NTS 135 Ch. 3

The mitochondria are sometimes called the ______ of the cell.

"power plants" or "power house"

The stomach empties in about ____ hours depending on the contents and size of the meal.

1-4

The average adult's stomach can hold about ______ of food.

4 cups or 1 quart

The high-energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the cells is called

ATP, adenosine triphosphate

Enzymes are part of a chemical reaction and ______ altered in the process.

Are not

______ is stored in the gallbladder.

Bile

Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma are components of

Blood

Match the functions with the correct organ system.

Breaks down food both mechanically and chemically - Digestive system Removes waste products from the circulatory system matches - Urinary system Detects sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions - Nervous system Removes foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption - Lymphatic system Transports nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones throughout the body - Cardiovascular system Regulates metabolism through the action of hormones - Endocrine system

Which of the following yields energy?

Carbohydrates Fat Protein

Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?

Defense of the body against invading pathogens Transport of absorbed dietary fats Returns fluid that collects between cells back to the bloodstream

Which of the following digestive complaint is commonly caused by bacterial infections?

Diarrhea

The lymphatic system is primarily responsible for transport of water-soluble nutrients.

False

Which of the following must be absorbed into the lymphatic vessels before entering general circulation?

Fat-soluble vitamins Long-chain fatty acids

Pain, nausea, gagging, cough, or hoarseness are all symptoms of _____.

GERD

Identify symptoms of GERD.

Gagging Nausea Hoarseness

Identify three organs that are an important part of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract.

Gallbladder Liver Pancreas

Which of the following terms refers to the liver?

Hepatic

Enzymes ______ the speed at which chemical reactions occur.

Increase

Which digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes, has a number of mucus-producing cells, and absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids, and the minerals sodium and potassium?

Large intestine

Which organelles are capable of converting energy from nutrients into a form the cells can use?

Mitochondria

List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish.

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which of the following are components of saliva? Select all that apply.

Mucus Amylase Lipase

Which of the following are roles of the endocrine system?

Plays a major role in the regulation of metabolism Produces hormones Maintains water balance

Which of the following are typical causes of diarrhea?

Poorly absorbed food substances Microorganisms

Which of the following illustrate the relationship between the immune system and nutritional status?

Populations in areas stricken by famine experience increased rate of infections. An individual with HIV is at increased risk of contracting food-borne illness. An individual with vitamin C deficiency suffers from impaired wound healing.

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the large intestine?

Potassium Sodium Water

Which of the following factors increase the risk of developing hemorrhoids?

Prolonged sitting Pregnancy Obesity

Which of the following are components of blood?

Red blood cells White blood cells Plasma

Select the two organs that produce most of the digestive enzymes.

Small intestine Pancreas

True or false: There is a clear interrelationship between nutrition status and organ system function.

True

Lymph contains which of the following?

White blood cells Plasma Dietary fats

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be _____ structures.

accessory

The _____ in gastric juice destroys the biological activity of proteins, converts inactive digestive enzymes to their active form, partially digests food protein, and makes dietary minerals soluble so that they can be absorbed.

acid

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in

activating some digestive enzymes. making dietary minerals soluble. partially digesting protein.

The primary site for storage of fat is the

adipose tissue.

Which of the following dietary components can be absorbed by the cells lining the stomach? fatty acids

alcohol water

Regular use of ______ may cause constipation.

antacids calcium supplements iron supplements

One substance that aids the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is

bile

Examples of probiotic foods include

buttermilk. yogurt.

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of

chemical digestion.

Regularly ignoring the urge to defecate may lead to

constipation.

To aid the laxative action of dietary fiber in the large intestine,

consume additional fluid.

Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes

consuming more fluids daily. consuming more fiber daily.

Bile aids digestion of ______ in the small intestine.

fat

The secretion of more cholesterol into bile may lead to _____.

gallstones

Straining during defecation can lead to development of

hemorrhoids.

Compared to the small intestine, the large intestine

houses more bacteria. absorbs fewer nutrients.

The pain related to GERD is due to

irritation of the esophagus by stomach acid.

Although the majority of nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine, sodium, potassium, water, some fatty acids, and gases can be absorbed by the

large intestine.

Hepatic portal circulation refers to circulation to the _____.

liver

Gallstones may develop during rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting due to the

liver secreting more cholesterol into the bile.

Carbohydrates can be stored in the form of glycogen in the

liver. muscles.

Large dietary fats are absorbed from the small intestine into the

lymph.

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of

mechanical digestion.

For diarrhea caused by bacterial or viral infections, dietary restrictions (e.g., limiting the diet to include only bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast) are usually ______ for recovery.

not necessary

Prompt treatment of diarrhea to prevent dehydration is especially important for _____.

older adults infants

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called

peristalsis.

A substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a

prebiotic.

Yogurt would be classified as a ______ food.

probiotic

Foods containing live microorganisms (e.g., lactobacilli), which are eaten in an attempt to promote digestive health, are called

probiotics.

"Heartburn" doesn't involve the heart at all; it is a pain in the chest caused by

reflux of highly acidic stomach contents into the esophagus.

Treatment for mild constipation includes

relaxation. consuming additional fluid. engaging in physical activity.

Lipase and amylase are two components of ________, which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

Treatment for diarrhea in infants and older adults

should be prompt to prevent rapid dehydration.

The site of most nutrient absorption is in the

small intestine

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______.

starch

Depending on the contents of a meal, food moves from the Blank 1 of 1 into the small intestine over the course of 1 to 4 hours.

stomach

The endocrine system is related to nutrition through

the effects of hormones on appetite and blood glucose regulation.

Peristalsis refers to

waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract.