NUR 208 exam 2
A nursing instructor asks a nursing student about the level "conventional reasoning" in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Which statements made by the student indicate the need of further teaching? Select all that apply.
"A child's response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules." "A child recognizes that there is more than one correct view." "An individual follows societal law but recognizes the possibility of changing the law to improve society."
When the parents of a 6-month-old say that they see no reason to spend money for a car seat because the baby is happier sitting in someone's lap. The best response is:
"A rear-facing car seat placed in the back seat is the safest place for your baby."
Which of these statements are true about an adolescent according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Select all that apply.
"An individual expands his or her focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns." "An individual's thoughts are influenced by moral decisions and behaviors."
A woman rejects the plan for her to bring the newborn to the health clinic before the seventh day of life to repeat the test for phenylketonuria (PKU) stating that it is too early for her to come. The culturally competent health-care worker would ask:
"Do you need more time to heal after your delivery?"
The parent of a 12-month-old says, "He pushes the spoon right out of my hand and screams when I feed him. I can't let him feed himself, he makes too much of a mess." The best response is:
"He is old enough to try to feed himself. Let's think of ways to limit the mess."
A nurse is recollecting Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. What is the characteristic of the oral stage?
"In the oral stage, the infant realizes that he or she is a separate individual."
The question or statement made by a parent of an 11-year-old that indicates a need for better understanding of middle childhood development is:
"Let me help you to repaint the little birdhouse white so birds will come to it."
The parents of a 30-month-old say that their daughter is not talking in short sentences. The most appropriate response is:
"Let's make an appointment with your pediatrician for an evaluation."
Parents of a newborn ask about the baby's vision and specifically want to know what visual stimuli they should provide for the newborn. The most appropriate response is:
"Newborns have good near vision. A brightly colored mobile to hang over the crib is a good choice for your baby."
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC-V) for school-age children has been administered to a group of 7-year-olds. The parents of one of the children ask why this test is being administered to these children. The best response is:
"This test can be used to predict school ability and future performance."
The Wechsler Primary Scale of Intelligence has been administered to a group of 7-year-olds. The parents of one of the children ask why this test is being administered to these children. The best response is:
"This test can be used to predict school ability and future performance."
When a 16-year-old student tells her mother that she is going to go to work for 30 hours a week to earn money to buy a car, the most therapeutic response would be:
"Will working 30 hours a week interfere with school?"
A "time-out" for unacceptable behavior may be effective discipline for children between 1 and 6 years of age if the time-out period is no more than ____ minute(s) per year of child's age.
1
Early adolescence is considered to begin at the age of:
10 years
Dental evaluations should start at the age of ____ months.
12
Ovulation occurs about ___ days before menstruation starts
14
The term fetus refers to an embryo that is _____ weeks old.
9
At what age would the health-care worker expect an infant to be able to say "mama" and "dada" with meaning?
9-10 months
A nurse is examining different situations that represent the superego component of human personality, as per Sigmund Freud. Which situations accurately represent superego? Select all that apply.
A client experiencing a stomachache refrains from stealing medications from a friend because it is illegal. A client having a craving for fruits does not steal them from the next client because that client needs it more. A client controls the urge to eat candy because he or she knows that it will affect the blood sugar levels.
According to Piaget's theory, which of these is true about the period of formal operations? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Children have the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities. Children have a belief that their actions are scrutinized by imaginary audience.
According to Piaget, which data would the nurse expect from a school-age child during the assessment? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Classifying objects. Understanding reversibility. Describing a process without actually doing it
The high school nurse is intending to present a class on potential health problems associated with body piercing and tattooing. What piece of information is critical to planning the class?
Culture affects health-care practices and forms of communication.
The health-care worker giving parents guidelines about discipline for their school-age children would include which of the following guidelines?
Discipline should combine reward and punishment, based on age-appropriate behavior expectation
What are some of the physiologic ramifications from chronic stress?
Elevated hormone levels leading to increased risk of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and immunocompromise
Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which parental behavior is interfering with a 9-year-old's achievement of her or his developmental task?
Gives excessive negative feedback about quality of school project
According to Erikson's developmental psychosocial theory, which is expected by 20 years of age?
Having a coherent sense of self and planning to accomplish future goals
Prematurity increases the risk for developing which of the following diseases?
Hypertension, Coronary Artery Disease, Diabetes
According to the Erikson's theory, which stage describes the will of an adolescent to achieve a goal?
Identity versus role confusion
One birth control option that requires a subdermal insertion and lasts up to 3 years is___________.
Implanon
What is the "life course perspective" hypothesis?
It is the mother's experiences over the course of her lifetime, regardless of race that may determine the health of the infant
According to the Place Matters video, in 2005, Richmond, CA had one of the highest rates of _____________?
Murder
Which statement made by the client indicates the autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
My kid has started to walk on his or her toes.
Which period of Piaget's theory explains animism in a child?
Period II
Which period of Piaget's theory explains self-consciousness in an adolescent?
Period IV
The parents of a 2-month-old bring their infant to the well-child clinic for a checkup and immunizations. Based on knowledge of immunization schedules, the health-care worker instructs the parents that the infant should receive which vaccine(s)? (Select all that apply.)
Polio, HepB, DTaP
Which activities would the nurse perform to meet the client's safety and security needs based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Positioning the bed in a low position and keeping the side rails up. Monitoring vital signs, such as blood pressure to decrease the risk of falls. Observing a client who has suicidal tendencies to prevent adverse incidents
What impact did The Family Health and Birth Center have on preterm births?
Preterm births decreased by 1/3 and low birth weight deliveries were reduced by half
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, in which order would the nurse prioritize his or her actions?
Providing a warm bath to the client to promote a good night's sleep. Encouraging the client to talk about his or her fears and feelings. Assisting the client in getting out of bed to join family members for meals. Praising the client for administering insulin accurately
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is a part of conventional reasoning?
Society-maintaining orientation
An adolescent tells the nurse, "I do not go to parties that serve alcohol, not because my dad doesn't like it, but because I know this is not right." What STAGE does the statement indicate according to Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
Society-maintaining orientation
According to the video, how may stress influence pregnancy?
Stress can reduce placental blood flow and induce inflammation in the uterus which can lead to premature labor
According to Erikson's theory, which psychosocial developmental changes are observed in middle childhood? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
The child is engaged in tasks and activities. The child can differentiate between industry and inferiority.
According to Erikson's theory, which behavior would a toddler exhibit?
The child starts performing self-care activities.
The nurse is examining different statements that represent the stages of psychosexual development, according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. Which statement indicates that the individual is aged between 6 to 12 years?
The individual focuses on educational and social accomplishments
What is the relationship between education and low-birth weight/preterm infant?
The more educated you are, the less likely you are to have a low birth-weight or preterm infant.
According to Freud, which aspect of one's life helps in the development of personality?
The need for sensual pleasure
To assist parents in understanding normal growth and development during various stages of infancy, the health-care worker must understand age-appropriate motor development. Which gross and fine motor skill(s) would be appropriate for a 9-month-old? (Select all that apply.)
Uses thumb and forefinger in crude pincer grasp. Creeps on hands and knees. Sits steadily on floor for prolonged time
What influence does personal perception have on infant birth weight?
Women who had perceived being treated unfairly due to race had more than double the increase of very low birth weight in their infants
Eight-year-olds enjoy play that employs:
competitive team play
Toilet training is dependent on:
developing sphincter control
Children learn to cope by:
experiencing new situations.
Development of neural tube defects seems to be more common in the fetuses of pregnant women whose diet is low in:
folic acid
According to Piaget, school-age children are concrete thinkers, and _______ learning is retained best.
hands-on
A 2-year-old should be able to:
run
Adolescents are more likely to participate in health-care services when they:
see the health-care provider as caring and respectful
In which stage of Piaget's theory of growth and development does an infant develop an action pattern to deal with the environment?
sensorimotor
Which period of Piaget's theory describes the idea of object permanence?
sensorimotor period
The school nurse discussing dental health with some first-grade children would emphasize:
the importance of brushing before bedtime.
According to Kohlberg's moral development, the 15-year-old adolescent is motivated by:
the need to conform and please others
A 15-year-old athlete is concerned that the darkening pigment on his scrotum is related to his frequent masturbation. The best response would be based on the knowledge that the color change is:
the result of increase in androgens
According to Erikson, infancy is concerned with acquiring a sense of:
trust
The description of behaviors of the school-age child that is most closely linked to Erikson's theory is that during this time, school-age children:
with greater independence can carry tasks through to completion.
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which behavior is consistent with a problem involving trust versus mistrust?
woman whose parents were chronic alcoholics has problems making friends
The mother asks how much her baby will sleep every day. The best response is:
"A newborn sleeps about 17 hours a day with periods of wakefulness gradually increasing."
The parents of a 2-month-old boy are concerned about spoiling their son by picking him up when he cries. The most informative response would be:
"Babies need comforting and cuddling. Meeting these needs will not spoil him."
The registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Which information provided by the registered nurse regarding 'Preconventional Reasoning' needs correction?
"In this level, the client sees moral reasoning based on his or her own personal internalization of societal and others' expectations."
The parents of a 6-month-old infant say that they are worried about their baby's thumb-sucking. The reply that is most informative would be:
"Nonnutritive sucking during infancy is normal."
By the 1990s in the city of Seattle, WA in the High Point neighborhood, how many households were estimated to be affected by asthma?
1/9
Infant mortality among Black women with a college degree or higher living in the United States is ___ deaths per 1000?
10
The health-care worker ensures doting parents that they will hear the first meaningful words from their infant when the baby is about ______ months old.
10
A child who weighed 6 pounds at birth will weigh approximately ____ pounds at the age of 12 months.
18
Which characteristics develop in an adolescent according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Ability to reason with respect to possibilities. Feelings and behaviors characterized by self-consciousness
Which statement describes the latency stage of Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development?
During this stage, sexual urges are repressed and channeled into productive activities
Which stages are a part of conventional reasoning, according to the Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Select all that apply.
Society-maintaining orientation. Good boy-nice girl orientation
Which description by a student of the formal operations stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development indicates a need for further teaching? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
There is an absence of egocentric thought. Reversibility in thought is the primary characteristic.
Parents planning a birthday party for their 6-year-old son would best plan to invite:
a group of boys from his class to play active games.
The Portion Plate for Kids placemat can be used as an aid to nutrition because it:
acts as a guide for food intake.
According to Piaget, magical thinking is the belief that:
dolls are real people
According to Piaget, during which developmental stage is the pediatric client egocentric?
early childhood
The parents of a 3-month-old complain that they are exhausted because she still wakes up as often as every 1 to 2 hours during the night. When she awakens, they change her diaper, and her mother nurses her back to sleep. The best suggestion would be to:
give the baby a pacifier while the child is in a semi-awake state
An important consideration for the school nurse to stress in a class on bicycle safety would be that:
head injuries are the major causes of bicycle-related fatalities.
A 10-year-old child has been working on earning all of the scouting badges. Which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is this child achieving?
industry
The school nurse plans to include information about oral sex in a sex-education class for 15-year-olds. The most significant reason to include this information is that:
middle adolescents may not consider oral sex a sexual act or a risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
According to Kohlberg's development of moral reasoning, at which phase of life would a child develop premoral orientation?
preschool
The school nurse is to begin teaching sex education to children in the fifth grade. The nurse should plan to:
present sex as a normal part of growth and development
After the delivery of the newborn, the major focus for its well-being is to:
prevent heat loss
If parents are concerned about the fact that their 14-month-old infant is not walking, the health-care worker should particularly evaluate whether the infant:
pulls up on the furniture
What is the correct order of the stages according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
punishment and obedience orientation, instrumental relativist orientation, good boy-nice girl orientation, society-maintaining orientation, social contract orientation, universal ethical principle orientation
The registered nurse is teaching the student nurse about Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. While teaching, the registered nurse states, "Children follow the parents' rule of being at home on time." Which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is the registered nurse explaining?
stage II
A nursing student is listing various stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Which situation indicates that the individual has reached the Instrumental Relativist Orientation stage?
"An individual identifies that there is more than one right view."
A woman who is 14 weeks pregnant says that she has abstained from alcohol during her first trimester and would like to know if it is now safe to have a drink with dinner. The health-care worker's best response would be:
"Because no one knows how much or how little alcohol it takes to cause fetal problems, it is recommended that you abstain throughout your pregnancy."
A parent asks how to prevent her 10-year-old son from becoming involved in gang violence. The best response should be:
"Become aware of any gang-related activity in your neighborhood."
Middle childhood-age children will grow on the average of _____ per year.
2 inches
The health-care worker designing a class on maintenance of good nutrition for middle childhood children would ensure each class lasted no more than ___ minutes.
45
Which situations come under the second level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
A client tells the nurse that he or she is taunted by his or her boss every day. A client tells the nurse that his or her spouse belongs to a criminal gang. A client tells the nurse that he or she lives beside a factory that manufactures harmful chemicals.
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which statement about conventional reasoning is true?
A person wants to fulfill family expectations.
In the clinic waiting room, a parent is showing an 18-month-old how to build a tower out of blocks. Toddlers:
are capable of building a tower of blocks.
A hospitalized 11-month-old is crying and clinging to the parents as they attempt to leave the room at the termination of visiting hours. An appropriate intervention would be to:
arrange for a parent to room in with the infant.
Erik Erikson describes the major developmental task of the toddler to be:
autonomy
Warnings that are appropriate to an exercising pregnant woman in her second trimester of pregnancy would include:
avoiding exercises that require the supine position
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which milestone would the nurse expect a 6-month-old infant to demonstrate?
beginning of object permanence
When a 3-year-old spills his milk at the dinner table, he can be expected to:
blame his sibling for the accident.
The parents of 9-year-old twins say, "They have filled up their bedroom with collections of rocks, shells, dolls, and baseball cards." This is indicative of:
concrete cognitive behavior
The parents of 9-year-old twins say, "They have filled up their bedroom with collections of rocks, shells, dolls, and baseball cards." This is indicative of:
concrete cognitive behavior.
After delivery, the new father is staring intently at his newborn and lightly running his fingertips over the baby's face. The father is beginning:
engrossment
In middle childhood, the child's developing cognition is more focused on:
fact
A professor asks a student nurse to explain the stage when an adolescent has prevalence of egocentric thought. Which period of the Piaget's theory will the nurse explain?
formal operations
The initiation of puberty is controlled by the secretions from the:
hypothalamus
The school nurse tells adolescents that privacy and confidentiality will be maintained unless a life-threatening situation arises. This practice is:
important in establishing trusting relationships
Although a 14-month-old girl received a shock from an electrical outlet recently, her mother finds her about to place a paper clip in another outlet. The repeated behavior is due to:
inability to understand cause and effect
A parent of an 8-month-old infant says that the baby cries and screams whenever she is left with her grandparents. The reply should be based on the fact that the:
infant is experiencing separation anxiety
In which stage does the nurse teach the parent about child impulse control and cooperative behaviors, according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
initiative versus guilt
The single most important influence on appropriate growth and disease prevention at all stages of development is:
nutrition.
Which stage of the development should the nurse document for an infant when using Freud's theory of psychosexual development?
oral
According to Freud, in what order do the stages of child development occur?
oral, anal, oedipal (phallic), latency, genital
A 9-month-old infant who appears well-nourished, alert, and happy is brought to the well-baby clinic for a routine physical examination. Using Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the nurse determines that the infant is in which stage?
oral-sensory stage
According to Freud's theory, which stage should the nurse include while educating the parents about a preschooler?
phallic
The health-care worker assesses a decrease in egocentrism in a 7-year-old when the child demonstrates:
recognition of opinions of others
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory does an individual show societal concerns?
stage IV
A _________ can now be programmed to destroy a defective gene, allowing a pure gene to replace it.
suicide gene
When a toddler snatches a toy from another toddler, this behavior is:
typical behavior because toddlers are egocentric
When a toddler acquires receptive language skills, the child is able to:
understand simple messages
The child is involved in fantasy play when the child:
uses the sandbox as a sailboat
Parents of latchkey children can help ensure their safety by instructing the child to: (Select all that apply.)
walk to and from school with friends. call a work number if necessary. practice route of escape in case of fire
The _____________ is the cell formed by the union of the sperm and ovum.
zygote
A woman delivered a baby 1 hour ago. The nurse is ready to assist her with breastfeeding. The woman states she cannot breastfeed until her "good" milk comes in. She says she is afraid the "thin" milk will harm the baby. The nurse's best response is:
"I understand that you believe this colostrum is unhealthy for the baby. Let's talk about feeding alternatives until your milk comes in."
A parent has a 2-year-old in the clinic for a well-child checkup. Which statement by the parent would indicate the need for more instruction regarding child safety?
"We're using the car seat belt instead of the car seat now that the baby is older."
A new mother of a baby girl who has a 2 1/2-year-old son at home says, "I don't know how I'll ever manage both children when I get home." The most informative response would be:
"You may see babyish behavior in your son, which is a typical reaction."
A mother is concerned that her 12-month-old is "getting fat." She plans to switch the infant from formula to 2% low-fat milk. Based on knowledge of infant nutrition, the best response should be:
"Your child needs whole milk instead of low-fat milk to promote proper growth and development."
In the instruction about considerations relative to the use of car seats, the health-care worker lists that before a child should be allowed to sit in the front seat of a car, the child should be at least ____ years of age.
13
According to Erikson's theory, at which age would a child develop self-control and independence?
18 months to 3 years old
The usual initial age at which infants begin to demonstrate meaningful social smiles in response to parental interaction is at:
2 months
The Moro (startle) reflex, which is present at birth, disappears normally at the age of:
3 months
The young pregnant woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus should get at least ____ minutes of exercise a day to control weight and blood glucose.
30
Infant mortality among Caucasian women with a college degree or higher living in the United States is___ deaths per 1000?
4
Most children use sentences of five words by the age of ____ years.
5
The nurse is using Piaget's theory to assess the cognitive development in a child. Which age most likely correlates a child who has reached a developmental milestone grasping the concept of conservation of numbers for the first time?
5 years
The health-care worker instructs the parents of an infant that they can expect the first tooth eruption at the age of:
6 months
Preschool children need a minimum of ____ minutes a day of age-appropriate active play.
60
Preschool children need a minimum of _________ minutes a day of age-appropriate active play
60
Complete myelinization of the brain does not occur until the age of:
7 years
A 7-year-old is caught taking a playmate's toy. Which of the following reflects the development of this 7-year-old?
A child's sense of property rights is limited until that concept is modeled for him.
Which statement describes stage 4 of Kohlberg's theory? Select all that apply.
Adolescents choose to avoid a party where they know beer will be served. Child shows respect for authority and maintains the social order.
When it comes to birth weight, which of the following statements is true?
Africans and Caucasians had similar rates of premature infants while African-American infants weighed about 8 oz. less
Which is the characteristic of the preoperational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
An infant may learn to think with the use of symbols and mental images
According to the Place Matters video, how much were researchers estimating that asthma care for a child would cost per year due to repeated emergency room visits?
Anywhere from $3000 to $5000
According to Erikson's stages of life, which is the stage of development when a child begins walking, feeding, and using the toilet?
Autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt
A client says, I do not want to go back to school because I fear that everyone will laugh at me. Which level of need does the given scenario refer to according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Fourth level, which includes self-esteem needs
The information that should be given to the parents of a 12-month-old regarding appropriate play activities would include which of the following?
Give large push-pull toys for kinetic stimulation
Which statement made by the client illustrates the love and belonging need based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
I hardly speak to my children because they live in different countries
Which statement made by the client indicates the identity versus role confusion stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
I like to dress like a boy even though my parents want me to dress like a girl. I want to get a clear skin like my best friend. I do not want to become an engineer like my parents want me to be; I dream of becoming a pilot.
Which statements by a 17-year-old client who is diagnosed with leukemia reflects Piaget's cognitive processes associated with adolescence? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
I'm going to do my best to fight this awful disease. Now I can't go to the prom because I have this stupid disease. This illness is serious.
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, a person's adjustment to the period of adolescence will depend largely on the adjustment the individual made to which developmental stage?
Identity versus role confusion
According to Erikson's theory, which of these actions can predispose an adolescent to being in a state of confusion?
If an adolescent fails to establish a sense of identity
The parents of an 8-year-old girl say that their daughter wants to join a softball team. Instruction regarding participation in sports at this age should include which of the following?
Sports participation is encouraged if the type of sport is appropriate to the child's abilities.
According to Erikson's theory, which behaviors will the nurse notice in 13-year-old students? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Such students want to know Who am I? Such students show a marked preoccupation with body appearance.
What was one community improvement project that occurred as a result of the asthma rates in Seattle's High Point neighborhood?
The U.S. government extended grants to the Seattle Housing Authority and other partners to build Breathe Easy homes that would include gardens and new ventilation systems
Which of these characteristics are found in an adolescent according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
The adolescent is concerned about his or her appearance and body image. The adolescent acquires a sense of identity by participating in decision-making.
Which statement is true of the middle childhood stage according to Kohlberg's development of moral reasoning? Select all that apply.
The child develops a good boy-nice girl orientation. The child is in the conventional level.
According to Piaget's theory, which are the cognitive or moral developmental changes in children aged 6 to 12 years? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
The child develops logical thinking. The child is in the concrete operations period
Which situation indicates that the child has reached the concrete operations stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
The child is able to understand that the volume, length, or shape of an object remains the same despite a change in their physical appearance.
While interacting with a 4-year-old child, the nurse observes that the child exhibits which behavior that is congruent with Piaget's cognitive developmental theory?
The child is unable to see things from others' perspectives
While assessing the moral development of a child according to Kohlberg's theory, the nurse determines that the child is at the preconventional level of moral development. Which behavior led the nurse to this conclusion?
The child is very obedient and tries to avoid punishment from parents and teachers.
According to Piaget's theory, which of these statements would be provided regarding a 4-year-old child? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
The child will only be able to consider his or her own point of view. The child will consider that inanimate objects may be alive.
A nursing instructor asks a student about the development of adolescents according to Piaget's theory. Which statement made by the student about adolescents indicates a need for further education? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Using knowledge to achieve a goal is emphasized. They have the ability to recognize different answers for different situations.
The peer group serves as: (Select all that apply.)
a major step in separation from family dependence. a practice area for forming relationships. a source of social interaction. a status symbol of membership.
The 5-month-old should demonstrate:
ability to grasp an object voluntarily
Object permanence is:
actively searching for a hidden object
The school nurse is discussing testicular self-examination with adolescent boys. This is important because:
adolescence is the best time to teach preventative health measures
In planning sex education and contraceptive teaching for adolescents, the health-care worker should recognize that:
adolescents frequently do not have a basic understanding of fertility
The pH of the female reproductive tract and estrogen level have an effect on fertilization in that they:
affect the speed of the ova and sperm entering the Fallopian tube
When considering the effect of culture on an adolescent, the health-care worker recognizes that culture:
affects the development of health beliefs and health-care practices
Where you live can have an impact on your health. What are some community factors that may play a role?
all of the above. social environment, economics, physical environment
How many infants who have low birth weights are born per year in the United States?
almost 300,000
Which stages would the nurse explain that a toddler goes through, according to Freud's theory? Select all that apply.
anal. oral
A nurse educates a parent about Erikson's theory of child development. At which age would the nurse advise the parent to begin instilling a sense of trust in the child?
birth to 1 year
What is a possible indication of child abuse on an 11-month-old?
bruises in various stages of healing
A 12-year-old girl is frequently teased about being taller than anyone else in the class. This teasing:
can damage the girl's self concept
Age-appropriate literacy skills for a 24-month-old include the child taking a book and:
carrying it around the house
_____________________ growth refers to the progression of the growth pattern that proceeds from head to toe. For example, infants are able to lift their heads before they can sit, and they are able to sit before they can stand.
cephalocaudal
A group of boys ages 9 and 10 forming a "boys-only" club that is open to neighborhood and school friends who have bicycles is:
characteristic of social development at this age.
The school nurse presenting a sex-education class to a group of 14-year-olds would stress that the birth control method that can prevent STDs, if used correctly, is the:
condom
The behavior that alerts the school nurse to a possible cognitive deficit in a 7-year-old child would be:
confusing letters b, d, and g
The description of behaviors of the school-age child that is most closely linked to Erikson's theory is that during this time, school-age children:
continue to use infantile traits to influence their behavior
Good prenatal nutrition is stressed to an expectant mother because poor nutrition could increase the baby's risk of _____________ in later life.
coronary artery disease
The newlywed couple most appropriately referred to genetic counseling would be the:
couple, one of whom has sickle cell trait
Which age-appropriate toy(s) for a 3-month-old infant should be recommended? (Select all that apply.)
crib mobile, soft or furry quilt, stuffed animals
A group of parents are concerned about their adolescent children and dating. The health-care worker points out that:
dating can have a positive impact on developing problem-solving and social skills
The parents of an adolescent are concerned about the amount of time their adolescent spends daydreaming and "doing nothing." The health-care worker recognizes that:
daydreams help the adolescent think through responses to various situations and can be a safe outlet for strong emotions
Anticipatory guidance for the family of an 11-year-old girl should include that they should expect their daughter to exhibit:
desire for privacy
When providing health teaching for middle adolescents, the health-care worker should recognize that middle adolescents:
develop the ability to demonstrate deductive reasoning
The child experiencing middle childhood forms a positive self-esteem from:
developing internal sources
The health-care worker advising parents of an adolescent as to how to avoid conflict and rebellion as they instruct their child in healthy behaviors would suggest the approach of:
discussing expected guidelines in respectful manner with the adolescent.
Interventions to promote health during middle childhood should include:
educating parents on the need for good dental hygiene for the erupting teeth.
During the preschool period, the emphasis of injury prevention should be placed on:
education for safety and potential hazards.
When a 9-year-old boy feels bad about having cheated on a test, the child is exhibiting the moral behavior phase of:
emotion
The home health-care worker visiting a pregnant woman in her second trimester observes the patient doing chores and performing errands. Because of a threat to the fetus, the woman should refrain from:
emptying and cleaning the cat box.
The ELSI program has been developed for the purpose of:
evaluating the ethical, legal, and social implications of gene therapy
When preparing parents to teach their children about sexuality, the health-care worker should emphasize that they should:
expect some masturbatory behavior
A 14-year-old girl tells the school nurse that she has not started to menstruate and that all of her friends have. The nurse's best response to the girl would be to:
explain that this is not unusual as sexual maturing can occur as late as 15 years of age
Interactive physical activity between parents and their baby should be focused on:
exploring developmental movement and the environment.
To prepare a preschooler for better human interaction, the parents should help the child learn to:
express feelings verbally rather than acting out.
The concerned parent of a 9-year-old confides in the health-care worker that her child will only wear the athletic jersey with the number of his favorite professional quarterback and insists on being called by the quarterback's name rather than his own. The health-care worker bases her response on Erikson's theory that 9-year-olds:
fashion their behavior after role models
Regarding the introduction of solid foods during infancy, the nurse would advise:
foods should be introduced one at a time, at intervals of 4 to 7 days
According to Piaget, the cognitive development of the adolescent progresses to the ___________ stage by middle adolescence.
formal
In which period of Piaget's theory does the adolescent feel a sense of invulnerability?
formal operations
The factor that has the greatest impact on the likelihood that an adolescent will begin drinking alcohol is:
friends drink alcohol
_________________ applies gaming elements to real world activity
gamification
The Human Genome Project is credited with the development of significant research on the subject of:
gene mapping
A complete set of DNA contained in all human cells is referred to as a(n) __________.
genome
When giving parents guidelines about supporting their children to learn in school, the health-care worker includes that parents should: (Select all that apply.)
give praise for the child's application to the learning process. encourage the child to accept responsibility for learning. reinforce teaching frequently. give occasional rewards.
According to Freud, the child is in a period of latency during middle childhood, which is characterized by:
identification with the parent of the same sex
According to Erikson, the psychosocial task of adolescence is developing a sense of _____________.
identity
The major health teaching need(s) of middle childhood include: (Select all that apply.)
injury prevention. scoliosis screening. need for immunizations
A nursing instructor asks a nursing student about Kohlberg's theory. Which stages does a nurse include under the first level of the theory? Select all that apply.
instrument relativist orientation, punishment and obedience orientation
A child wants to be on time for a family dinner. According to Kohlberg's theory, what stage of development is the child going through?
instrumental relativist orientation
A parent of a 24-month-old boy say that the child has frequent tantrums and that "no" is becoming his favorite word. This behavior:
is a response to frustration in gaining autonomy
The activity that is most appropriate for a hospitalized 5-year-old who is allowed to go to the playroom is:
joining a group of boys and girls who are playing house
The nurse is explaining to a parent about Freud's theory of child development. What stages does the nurse include in the discussions? Select all that apply.
latency stage, phallic stage
The health-care worker reminds a group of parents of adolescents that as they find their own identity, adolescents will demonstrate:
less emotional dependence on parents
The prenatal intervention that would be most helpful to a prospective father about his new role would be to:
let him verbalize his feelings about the pregnancy and fatherhood.
The health-care worker guiding parents in selecting a day care facility for their child would emphasize the importance of: (Select all that apply.)
licensure. student-to-staff-ratio. discipline techniques. staff education
Even infants can develop coping skills, which allow the infant to:
manage a stressful situation
The school nurse would inform parents who are seeking information regarding adolescent masturbation that:
masturbation is normal in adolescents and is more common among boys
The appropriate term for the initial menstrual period is:
menarche
According to Kohlberg, the development of _________ _____________ occurs as cognitive function matures and the school-age child learns to understand rules and to determine if an action is right or wrong.
moral reasoning
The leading cause of teenage deaths is related to:
motor vehicle accidents
According to parental role development theory, the reality of the pregnancy occurs for the couple when:
movement is felt in the second trimester.
A parent says, "I am worried about my 13-year-old son. He hasn't started puberty, and my daughter did when she was 11 years old." The health-care worker should explain to this parent that this is:
normal because the onset of puberty is usually earlier in girls than in boys
A school nurse is conducting a sex-education class for early adolescent girls. One girl asks how to tell when she could become pregnant. The nurse explains that:
ovulation, and the most fertile period, occurs about 14 days before menstruation begins
A nursing instructor is explaining to a group of nursing students that preschoolers often exhibit the Electra complex during their psychosocial development. At which stage of Freud's theory is the Electra complex seen?
phallic
The health-care worker is sensitive to the fact that health concerns consistent with middle adolescence are focused on:
physical appearance
Which needs would the nurse address using Maslow's hierarchy of needs when caring for an emancipated minor reporting improper nutrition?
physiological
In which order would the nurse arrange the human needs of Maslow's hierarchy? Arrange from the top priority need to the lowest priority need.
physiological, safety, social, self-esteem, self-actualization
Methods of holding a neonate that are comforting and consoling to the baby and reinforce bonding include: (Select all that apply.)
placing the nude baby on the naked chest of the parent. swaddling the baby. cuddling the baby.
An appropriate play activity to encourage sensorimotor stimulation in a 7-month-old would be:
playing peek-a-boo
The home health-care worker can help a father in his transition to parenthood by:
pointing out that the infant recognizes his voice
The home health-care worker would assess the indication of sexual abuse in a preschool child if assessments were made of the child's: (Select all that apply.)
positioning dolls in sexual positions. excessive sexual curiosity. drawing genitals on dolls.
The preschool child learns socially acceptable behavior through the use of:
positive reinforcement
During a telephone follow-up conversation 5 days postpartum, the woman tells the health-care worker, "I don't know what's wrong with me. I love my baby, but I seem to be crying all the time!" The woman is most likely experiencing:
postpartum blues
According to Piaget's theory, which period describes a child's stage of egocentrism?
preoperational
Which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development would the nurse observe in a preschooler?
preoperational
According to the definition of vigorous exercise published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2006, the exercise should: (Select all that apply.)
produce sweat. increase respiration
Which nutritional recommendation will ensure the caloric and nutritional needs of young children are met?
provide nutrient dense foods
During puberty, girls experience an increase in weight and redistribution of fat. Health-care considerations related to this include:
providing reassurance that these changes are normal
The term__________ refers to the functional ability to reproduce.
puberty
According to Erikson, which would the nurse anticipate when assessing an adolescent?
questioning sexual identity
The most effective time for interaction between parents and the new baby is when the baby is in the state of:
quiet alert
An adolescent tells the school nurse that she is about 4 months pregnant. She has had no medical care and states that although she smokes, she doesn't use any drugs. The priority nursing action is to:
refer her for prenatal care
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which outcome will occur if an individual fails to master the maturational crisis of adolescence?
role confusion
The health-care worker observes several interactions between a postpartum woman and her newborn. The behavior that would be assessed as maladaptive is:
seldom making eye contact with the baby
Which Piaget stage of cognitive development does the child belong, when attempting to find a hidden toy after it has been shown to the child then removed from line of sight?
sensorimotor
According to Kohlberg, the moral task of childhood is learning to:
share with others
When an adolescent boy tells the health-care worker that he has recently had a homosexual encounter with his best friend, the response should be based on knowledge that this event suggests that the adolescent:
should be encouraged to discuss this event
A 15-year-old mother seems to ignore her newborn. A strategy that the health-care worker can use to facilitate mother-infant attachment in this mother is to:
show the mother how the baby initiates interaction in face-to-face encounters
"Taking hold" is occurring when the new mother:
shows interest in learning more about infant care
Characteristics of dizygotic twins include their being:
similar to each other as any sibling
An example of parallel play is a toddler:
sitting with another toddler playing with toys without interaction
A 2-month-old uses the preverbal speech technique of:
smiling
The difference between a nurse midwife and a doula is that a doula is a:
specially trained coach that stays with the mother during labor and delivery
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory is the child's moral reasoning driven by fear of punishment?
stage 1
Match each stage with the correct name for Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.
stage 1 - punishment and obedience orientation. stage 2 - Individualism and exchange (Instrumental relativist orientation). stage 3 - Good interpersonal relationships (Good boy-nice girl orientation). stage 4 - Social order (Society-maintaining orientation). stage 5 - Social contract orientation. stage 6 - Universal ethical principle orientation
The parents of a 6-month-old infant say, "She cries sometimes after we have put her down after we have played with her. We know she is dry and has recently been fed." The most appropriate intervention is to suggest that the baby:
still wants parental stimulation
The parents of a 6-month-old infant say, "She cries sometimes after we have put her down after we have played with her. We know she is dry and has recently been fed." The most appropriate intervention is to suggest that the baby:
still wants parental stimulation.
Because 4-month-old infants are developing very fast, the health-care worker reminds parents that they can help prevent an accident by:
supporting child firmly during bath time.
In speaking with a group of parents, the health-care worker informs them that in the case of a premature delivery, the fetus of 25 weeks gestation has many attributes that would help support extrauterine life. These include: (Select all that apply.)
surfactant in the lungs, respiratory movements
A young, newly pregnant woman who led a sedentary life prior to pregnancy asks what sort of exercise would be beneficial. Helpful suggestions would be to engage in regular:
swimming
A 5-year-old boy has been having increasingly more frequent angry outbursts in preschool. For the past 8 to 10 weeks, he had seven episodes of aggressiveness toward the other children and the teachers. The best advice would be to:
take the child for a professional psychosocial assessment
To support the development of language skills in their child, the parents should:
talk to the infant in their native language
When teaching injury prevention during the school-age years, the health-care worker should:
teach basic rules of water safety.
Frequent spankings as a discipline technique can:
teach violent behavior
According to Freud's theory of development, the best toy for an infant would be a:
teething ring
School-age children are at risk for disturbances in nutrition related to:
tendency to neglect breakfast in a rush to get to school.
The toddler is vulnerable to ear infections because:
there is a short, straight internal ear canal leading to the oropharynx
Although the child protests when the parent leaves the room, the child will develop ________ when the parent consistently returns
trust
Using Erikson's theory of development, which task would the nurse determine that a healthy 9-month-old infant is in the process of achieving?
trust
Which stage of Erikson's theory focuses on the needs of an infant?
trust versus mistrust
