NSD Test 2

The part of the protein molecule that contains nitrogen is called the ________.

amine group

Please choose the correct statements about vegetarian diets: 1. A lacto-ovo-vegetarian consumes eggs and dairy products. 2. Complementary proteins do not need to be consumed in the same meal. 3. Athletes should never consume a vegetarian diet. Vegans must obtain vitamin B12 from supplements or fortified foods. 4. Vegetarians have an increased risk of heart disease.

1. A lacto-ovo-vegetarian consumes eggs and dairy products. 2. Complementary proteins do not need to be consumed in the same meal. 4. Vegans must obtain vitamin B12 from supplements or fortified foods.

Dietary Supplements

1. Dietary supplements can be beneficial for pregnant women, vegetarians and vegans, older adults, those with lactose intolerance, and anyone else who has a difficult time meeting nutrient needs through food. 2. Fortified foods can increase the risk of overconsuming certain nutrients.

What secretions are needed to digest complex proteins into single amino acids for absorption?

1. Proteases secreted from the pancreas and the small intestine. 2. Saliva from the salivary glands in the mouth. 3. Hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach.

The functions of vitamin B12 include __________.

1. Synthesis of healthy red blood cells. 2. The maintenance of healthy nervous tissue. 3. DNA synthesis.

How does your body use the protein once it has been ingested?

1. The liver uses amino acids to create glucose. 2. Amino acids are used to create new proteins. 3. If calorie intake is inadequate, amino acids can be used for production of energy.

Proteins consist of a chain of some combination of ____ unique amino acids.

20

Ultraviolet rays react with _____ in the skin to begin the process of forming vitamin D.

7-dehydrocholesterol

The primary role of the B vitamins is to ____.

Act as coenzymes in energy metabolism and many other metabolic reactions

Patrick wants to increase his intake of vitamin E. Which of the following foods would provide him with a significant amount of vitamin E? 1. Tuna 2. Almonds 3. Milk 4. Carrots

Almonds.

Selenium:

Antioxidant Sources: Seafood, kidney, liver, eggs, grains, nuts, seeds. Deficiency: Keshan's disease can develop from issues with soil.

Patrick wants to increase his intake of niacin. Which of the following foods would provide Patrick with a significant amount of niacin? 1. Tomatoes 2. Beef 3. Collard greens 4. Oranges

Beef

High consumption of raw egg whites can lead to a deficiency of which vitamin?

Biotin

The active form of vitamin D, also known as a hormone, is called _____.

Calcitriol

When light energy hits the retina, the retinal changes from a _____ to a _____ configuration.

Cis; trans

Zinc:

DNA synthesis, growth, and development Healthy immune system and wound healing Tase acuity (things taste better) Oysters are high in zinc. Breakfast cereals are fortified in zinc. Deficiency: Decreased growth, development and immunity; skin rashes; diarrhea. Exces: From supplements causing gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, appetite loss.

The process that destroys the shape and activity of proteins when heat, acid, salts, or pressure is applied is known as ______.

Denaturation

What is denaturation?

Denaturing is the uncoiling of the protein molecule by hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Protein synthesis is directed by a compound in the cell nucleus called ___________.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

True or False: Approximately 50 percent of every protein molecule is composed of nitrogen.

False

True or False: Chemical digestion of protein begins in the mouth with enzymes found in the saliva.

False

True or False: Once absorbed into the blood, the cholecalciferol travels to the kidney for the final step in activation.

False

True or False: R-protein produced in the stomach carries vitamin B12 to the ileum for absorption?

False

Which of the following vitamins is responsible for red blood cell production?

Folate

Which B vitamin is critical for DNA synthesis and cell division?

Folate (folic acid)

How t ensure Adequate Vitamins and Mineral Intake:

Follow Dietary Guidelines For Americans Eat food and mostly plants Eat the colors of the rainbow Eat nutrient dense foods. Eat foods from all the food groups, my plate.

Which of the following would be the best source of vitamin D? 1. Dark-green, leafy vegetables. 2. Cheese. 3. Nuts. 4. Fortified milk.

Fortified milk.

Chromium:

Functions: Helps insulin in your body Increases effectiveness in cells May improve blood glucose control, but no large study confirms this theory. Does not help build muscle mass.

Fluoride:

Functions: Important for dental health Strengthens tooth enamel and mineralization Sources: Found in small amounts in almost all soil, but most comes from fluoridated water.

Iodine:

Functions: Needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones (regulates metabolic rate, growth, and development and promotes protein synthesis. Deficiency: Iodine deficiency can lead to Goiter (Enlarged Thyroid) Sources: Seafood, iodized salt.

Which of the following foods is considered a poor source of fat-soluble vitamins?

Grains

Heme vs. Nonheme

HEME Iron is more efficiently digested!

What do Lacto-ovo-vegetarians eat?

Lacto-ovo-vegetarians eat a predominantly plant-based diet that also includes dairy foods and eggs. They avoid meat, poultry, and fish. eat a predominantly plant-based diet that also includes dairy foods and eggs. They avoid meat, poultry, and fish.

A deficiency of vitamin B12 can cause ________?

Macrocytic anemia

How do we determine whether we are in protein balance?

Measuring the amount of nitrogen consumed with the amount of nitrogen excreted.

All of the following are good sources of vitamin C EXCEPT ________. milk broccoli strawberries citrus fruit (oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit)

Milk

Which of the following foods is a significant source of riboflavin? 1. Milk 2. Banana 3. Almonds 4. Broccoli

Milk

A deficiency of which vitamin causes signs and symptoms characterized by the four Ds: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death?

Niacin

Iron:

Part of hemoglobin which transports oxygen to body cells and carries carbon dioxide away from them for elimination by the lungs. Iron from animal products is more bioavailable. Iron deficiency anemia; causing fatigue, weakness, headache, decreased work capacity, body temperature problems, behavior changes, increased infection, impaired development, lead poisoning. Excess: Intestinal lining damage, abnormal body acidity, shock, liver failure.

What is protein digestibility? What is an example?

Pork has the greatest digestibility of these proteins. Protein quality is determined by its digestibility, or the body's ability to digest it, and by its amino acid composition. Generally, animal protein is about 99% digestible, while plant protein (including peanuts, beans, and spinach) is only 87% digestible.

Which form of vitamin A enables the eye to react to changes in light?

Retinal

The pigment that is responsible for night vision is called __________.

Rhodopsin

How many nonessential amino acids are there?

There are 11 nonessential amino acids.

Kwashiorkor is a type of protein-energy malnutrition that develops when _____.

There is a severe deficiency of protein in the diet but an adequate intake of energy

True or False: Formation of free radicals can increase your risk of cancer and heart disease.

True

True or False: Pregnant women usually consume less nitrogen than they excrete.

True

True or False: The chemical structure of vitamin B12 contains cobalt.

True

True or False: Vitamin B12 is attached to a protein called transcobalamin II and travels in the blood bound to this protein.

True

True or False: Without adequate vitamin A, we would not be able to see in the dark.

True

Which of the following vitamins is linked with the immune system?

Vitamin A

Which of the following vitamins is linked with energy metabolism?

Vitamin B12

Which nutrient is involved in collagen formation and immune and antioxidant defenses?

Vitamin C

Susan had a salad made of dark, leafy greens, oil and vinegar dressing, and cheese. Which of the following vitamins would not be found in adequate quantities from this lunch?

Vitamin D

Which of the following vitamins is linked with antioxidant function?

Vitamin E

Which of the following is/are considered antioxidants?

Vitamin E and beta-carotene

Which of the following vitamins is linked with bone health?

Vitamin K

Which vitamin is essential for blood to clot?

Vitamin K

Unless carefully planned, vegan diets may be low in which of the following essential micronutrients?

Vitamins D and B12, calcium, and iron

Which of the following foods are not significant sources of vitamin A? 1. Orange-colored vegetables. 2. Whole grains and enriched grain products. 3. Dark-green vegetables. 4. Whole milk.

Whole grains and enriched grain products.