytes are a.specialized white blood cells. b.produced in bone marrow. c.stored in the lymphatic system. d.all of the above
D
On the basis of existing evidence, the following conclusion about ANS emotional specificity is warranted: a.The ANS does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli. b.There is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of ANS activity associated with each emotional state. c.The ANS responds in approximately the same way to all emotional stimuli. d.both A and B e.both B and C
D
Overall, research has found the effects of testosterone on the aggressive behavior of humans to be inconsistent. The text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that a.hormones may have less effect on human aggression than they do on aggression in other species. b.the tests that have been used to study testosterone and aggression in humans are markedly different from those used in other species. c.testosterone can be synthesized and act locally in particular brain structures, but studies of testosterone and human aggression have been based on general blood levels of testosterone. d.all of the above e.both A and B
D
Reexperiencing related patterns of motor, autonomic, and sensory neural activity during emotional experiences is generally referred to as the a.basis of emotions. b.complexity of emotions. c.interrelatedness of emotions. d.embodiment of emotions.
D
The Kluver-Bucy syndrome a.was first demonstrated by Kluver and Bucy. b.was first demonstrated in monkeys. c.has been observed in humans. d.all of the above e.none of the above
D
The adrenal cortex was identified by Selye as important in the stress response; today's theories also acknowledge the important contribution of the a.pituitary. b.anterior pituitary. c.parasympathetic nervous system. d.sympathetic nervous system. e.thymus.
D
The emotional experiences of patients with broken necks a.indicate that somatic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary for the experience of emotion. b.are inconsistent with the James-Lange theory. c.are inconsistent with the Cannon-Bard theory. d.both A and B e.both B and C
D
V
D
A major difference in the physiological reaction to physical versus psychological stressors is that only physical stressors a.activate the adrenal medulla. b.activate the adrenal cortex. c.increase blood pressure. d.increase epinephrine levels. e.none of the above
E
Disorders whose symptoms are primarily physical but whose development is greatly influenced by psychological factors are called a.psychological disorders. b.mental disorders. c.psychiatric disorders. d.stress disorders. e.psychosomatic disorders.
E
Functional brain imaging studies of the role of human medial prefrontal cortex in emotion have often employed a.suppression paradigms. b.passive avoidance paradigms. c.reappraisal paradigms. d.all of the above e.both A and C
E
Glucocorticoids are released from the a.anterior pituitary. b.adrenal medulla. c.thymus. d.both A and B e. adrenal gland
E
Sham rage is displayed by a.decorticate cats. b.cats whose entire cerebral hemispheres, including the hypothalamus, have been removed. c.cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed. d.both A and B e.both A and C
E
Stressors produce major increases in the release of a.norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex. b.epinephrine from the adrenal cortex. c.glucocorticoids from the adrenal medulla. d.all of the above e.none of the above
E
The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic responses to threat via the __________ and the appropriate behavioral responses to threat via the ___________. a.auditory cortex; medial geniculate nucleus b.PAG; septum c.medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex d.thalamus; cortex e.hypothalamus; PAG
E
The dominant male rat of a colony a.is the alpha male. b.usually moves sideways toward a male intruder. c.usually directs lateral attacks at male intruders. d.usually directs bites at the back of a male intruder. e.all of the above
E
Which of the following structures is considered to be part of the limbic system? a.amygdala b.cingulate cortex c.septum d.mammillary body e.all of the above
E
Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning. This part is the a.lateral nucleus. b.preoptic nucleus. c.paraventricular nucleus. d.basolateral nucleus. e.amygdala complex.
a
Gastric ulcers a.are lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum. b.are more common in people living in stressful situations. c.have been produced in experimental animals by exposure to stress. d.all of the above e.both A and B
d
Microglia are phagocytes of the a.blood. b.liver. c.adrenal cortex. d.CNS. e.PNS.
d
Which of the following is a major finding of cognitive neuroscientific research on emotion? a.The brain activity associated with each emotion is localized to a small area of cortex. b.There is usually activity in sensory and motor cortex when a person experiences an emotion. c.Similar patterns of brain activity occur when a person experiences an emotion or empathizes with someone experiencing the same emotion. d.all of the above e.both B and C
e
