nurs 350 exam 1
nightingales principles
-An endowment ensuring the independence of the training school. -A superintendent of nurses reporting only to the head of the hosp. -Strong emphasis on sanitary knowledge -Clearly defined lecture & ward time for students & an insistence on the importance of technical skill & an insistence on the importance of technical skill & a disciplined character in nurses
Florence nightingale health care reform
-She kept statistical records -These records convinced the British to make reforms -Her work marked the beginning of modern military nursing Her work led to hospital reform
Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model
1. Physiologic-physical mode: physical and chemical processes involved in the function and activities of living organisms; the underlying need is physiologic integrity as seen in the degree of wholeness achieved through adaptation to changes in needs. In groups, this is the manner in which human systems manifest adaptation relative to basic operating resources. The basic need of this mode is composed of the needs associated with oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, activity and rest, and protection. The complex processes of this mode are associated with the senses, fluid and electrolytes, neurologic function, and endocrine function.2. Self-concept-group identity mode: focuses on psychological and spiritual integrity and a sense of unity, meaning, purposefulness in the universe.3. Role function mode: refers to the roles that individuals occupy in society fulfilling the need for social integrity; it is knowing who one is, in relation to others.4. Interdependence mode: the close relationships of people and their purpose, structure and development individually and in groups and the adaptation potential of these relationships.
14 components of Virginia Hendersons need theory
1. breathe normally 2. eat/drink adequately 3. eliminate body wastes 4. move and maintain desirable postures 5. sleep/rest 6. select suitable clothes- dress/undress 7. maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment 8. keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument 9. avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others 10. communicate w others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions 11. worship according to ones faith 12. work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment 13. play or participate in various forms of recreation 14. learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and the health and use the available health facilities
7 assumptions in Watson's theory
1.Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally. 2.Caring consists of carative factors that result in the satisfaction of certain human needs. 3.Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth. 4.Caring responses accept person not only as he or she is now but as what he or she may become. 5.A caring environment is one that offers the development of potential while allowing the person to choose the best action for himself or herself at a given point in time. 6.Caring is more "healthogenic" than is curing. A science of caring is complementary to the science of curing. 7.The practice of caring is central to nursing.
10 carative factors (Watson)
1.Formation of human altruistic system of values 2.Instillation of hope-faith 3.Cultivation of sensitivity to oneself and others 4.Development of a helping trusting (human caring) relationship 5.Promotion & acceptance of the expression of positive & negative feelings 6.Systemic use of creative problem solving caring process 7.Promoting transpersonal teaching learning 8.Provision for a supportive protective &/or corrective mental physical sociocultural & spiritual environment 9.Assistance with gratification of human needs 10.Allowance for existential phenomenological-spiritual forces
Nursing in the USflo
Hospitals became centralized institutions for delivering health care. •Physicians became increasingly dependent on the services provided by hospitals, particularly when high-tech, expensive equipment was involved. •The traditional belief that all nurses were interchangeable in the workplace began to be challenged.
job search
Networking §Alumni, family and friends §Career Fairs §Previous Externships Internet Hospital websites Call HR for job openings
virginia Henderson need theory
Nurses care for patients until they can care for themselves once again. Although not precisely explained, (2) patients desire to return to health. (3) Nurses are willing to serve and that "nurses will devote themselves to the patient day and night." (4) Henderson also believes that the "mind and body are inseparable and are interrelated." •She states that individuals have basic needs that are component of health and require assistance to achieve health and independence or a peaceful death. According to her, an individual achieves wholeness by maintaining physiological and emotional balance. •The 14 components of the Need Theory show a holistic approach to nursing that covers the physiological, psychological, spiritual and social needs.
cure (hall theory)
Represnets the attention paid to the pt by the intrprofessional team, including the nurse
prehistory health care
Some cultures had rather advanced health-care practices. Primary health-care providers Shamans Witch doctors Medicine men Many of their functions would be considered nursing care today.
Martha rogers
an American nurse, researcher, theorist, and author. •She is best known for developing the Science of Unitary Human Beings and for her landmark book, An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing.
halls 3 aspects of nursing
core: the person, therapeutic use of self cure: the disease; seeing the patient and family through medical care care: the body; intimate bodily care
Dorothea orem
developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing, which is composed of three interrelated theories: •(1) the theory of self-care, •(2) the self-care deficit theory, and •(3) the theory of nursing systems.
industrial revolution
during what time period did Florence Nightingale live and work?
self concept group identity mode (sister callista roy)
focuses on psychological and spiritual integrity and a sense of unity, meaning, purposefulness in the universe.
physiologic- physical mode (sister callista roy)
physical and chemical processes involved in the function and activities of living organisms; the underlying need is physiologic integrity as seen in the degree of wholeness achieved through adaptation to changes in needs. In groups, this is the manner in which human systems manifest adaptation relative to basic operating resources. The basic need of this mode is composed of the needs associated with oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, activity and rest, and protection. The complex processes of this mode are associated with the senses, fluid and electrolytes, neurologic function, and endocrine function.
role function mode (sister callista roy)
refers to the roles that individuals occupy in society fulfilling the need for social integrity; it is knowing who one is, in relation to others.
care (hall theory)
represents the role of nursing in nurturing and caring for the patient
interdependence mode (sister callista roy)
the close relationships of people and their purpose, structure and development individually and in groups and the adaptation potential of these relationships.
core, cure, care
what are Hall's 3 C's of nursing
Nursing in the US civil war
§Among the volunteers in the North was a group of black women whose dedication and service opened the door for members of their race to enter the health-care field. §The Civil War allowed many women, who would otherwise have remained in the home, to work in hospitals.
human being - Watsons theory
•"..... a valued person in and of him or herself to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and assisted; in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self. He, human is viewed as greater than and different from, the sum of his or her parts".
Lavinia Lloyd dock
•1858 - 1956 a nurse, feminist, author, pioneer in nursing education and social activist. •Books: -four volume history of nursing and what was for many years a standard nurse's manual of drugs. -Compiled the first manual of drugs for nursing. -In 1896 wrote one of the first Nursing textbooks "Materia Medica for Nurses". •Participated in protest movements for women's rights that resulted in the 1920 passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which granted women the right to vote.
Isabel Hampton robb
•1860 to 1910 •1883 graduated from Bellevue the first to organize and support nursing licensure in the US •She put into place set standards for nursing education, most are still followed today. •She developed & implemented a grading policy for nursing students - required nurses to prove their abilities in order to be awarded qualifications.
first 3 nursing schools based on Florence nightingale opened
•1873, 3 US schools claim their organization was based on priniciples specified by Nightingale. These included: •New York Training school at Bellevue Hospital •Conneticut Training school at the state hospital in New Haven •Boston Training School at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
Mary breckenridge
•1881 to 1965 an American nurse-midwife and the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service. •No nurse-midwife schools in US so traveled overseas to attend. •In 1925, Breckinridge established the Kentucky Committee for Mothers and Babies that was later named Frontier Nursing Service.
ida moffett
•1905 to 1996 •In 1923, she graduated from Alliance High School; and, encouraged by public health nurses in her rural community of Jefferson County, she enrolled in the Birmingham Baptist Hospital School of Nursing. As part of her training, Ida immediately began work as a bedside nurse. •In 1943, she organized a federal program of the Public Health service in Alabama that was called Cadet Nurse Corps to help with the shortage of nurses.
myra levine
•1920 to 1996 •The goal of the Four Conservation Principles of Nursing, is to promote adaptation and maintain wholeness by using the principles of conservation. •The model guides the nurse in focusing on the influences and responses at the organismic level. •The Four Conservation Principles in Levine's model of nursing are: -conservation of energy -conservation of structural integrity -conservation of personal integrity -conservation of social integrity. •They help the nurse accomplish the goals of the model.
johnson's 7 behavioral subsystems
•Affiliative - social inclusion & intamacy •Dependency- seeking attention, approval, physical assistance •Ingestive- adequate intake of food & fluids •Eliminative- excretion of waste •Sexual- pleasure & procreation •Aggressive- protection of self to ensure survival •Achievement- problem solving, control of oneself, knowledge of personal strengths & weakness
Dorothea dix
•April 1802 to July 1887 •Dorothea Dix worked for health and welfare of the mentally ill. Her efforts led to the first American insane asylums. •In 1856, she founded the first public mental hospital in Pennsylvania the Harrisburg State Hospital
Nursing in the US ww1
•At the beginning of World War I, only 400 nurses were in the Army Nurse Corps. •Increased by Army hospital nursing schools and programs such as the Vassar Training Camp, that number swelled to 21,000 by 1917. •The American Red Cross contributed a large number of nurses to the effort; as many as 10,000 Red Cross nurses were involved in providing nursing care to military personnel overseas.
florence nightingale
•Considered the founder of modern nursing •Acted as a change agent •Innovative thinker
Martha rogers
•Contribution to Nursing Theory: Science of Unitary Human Beings •Views nursing as 2 dimensions, the art of nursing & the science of nursing •The nursing theory provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe. The unitary human being and his or her environment are one. Main factors in Rogers theory include science & energy
Clara barton
•Dec 1821 to April 1912 best known as the founder of the American Red Cross. •She began her lifetime of helping others at the beginning of the Civil War, when she organized medical care for Union troops wounded in the Baltimore Riots of 1861.
Nursing in the US civil war
•Demand for nurses increased dramatically. •Shortly after the war started, large numbers of women volunteers began following the armies from battlefield to battlefield & providing some basic nursing care. •The North had up to 6,000 such volunteers at the height of the war; the South had about 1,000.
roman peninsula
•Despite deeply rooted beliefs in the supernatural cause of diseases, the Romans developed a relatively advanced system of medicine. Many surgeries were also performed by Roman physicians, including Cesarean births, tracheotomies, amputations, and appendectomies
nursing in the US ww1
•Despite technological advances, World War I had a negative effect on nursing. -Nurse aide programs started, replacing educated nurses. -The overall quality of nursing education declined. •Positive effects -Public health nursing grew. -A few more university programs were developed.
Martha rogers
•Developed the Science of Unitary Human Beings •Theory promotes nursing as one of the scientific disciplines in 1970. That same year she published "An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing".
Lillian holland harvey
•Due to her efforts the School of Nursing at Tuskegee University became the first to offer a Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing in the State of Alabama in 1948.
roman peninsula 750 BC- 476 AD
•Early hospitals were established to take care of sick or injured soldiers. •Much like Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals (MASH units) used during the Korean War or the more modern Combat Support Hospitals, Roman hospitals were located close to the battlefield & could be relocated as the battle front moved. •Field hospitals were staffed by both male & female attendants, & many of the services they provided could be included under the umbrella definition of nursing care. They cleaned wounds, bandaged injuries, fed & cleaned clients, & provided comfort & solace to the wounded & dying
Madeline leininger
•Expressed the need for nurses to understand their patients. •First published in 1961, her contributions to nursing theory involve the discussion of what it is to care. •She was a pioneer nurse anthropologist that founded Transcultural Nursing in 1974 •Most notably, she developed the concept of transcultural nursing, bringing the role of cultural factors in nursing practice into the discussion of how to best attend to those in need of nursing care.
sister callista roy
•First, consider the concept of a system as applied to an individual. Roy conceptualizes the person in a holistic perspective. Individual aspects of parts act together to form a unified being. •As living systems, persons are in constant interaction with their environments. •Between the system and the environment occurs an exchange of information, matter, & energy. •Characteristics of a system include inputs, outputs, controls, and feedback
nursing in the US
•Health-care practices tended to parallel those in Europe, but were somewhat less advanced. •1658: Dutch East India Company founded Bellevue Hospital in Manhattan, New York. -It provided care for newly arrived African slaves and for sailors who had become sick at sea. -With mortality rates ranging between 50% and 75%, Bellevue, the best of the early hospitals, became known as the "house of horrors."
Lillian wald
•Her efforts led to school health nursing •Organized the Children's Bureau •Nursing Service Division of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company •Wald believed that every New York City resident was entitled to equal and fair health care regardless of their social status, socio-economic status, race, gender, or age. She argued that everyone should have access to at-home-care
dorothy johnson
•Human has 2 systems; biological & behavioral •Medicine focuses on biological •Nursing focuses on behavioral •Goal is to advocate for effective behavior functioning to promote health & wellness. •The patient is identified as a behavioral system •Three functional requirements for each subsystem include protection from -noxious influences -provision for a nurturing environment -stimulation for growth. An imbalance in any of the behavioral subsystems results in disequilibrium. It is nursing's role to assist the client to return to a state of equilibrium
florence nightingale
•In 1857, returned home and to her surprise she was met with a hero's welcome which the humble nurse tried to avoid. •In 1860, established St. Thomas's Hospital(shown) and Nightingale's Training School for nurses. •Her book, Notes on Nursing: What it is and what it is not, set the fundamental principles of nursing.
Mary Eliza mahoney
•In 1896, she became on one of the original members of what would later be the American Nurses Association. •In 1908, she co-founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN).
Mary Adelaide nutting
•In 1907 she became the professor of institutional administration at Teachers College, Columbia University, was 1st nurse to occupy a university chair. •Nutting's ultimate goal was to coalesce nurse training schools with university education systems.
ida moffett
•In 1945 her efforts led to licensure for practical nurses. •A pioneer in setting standards for healthcare, she became the first woman involved in achieving school accreditation, in forming university- level degree programs for nursing, in closing substandard nursing schools, in organizing hospital peer groups and in starting junior college-level degree programs for nurses
florence nightingale
•In late 1854, Florence was asked to assemble a team of nurses to go to the Crimea war hospital, which she did as quickly as she could. •The area was a disaster
Mary breckenridge
•In the 40s when it became too expensive to send nurses to England to be trained, the Frontier School of Midwifery and Family Nursing was opened, the first of its kind in America. •She focused on meeting the healthcare needs of rural America's mothers and babies.
development of modern nurse (1350-1600)
•Influences of the Renaissance The health-care establishment that developed during the Dark Ages had great difficulty in applying the new learning of the Renaissance to the actual care of clients
how to use sister callista roy model
•Input arrow aka stimulus arrow • Stimulus is what WE as nurses can effect (change) •Our goal = change patient behavior (output arrows) •When interacting with pt, ask what is within my power to change this pts behavior? How can I encourage his self concept? How can I help him be independent? Etc.. •If so than what we do will be stimuli arrow •Resulting behavior using 4 modes of adaptation is what we are after....what the change is
Mary Ann bickerdyke
•July 1817 to Nov. 1901 a hospital administrator for Union soldiers during the American Civil War and a lifelong advocate for veterans. •She was responsible for establishing 300 field hospitals during the war and served as a lawyer assisting veterans and their families with obtaining pensions after the war.
Linda richards
•July 1841 to April 1930 became the first professionally trained American Nurse. •She enrolled in the inaugural class of five nurses in the first American Nurses training school. This pioneering at the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston. •She is also recognized as being the first to promote and create a system for keeping individual medical records for hospitalized patients.
rogers major theoretical dimensions
•Major Theoretical Dimensions -This theory includes: -5 assumptions: wholeness, openness, unidirectionality, pattern and organization, sentence and thought -4 major concepts: energy field, openness, pattern, pandimensionality -3 major principles: resonancy, helicy, integrality
Lillian wald
•March 1867 to September 1940 • a pioneer in Public Health Nursing which she coined the term. •Wald & Brewster (a fellow nurse) established a settlement house in NY lower east side. •They built an independent nursing practice •Eventually developed a respected reputation among hospitals & physicians • Henry Street Settlement House in NY in 1893. Grew into a well organized social system & offered multiple
changes in care Florence nightingale
•Nightingale and nurses cleaned environment •Delivered nursing care •Wrote letters to families
Mary Eliza mahoney
•Nov. 1858 to Jan. 1926 the first African American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse in the United States, graduating in 1879 from New England Hospital for women and Children charter (they allow 1 Jewish & 1 African American student a year.
Mary Adelaide nutting
•Nov. 1858 to Oct. 1948. •1st graduate of John Hopkins School of Nursing •1900 established American Journal of Nursing, it's a crucial information source for aspiring professionals & scholars.
Martha rogers
•Nursing focuses on people and the manifestations that emerge from the mutual human-environmental field process. •A change of pattern & organization of the human & environmental fields is transmitted by waves. •The manifestations of the field patterning that emerge are observable events. •By identifying the pattern, there can be a better understanding of human experience. •There are eight concepts in Rogers' nursing theory: energy field, openness, pattern, pan-dimensionality, homeodynamic principles, resonance, helicy, and integrality
Hildegard paplau
•Nursing is therapeutic - it is a healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of health care. •Viewed as an interpersonal process, it involves interaction between two or more individuals with a common goal. •This common goal provides the incentive for the therapeutic process in which the nurse & patient respect each other as individuals, both of them learning & growing as a result of the interaction. •Individual learns when she or he selects stimuli in the environment and then reacts to these stimuli.
jean watson
•Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring" mainly concerns on how nurses care for their patients, and how that caring progresses into better plans to promote health and wellness, prevent illness and restore health. •According to theory, "Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health." •Focuses on health promotion, as well as the treatment of diseases. •Caring is central to nursing practice, and promotes health better than a simple medical cure. •The Philosophy and Science of Caring has four major concepts: human being, health, environment or society, and nursing.
influences of the industrial revolution (1850- 1950)
•Rapid development of new manufacturing technologies •Migration of large numbers of people from farms to crowded living in cities •First efforts at community health to keep workers healthy
prehistory health care
•Religion and health care were often the same thing. •Health-care providers were also religious leaders. -They attributed illness to the effects of evil spirits. -Most remedies were aimed at ridding the body of evil spirits or returning to the body a good spirit that had left it. •No hospitals—all care was given at home, usually by the women of the culture.
core (hall theory)
•Represents the person receiving the nursing care
Nursing in the US0 Ben Franklin
•Revolutionary War period -Benjamin Franklin implemented several important health-care advances. •He founded Pennsylvania Hospital (1751), the first U.S. hospital dedicated to treatment of the sick, with separate areas for the sick, the insane, & those afflicted with moral defects. -Philadelphia Dispensary (1786), founded by the Quakers, provided free outpatient, surgical, obstetrical, and medical services for the poor.
Nursing in the US
•Schools of nursing, usually under the control of the religious nursing orders, were beginning to be established during this time. •Despite the rapid increase in the number and quality of hospitals, most nursing care was still being given at home by family members. •Hospitals were places of last resort when home care failed or was insufficient to effect a cure.
Margaret sanger
•Sept. 1879 to Sept. 1966 a pioneer nurse in family planning. •She opened the first family planning and Birth control clinic in the Bronx, New York in 1916 which was thought to be illegal and was raided by Police 9 days later.
Nursing in the US civil war
•Several major advances in medical and nursing care were made during the Civil War. -Navy nurses: A transport ship, the Red Rover, became a hospital ship staffed by the Sisters of Mercy. The American Red Cross and the Army Nurse Corps also have their beginnings
Margaret sanger
•She also founded the American Birth Control League in 1921. This was a parent organization that would develop into Planned Parenthood Federation of America
Isabel Hampton robb
•She was active in the International Council of Nurses and the Committee to Secure by Act of Congress the Employment of Graduate Women Nurses in the Hospital Service of the US Army, worked toward the establishment of the Army Nurse Corps. •In 1897, became the first President of the Nurses' Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada, which would later become the American Nurses Association. •1st Superintendent of nurses at John Hopkins 1889 to 1894 •Was a founding member of early National League for Nursing (NLN), president 1908
dorothy johnson
•Society relates to the environment in which the patient exists - patient's behavior is directly influenced by the environment & events that occur in the environment. •Health is a purposeful adaptive response to internal & external stimuli in order to maintain stability & control. •The responses include physical, mental, emotional, & social realms. •The primary goal of nursing is to foster equilibrium in the individual patient. •One focus of nursing concerns the organized & integrated whole, but the major focus is on maintaining balance in the behavioral system during an illness in the biological system.
christian influences on nursing
•Some rich Christian widows converted their palaces into hospital-like institutions where the sick could be given care. •The origin of the term nurse is often attributed to this early Christian period. •From the Latin nutrire—to nourish, nurture, or suckle a child—the root meaning of nurse is one who cares for someone who cannot care for himself or herself.
sister callista roy
•The Adaptation Model of Nursing was developed in 1976. • worked with Dorothy E. Johnson, Roy became convinced of the importance of describing the nature of nursing as a service to society. •She begins developing her model with the goal of nursing to promote adaptation. •Began organizing her theory of nursing as she developed course curriculum for nursing students at Mount St. Mary's College. She introduced her ideas as a basis for an integrated nursing curriculum.
dorothy johnson
•The Behavior System Model of Nursing •Stresses the importance of research-based knowledge about the effect of nursing care on patients. 1968 first proposed the theory, she explained that it was to foster "the efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness."
influences of the industrial revolution
•The Sisters of Charity, originally organized to provide nursing care in the city hospitals, expanded their services to include home care and orphanages for abandoned children. •Other Catholic and non-Catholic orders developed to take care of the sick. •Florence Nightingale lived and worked during this time.
Nursing in the US
•The existing health-care services were soon overwhelmed by large numbers of wounded & dying. •Neither side had any organized first aid battlefield services or any medical or nursing corps. •Many surgeries, such as amputations and removal of bullets, were performed under filthy battlefield conditions without anesthesia. •On both sides, post-injury infections killed as many as did actual wounds.
sister callista roy
•The factors that influenced the development of the model included: family, education, religious background, mentors, and clinical experience. Roy's model asks the questions: -Who is the focus of nursing care? -What is the target of nursing care? -When is nursing care indicated? Roy explained that adaptation occurs when people respond positively to environmental changes, and it is the process and outcome of individuals and groups who use conscious awareness, self-reflection, and choice to create human and environmental integration.The key concepts of Roy's Adaptation Model are made up of four components: person, health, environment, and nursing.
nursing in medieval period 476- 1453
•The first 500 years of the medieval period, up to AD 1000, was known as the Dark Ages. •Health care during the Dark Ages was, in general, dismal. •Widespread plagues, particularly the bubonic plague, or black death, ravaged the known world and killed up to 50% of the entire population at the time. •Health care was provided primarily through religious orders. -Very basic care -Emphasized salvation of the soul •Religious orders of men and women existed to provide care. •People went to hospitals to die.
nursing in the US ww2
•There were many changes and advances in health care during World War II. -Increase in medical knowledge -Development of antibiotics, tranquilizers -New surgical techniques -Dialysis -Specialty units (ICU, OB, OR, PAR) established -Health-care services expanded -X-rays, laboratory tests, transfusions, & emergency room care
Clara barton
•Though a supporter of the Union, in serving wounded soldiers, she served both sides in providing neutral relief. She became known as the "Angel of the Battlefield." •Founded American Red Cross in 1881 and served as President until 1904.
nursing in the US after the war
•To meet the nursing shortage after the war, "quick-fix" methods were used. -LPN programs were started. -"Technical nurse" programs were started (became ADN programs). -Interest in bachelor of science degrees and professional nursing also grew. -Many of the problems in today's nursing can be traced to this time period. -No doctoral programs in nursing.
Madeline leininger
•Transcultural nursing as "a substantive area of study and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures with the goal of providing culture-specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or well-being or to help people to face unfavorable human conditions, illness, or death in culturally meaningful ways."
influences of the renaissance
•William Harvey (1578-1657), called the father of modern medicine, made major contributions to medical practice. •A more modern understanding of the microbial origin of many diseases developed. •Joseph Lister began to understand how disease was spread, and developed aseptic practices that are still used today. •Louis Pasteur discovered that bacterial organisms could be killed by heat, and the process of pasteurization was born. •Although medical education was developing, it was still under an apprenticeship system and involved the use of many home remedies.
nursing in the US ww2
•World War II had another nursing shortage. •The Bolton Nurse Training Act and the Cadet Nurse Corps were established. -Students who entered the program were sent to nursing schools near their homes, with all expenses paid. -Upon graduation, they were obligated to work actively in nursing either in a hospital or in military service for 2 to 4 years. -This established minimum educational standards and forbade discrimination on the basis of race, creed, or sex.
health - Watsons theory
•adds the following three elements to WHO definition of health: -A high level of overall physical, mental and social functioning. -A general adaptive-maintenance level of daily functioning. -The absence of illness (or the presence of efforts that leads its absence).
florence nightingale
•born in Florence, Italy, on May 12, 1820 to Frances and William Shore Nightingale. •Father saw to her education. •She always showed an interest in the welfare of those less fortunate •Despite her parents objections, she was determined to become a nurse and in 1844, enrolled in Lutheran Hospital of pastor Fliedner, in Kaisersworth, Germany, as a student. died on August 13, 1910, at 2pm, at her home in London, United Kingdom, at age 90.
environment/society - Watsons theory
•caring (and nursing) has existed in every society. A caring attitude is not transmitted from generation to generation. It is transmitted by the culture of the profession as a unique way of coping with its environment.
nursing- Watsons theory
•concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick and restoring health". It focuses on health promotion and treatment of disease. She believes that holistic health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing. She defines nursing as....."a human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, aesthetic and ethical human transactions".
jean watson
•developed the Theory of Human Caring (or the Caring Model) in 1979. •She served as Dean of Nursing at the University Health Sciences Center and was the President of the National League for Nursing. •She is a fellow of the American Academy of Nursing. •Her books include The Philosophy and Science of Caring, which was published in 2008.
virginia henderson
•graduated from the Army School of Nursing in 1921. •Her definition of nursing has become famous. It was the first statements clearly distinguishing nursing from medicine. •She was one of the first nurses to point out that nursing does not consist of merely following physicians orders.
virginia henderson
•her Need Theory and defining nursing as: "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge."
Hildegard paplau
•known as the "mother of psychiatric nursing". •Developed & advanced the theory & practice of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. •Stressed the "nurse-patient relationship" in actual nursing. •First published nursing theorist since Florence Nightingale & created the middle-range nursing theory of interpersonal relations, which helped to revolutionize the scholarly work of nurses. •As a primary contributor to mental health law reform, she led the way towards humane treatment of patients with behavior & personality disorders.
Annie goodrich
•originated and became the first dean of Army School of Nursing. •She also developed and was first dean of the First Nursing Program at Yale University in 1923. •She served as president of American Nurses Association from 1915-1918. •Anna Goodrich became chief inspecting nurse of the United States Army's hospitals.
Dorothea orem
•published "Guides for Developing Curricula for the Education of Practical Nurses"in 1959. •She constructed the Orem model of nursing (also called "Self care Deficit Nursing Theory") •Based on belief that individuals have & should utilize the capacity to care for themselves and/or their dependents.
Lydia e hall
•was a nursing theorist, developed The 3 C's •Care, Cure, Core model of nursing. Her theory defined Nursing as "a participation in care, core and cure aspects of patient care. •This can be in varying degrees depending on ptneeds & disease process •CARE is the sole function of nurses, whereas the CORE and CURE are shared with other members of the health team.