NUFS Chapter 4

Place the five sections of the colon in the order in which a substance would pass through the large intestine after it leaves the small intestine.

1. cecum 2. ascending colon 3. transverse colon 4. descending colon 5. sigmoid colon

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the GI tract.

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum

Put the following digestive organs in the order they come in contact with food.

1. mouth 2. esophagus 3. stomach 4. small intestine 5. large intestine

The large intestine absorbs about ___________ percent of the water.

10

Identify causes of hemorrhoids.

Added stress to the veins of the rectum and anus Straining during bowel movements Pregnancy and obesity

Swallowing moves food from the mouth to the ________.

Esophagus

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the lymphatic system?

Fat-soluble vitamins Most fats

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the stomach and duodenum and triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen.

Gastrin

_________ are swollen veins of the rectum and anus.

Hemorrhoids

These nutrients would be picked up into the lymphatic system.

Large protein molecules

Which of the following are components of saliva? Select all that apply.

Lipase Amylase Mucus

Which of the following are true about the lymphatic system?

Lymph is a clear fluid until carrying fats, which causes the lymph to look milky. The villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to larger lymph vessels.

Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?

Lymphatic system Cardiovascular system

List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish.

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients?

Mucosa

Ulcers of the stomach most often occur in which age group?

Older adults

These accessory organs function along with the small intestine in the digestive process.

Pancreas Liver Gallbladder

Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?

Soluble fiber is more effective than insoluble fiber. An overall increase in dietary fiber has not been supported as an effective treatment for IBS.

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the cardiovascular system? (Select more than one.)

Water-soluble nutrients Proteins, carbohydrates, B-vitamins, vitamin C Short- and medium-chain fatty acids

When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called

active absorption.

Medications such as _____ can cause constipation.

antacids opioids antidepressants

Digestive enzymes

are made of protein. catalyze chemical reactions.

HCl destroys most harmful ______ and viruses in foods

bacteria

Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestine via the

bile duct. pancreatic duct.

Gallstones are composed of ________.

bile pigments cholesterol

Dietary supplements of ____ can also cause constipation.

calcium iron

What is needed to facilitate active absorption?

carrier protein energy

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can

cause liver swelling. occur when liver cells store excess fat.

The smallest functional unit of the body is called a ___

cell

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to fat and stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile.

cholecystokinin

Peristalsis is a coordinated wave of relaxation and contraction of _____ muscles.

circular longitudinal

Feces in the rectum are a powerful stimulation for ______________.

defection

Common causes of food intolerances include

deficiencies in digestive enzymes toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria sensitivities to a food component (such as gluten)

A common GI tract problem in which the stool is loose and watery is ____________.

diarrhea

Molecules produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and intestine that speed up digestion by catalyzing chemical reactions are called ______.

digestive enzyme

The roles of HCl produced by the stomach include

dissolves dietary minerals. destroys harmful bacteria and viruses. inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins.

The first part of the small intestine is the ________________.

duodenum

Food intolerances are caused by the inability to digest certain food components, usually due to a lack of specific ______________.

enzyme

When swallowing a bite of food, the ______ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.

epiglottis

The choice of system used to transport nutrients is based primarily on whether the nutrients are

fat or water soluble.

Current research does not support the use of dietary ____ in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

fiber

Intestinal gas that is passed through the rectum is called

flatulence

Gallstones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a _______.

golf ball

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is characterized by

inflammation or scarring of the liver.

Beneficial bacteria reside in the ____ intestine

large

The ____________ intestine is the main site where electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed.

large

Feces are formed and held in which organ?

large intestine

The large intestine is described as large compared to the small intestine because it is ______.

larger in diameter than the small intestine

Peristalsis is a coordinated wave of relaxation and contraction of _____ muscles.

longitudinal circular

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to ______.

make vitamin K and biotin digest and metabolize complex carbohydrates, fibers, and starches

Identify lifestyle changes used to treat GERD.

managing stress losing weight

Inflammatory bowel disease is _____ irritable bowel syndrome.

not the same as

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis

Complications of inflammatory bowel disease include

protein-calorie malnutrition nutritional deficiencies such as anemia and osteoporosis

Medications used to treat GERD include ______.

proton pump inhibitors antacids

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called ___, which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

Match the taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the appropriate cause.

salty = from metal ions such as sodium (Na+) sour = from acids sweet = from organic compounds such as sugars bitter - from diverse compounds such as caffeine and quinine umami = From amino acids, primarily glutamate

Younger people most often develop ulcers in the

small intestine

This layer of the four layers of the wall of the intestinal tract contains the blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract.

submucosa

The unpleasant odor associated with flatulence is mainly attributed to

sulfur

Digestion is ______.

the process of breaking down foods into smaller components.

Absorption is ______.

the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph

The most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States are

ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease

The five primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and ___

umami

Most cases of diarrhea result from

viral infection. bacterial infection.