Nursing Research Unit 2
The nurse researcher understands that the risk of a type II error increases with which of the following? (Select all that apply.) - Low levels of power - Small effect sizes - Results indicate a significant difference when in reality there is no difference - Small samples
- Low levels of power - Small effect sizes - Small samples
A researcher asked nurses in a hospital to participate in a study that examined the leadership of the hospital. A total of 500 subjects were asked to participate, and 200 consented to be in the study. What is the refusal rate for this study? 20% 40% 60% 80%
60%
The researcher understands that which of the following would be an example of systematic error? - A thermometer that indicates the body temperature as 0.1° higher than the accurate temperature. - The rapport of the subject with the data collector. - The playfulness or seriousness of the situation during data collection. - Variations in fatigue in subjects when measures are taken.
A thermometer that indicates the body temperature as 0.1° higher than the accurate temperature
The researcher understands that which of the following describes serendipity? - Accidental discovery of something useful or valuable - Keen sense of perception - New understanding emerging from synthesis - Unplanned meeting with a potential subject
Accidental discovery of something useful or valuable
Which of the following concern measurement reliability? (Select all that apply.) Accuracy Consistency of measurement Homogeneity Systematic error Heterogeneity
Accuracy Consistency of measurement
As an undergraduate student, you are encouraged to critique published studies on relevant clinical topics for which of the following reasons? Determine whether the findings are ready for use in practice Increase your understanding of the research process Promote your interest in reading research articles All of the above
All of the above
In a published study, which of the following information should be provided about the data collection process? - Number of potential subjects who declined to participate - Strategies used to approach potential subjects - The timing and settings in which measurements were taken - All of the above
All of the above
The nurse researcher understands that it is important to describe the sample because of which of the following? - Allow readers to determine if the sample is similar to persons in their clinical setting - Determine if groups being compared are equivalent - Determine if the sample is representative of the target population - All of the above
All of the above
The nurse researcher understands that the chi-square test of independence: - determines whether two variables are independent or related. - has a high risk of a type II error. - is a very weak statistical test. - All of the above
All of the above
The nurse researcher understands that the tails of the normal curve are: - defined by the level of significance selected by the researcher. - representative samples that may not belong to the same population. - the extreme statistical values on the peripheral ends of the normal curve. - All of the above
All of the above
The nurse understands that measurement errors can be related to which of the following? - A theoretical framework - Survey tools - The difference between the true score and what is actually measured. - All of the above
All of the above
The nurse understands that test-retest reliability includes which of the following? - Assesses the consistency of repeated measures - Assumes that the variable to be measured will remain the same at two testing times - Assumes that variability in values is a result of measurement error - All of the above
All of the above
The researcher understands the following to be true when data collection forms are used to record: data from the patient record. demographic data. information provided orally by subject or family. All of the above
All of the above
The researcher understands the precision of physiological measures is related to which of the following? Maintained by recalibration of instruments Part of quality control testing The degree of reproducibility of measurements All of the above
All of the above
The researcher would like to produce trustworthy data from measurements used in a study. Which of the following would the researcher ensure? - Measurement error is reduced. - Rules are provided to guide measurement. - Values are assigned consistently from one subject to another. - All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
The researcher understands that sensitivity of physiological measures is related to which of the following? Ability to distinguish the measure from other signals Amount of change that can be measured precisely Amount of variation in the equipment Evaluation of the adequacy of the operational definition
Amount of change that can be measured precisely
Which steps of the critique process focus on the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of a study? Analysis and comparison Analysis and comprehension Comparison and comprehension Conceptual clustering and evaluation
Analysis and comparison
The expected level of expertise in the critique process for baccalaureate degree graduates includes which of the following steps? Analysis, comprehension, and evaluation Analysis, conceptual clustering, and evaluation Analysis, comparison, and comprehension Evaluation and conceptual clustering
Analysis, comparison, and comprehension
The researcher understands that which of the following is not a characteristic of ANOVA? - Can be used only with two groups - Often requires post hoc tests to identify locations of differences - Tests for differences between means - F statistic used to report results
Can be used only with two groups
During data cleaning, the researcher will perform which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Check the data for accuracy Correct all errors Identify missing data points and supply the data Organize according to responses Sort according to demographics
Check the data for accuracy Correct all errors Identify missing data points and supply the data
A researcher wanted to conduct a study examining the relationship between gender and heart disease. The most appropriate statistical test to use would be: ANOVA. Chi-square. Pearson's r. regression analysis
Chi-square
Match the definition with the types of sampling. Obtaining a population where composing a sampling frame is severely inhibited: Convenience sampling Probability sampling Cluster sampling Quota sampling Purposive sampling Network sampling
Cluster sampling
The nurse researcher understands that which of the following is related to inference? - Conclusion or judgment based on evidence - Logical movement from a general truth to a specific instance - Researcher's guess about the outcomes of the study - Theoretical application of study findings
Conclusion or judgment based on evidence
The nurse understands that evidence of validity of measurement can be obtained from examining which of the following? Contrasting groups Dependability Equivalence Stability
Contrasting groups
Match the definitions with the types of sampling. Subjects are not selected with probability sampling methods Convenience sampling Probability sampling Cluster sampling Quota sampling Purposive sampling Network sampling
Convenience sampling
The nurse researcher understands that which of the following is the purpose of exploratory data analysis? (Select all that apply.) Check the data for accuracy Correct all errors Determine the nature of variation in the data Identify outliers Obtain a better understanding of the data
Determine the nature of variation in the data Identify outliers Obtain a better understanding of the data
Recruiting subjects has become one of the difficult tasks of researchers. Which of the following strategies would be the most effective in obtaining the desired number of subjects? Direct contact Mail contact Small groups Telephone contact
Direct contact
The nurse understands that homogeneity includes which of the following? - Examines the correlation of various items within a scale - Is measured by Cronbach's β-coefficient - Splits the items in a scale and examines only the first half of items - Does all of the above
Examines the correlation of various items within a scale
A researcher wanted to study the elements or variables associated with fear. Which of the following would be an appropriate statistical measure? Chi-square Factor analysis Pearson's r T-test
Factor analysis
Types of results from inferential statistical analyses include all except which of the following? Findings Not significant Significant Unpredicted
Findings
In recruiting subjects for a study, the researcher needs to: - Avoid difficult or unpleasant individuals. - Follow the sampling criteria. - Obtain large groups rather than individual contacts if direct contact is necessary. - Use the telephone or mail whenever possible rather than direct contact
Follow the sampling criteria.
The researcher understands that exploratory analysis is used for all but which of the following? - Become familiar with the data - Examine measures of central tendency and dispersion for each variable - Identify outliers - Generalize to a larger population
Generalize to a larger population
The nurse understands that reliability includes which of the following? Can be generalizable Is concerned with the consistency of measurement Measures the amount of systematic error Meets all of the above criteria
Is concerned with the consistency of measurement
Nurse researchers wanted to study the characteristics of parents who have abused their children. They initially identified parents who consented to participate in the study, and then they asked these subjects to identify other individuals who might participate in the study. What sampling method was used in this study? Convenience Network Purposive Systematic
Network
Match the definitions with the types of sampling. Securing individuals through social contacts for the study Convenience sampling Probability sampling Cluster sampling Quota sampling Purposive sampling Network sampling
Networking sampling
Using decision theory, if the level of significance was set at 0.05, which of the following probability levels from statistical analyses would indicate the greatest significant difference? 0.04 0.01 0.001 None of the above
None of the above
The researcher understands which of the following pertains to using focus groups? Larger groups are desirable. People feel free to express their views. Recruitment of subjects is easily obtained. Segmentation is undesirable
People feel free to express their views
The nurse understands that which of the following is an example of random measurement error? - Actual measures smaller than the true measure - Including elements of hope in our measure of self- concept - Measuring blood sugar immediately after breakfast - Punching the wrong key when entering data into the computer
Punching the wrong key when entering data into the computer
Which of the following is a type of nonprobability sampling? Purposive Simple random Stratified Systematic
Purposive
A researcher was conducting a phenomenological study of the lived experience of losing a limb. A convenience sampling method was used to obtain subjects. Subjects were recruited for the study until an equal number of males and females were obtained. The total sample was 14 (7 males and 7 females). What is the sampling method used in this study? Purposive Quota Stratified random Systematic
Quota
Match the definitions with the types of sampling. Technique used to select underrepresented groups in the population Convenience sampling Probability sampling Cluster sampling Quota sampling Purposive sampling Network sampling
Quota sampling
Match the definitions with the types of sampling. Expected difference in values that occurs when examining different subjects from the same sample: Random variation Systemic variation Target population Sampling frame
Random variation
The nursing student understands that grades on a multiple choice final exam are an example of which level of measurement? Ordinal Interval Nominal Ratio
Ratio
To judge statistical suitability while critiquing a study, you need to know all except which of the following? Level of measurement Number of groups Reliability of the measures Whether the groups are dependent or independent
Reliability of the measures
Match the definitions with the types of sampling. List of every potential subject in the population: Random variation Systemic variation Target population Sampling frame
Sampling frame
Match the definitions with the types of sampling. Phenomenon that occurs when the selected subjects— measurement values vary in some way from those of the population: Random variation Systemic variation Target population Sampling frame
Systemic variation
Match the definitions with the types of sampling. The number of subjects who meet the criteria of the study: Random variation Systemic variation Target population Sampling frame
Target population
The researcher understands that the t-test is used to? - Describe relationships between two variables. - Examine differences among three or more groups. - Test for a significant difference between the means of two samples. - Test the power of a statistical procedure
Test for a significant difference between the means of two samples.
The theoretical schema or conceptual framework that was developed from the study is examined during which phase of a qualitative research critique? Analytical preciseness Descriptive vividness Heuristic relevance Theoretical connectedness
Theoretical connectedness
One serious threat to the validity of mailed questionnaires is that: - Quantitative statistics cannot be generated. - Questionnaires present a greater opportunity for bias than interviews do. - A slim spectrum of information can be obtained. - Thirty percent of potential subjects return them
Thirty percent of potential subjects return them
Which of the following best describe why the nurse researcher critically appraises a study to determine if the treatment in the study is clearly described? This will help identify variables This will be helpful in determining the study design This will be helpful for data analysis This will help determine if the hypothesis is proven or disproven
This will be helpful in determining the study design
The nurse understands which of the following is an example of direct measurement? Compliance Coping scale Weight All of the above
Weight
A researcher wanted to compare the results of two tests completed on the same group. The most appropriate method to use would include: ANOVA. Chi-square. T-test. Z-score
Z-score
A nurse was conducting a critique of a quantitative study and identified that the study variables were linked to the study framework, and the conceptual definitions for the variables were consistent with the study framework. The conceptual and operational definitions for the variables were logical and consistent. This example demonstrates what step of a quantitative research critique? Analysis Comparison Comprehension Evaluation
analysis
The nurse researcher is critiquing a research article and is trying to determine the logical links that connect one study element to another. This is known as which phase of the critical appraisal process? Comprehension phase Analysis phase Comparison phase Evaluation phase
analysis phase
Critiquing the methodological congruence of a study involves examining all the following types of rigor except: analytical. documentation. ethical. procedura
analytical
A qualitative research report should be sufficiently detailed to allow a second researcher, using the original data and the decision trail, to arrive at conclusions similar to those of the original researcher. This demonstrates the study's: auditability. ethical rigor. procedural rigor. descriptive vividness
auditability
Critically appraising the research includes which of the following? Broaden understanding Facilitate ethical practice Benefice Justice
broaden understanding
A practicing nurse critiqued the purpose statement of a study and found that the purpose: (1) identified the goal of the study; (2) included the variables, population, and setting of the study; and (3) was feasible to research. This example demonstrates what level of quantitative research critique? Analysis Comparison Comprehension Evaluation
comparison
Critiquing the design in a quantitative study to determine if there were threats to the design validity is an example of what step in the critique process? Analysis Comparison Comprehension Evaluation
comparison
The nurse researcher is critiquing a quantitative research article and is trying to determine if the researcher followed the rules for an ideal study. This is known as which phase of the critical appraisal process? Comprehension phase Analysis phase Comparison phase Evaluation phase
comparison phase
A nurse was conducting a critical appraisal of a quantitative study and noted that a sample size of 100 was obtained with simple random sampling. This example demonstrates what level of a quantitative research critique? Analysis Comparison Comprehension Evaluation
comprehension
The adequacy of a quantitative study's sample size can best be evaluated by: - analyzing the samples of previous studies. - conducting a power analysis. determining the number of subjects in the target - - population. - examining the design validity
conducting a power analysis.
Which skill in critiquing qualitative studies enables the researcher to shift perception to see things from a different perspective? Context flexibility Inductive reasoning skills Theoretical modeling Transformation of ideas across levels of abstraction
context flexibility
Which of the following is not a descriptive statistic? Correlational analysis Frequency distribution Mean Standard deviation
correlational analysis
The nurse researcher is evaluating the relevance of a study to determine if the research from the study can be used in practice. This is known as what dimension of the study? Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Analysis Critical appraisal
critical appraisal
The nurse understands that physiological measures are: - described in detail in well-written research reports. - easier to obtain than psychosocial measures. - more valid than psychosocial measures. - reliable when obtained from the patient's record
described in detail in well-written research reports
In any study in which the data are numerical, data analysis begins with: correlational statistics. descriptive statistics. hypothesis-testing statistics. predictive statistics
descriptive statistics
A nurse critiqued the sample and site of a qualitative study and found it to be extremely detailed so that it was almost like being in the setting and experiencing interactions with the subjects. What standard of a qualitative research critique was being examined? Analytical preciseness Descriptive vividness Methodological congruence Theoretical connectedness
descriptive vividness
The nurse researcher understands that the five standards for evaluating qualitative studies are: - conceptual clustering, analytical preciseness, methodological congruence, theoretical connectedness, and contribution to nursing knowledge. - descriptive relevance, theoretical connectedness, conceptual clustering, methodological congruence, and heuristic relevance. - descriptive vividness, methodological congruence, analytical preciseness, theoretical connectedness, and heuristic relevance. - descriptive vividness, analytical preciseness, theoretical connectedness, methodological congruence, and contribution to nursing knowledge
descriptive vividness, methodological congruence, analytical preciseness, theoretical connectedness, and heuristic relevance.
When critiquing a study, it is important for the nurse researcher to: - apply the findings in the practice. - determine if the study is applied or basic research. - discuss the feasibility of replicating the study. - focus mainly on the results to determine the value of the study
discuss the feasibility of replicating the study
A critique of a qualitative study indicated the researchers had been very cautious to protect the privacy of the informants, and their data were kept confidential. This indicates the study has: analytical preciseness. auditability. ethical rigor. procedural rigor
ethical rigor
A nurse was conducting a critique of a quantitative study and observed that the findings from the study being critiqued were comparable with findings from other studies. Thus the nurse thought that the findings were ready to use in his or her practice. This example demonstrates what level of a quantitative research critique? Analysis Comparison Comprehension Evaluation
evaluation
Examining a qualitative study's findings in relationship to the existing body of knowledge in nursing involves critiquing a study's: analytical preciseness. descriptive vividness. heuristic relevance. theoretical connectedness
heuristic relevance
The sample includes adults over the age of 18, able to read and speak English, and hospitalized for their first abdominal surgery. These are an example of: exclusion sampling criteria. inclusion sampling criteria. population statistics. sample characteristics
inclusion sampling criteria.
The nurse researcher understands that a one-tailed test of significance: - increases the risk of a type II error. - indicates that extreme scores on only one tail are considered significant. - is referred to as no directional. - is weaker than two-tailed tests
indicates that extreme scores on only one tail are considered significant
The nurse researcher understands that measures of dispersion are measures of: differences among samples. homogeneity, which indicates wider dispersion. individual differences of the members of the sample. the central tendency of the sample
individual differences of the members of the sample
The careful, complete examination of a study to judge its strengths, weaknesses, meaning, and significance best describes a/an: analysis of a research article. creative critique. intellectual research critique. synthesis of knowledge for the profession
intellectual research critique.
The reliability and validity of physiological measures: - are acceptable in data obtained from the patient record. - should not be included in research reports. - can be assumed to be accurate. - None of the above
none of the above
Who updates their nursing knowledge base by critiquing the research literature for findings to use in the classroom and clinical agencies? Administrators Nurse educators Nurse researchers Practicing nurses
nurse educators
In critiquing the adequacy of a sample, the nurse would not consider the: - possibility of a type I error. - potential biases in the sample. - sample size. - sampling criteria
possibility of a type I error.
Match the definition with the types of sampling. Sample selection ensures that each element has a chance to be selected for the study Convenience sampling Probability sampling Cluster sampling Quota sampling Purposive sampling Network sampling
probability sampling
The nurse researcher understands that power is the: - amount of variance allowed in the measured scores. - capacity of the computer to run complex statistical analyses. - degree to which the null hypothesis is false. - probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference that exists
probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference that exists
A critique of a qualitative study indicated that insufficient data were gathered and insufficient time was spent gathering data. This means the study has a threat to: analytical preciseness. documentation rigor. ethical rigor. procedural rigor
procedural rigor
A nurse researcher conducted a grounded theory study of the self-care behavior of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Ten subjects were selected because they were judged to have strong self-care behavior, and 10 subjects were selected because of their poor self-care behavior. What sampling method was used in this study? Cluster Convenience Network Purposive
purposive
Match the definitions with the types of sampling. Specific selection of subjects with certain characteristics by the investigator to be in the study Convenience sampling Probability sampling Cluster sampling Quota sampling Purposive sampling Network sampling
purposive sampling
Observational measures are used most commonly in _______________ research. correlational intervention qualitative outcomes
qualitative
All of the following are examples of a scale, except: Likert. questionnaire. rating. semantic differentia
questionnaire
The researcher understands the most common purpose of a Pearson' s correlation is to examine: differences between groups. differences between variables. relationships among groups. relationships among variables
relationships among variables
A sample that is like the accessible population and the target population in as many ways as possible is said to be: heterogeneous. homogeneous. representative. stratified.
representative
The researcher understands that a type I error occurs when the: - data are not measured at the interval level. - results are not significant. - results indicate a significant difference when in reality there is no difference. - wrong statistical procedures are used
results indicate a significant difference when in reality there is no difference
The number of participants or sample size in a qualitative study is adequate when: - a power analysis indicates the power of 0.8 is achieved. - saturation of data is achieved, and additional subjects provide no new information. - the sample size is large enough to identify differences between groups in the study. - the statistical analysis techniques identify significant findings
saturation of data is achieved, and additional subjects provide no new information.
Which of the following methods provides a sample that is most likely to be representative of the target population? Convenience sampling Purposive sampling Quota sampling Simple random sampling
simple random sampling
The sample for a study was randomly selected from a list of registered nurses (RNs) obtained from the Board of Nurse Examiners (BNE) for Texas. The study had a cultural focus, so the final sample included 100 Caucasian, 100 Hispanic, and 100 African American RNs. What type of sampling method was used in this study? Convenience Simple random Stratified random Systematic
stratified random
A researcher asked nurses in a hospital to participate in a study that examined the leadership of the hospital. A total of 500 subjects were asked to participate, and 200 consented to be in the study. The sample in this study demonstrates: a probability sampling method. quota sampling. representativeness. systematic variation
systematic variation
A researcher selected only people with a high intelligence quotient (IQ) to be in her study so that they would perform well on the multiple-choice tests administered to measure the subjects' knowledge in the study. This study demonstrates a: cluster sample. representative sample. stratified random sample. systematic variation in the sample
systemic variation in the sample
According to sampling theory, findings can be generalized to the: individuals in the same social class as the sample. individuals receiving care in the same type of setting. sample under study. target population.
target population
The nurse researcher understands that confirmatory analyses are designed to: compare the results with the researcher's expectations. justify the study results. recheck results to confirm their correctness. test objectives, questions, and hypotheses
test objectives, questions, and hypotheses
The nurse researcher understands that the normal curve is a/an: - distribution of the values of a single sample. - illustration of scores from several samples. - real distribution of the values of a population. - theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population
theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population
The nurse understands that a pain scale with facial expressions instead of numbers is referred to as a: Likert scale. rating scale. semantic differential scale. visual analogue scale
visual analogue scale
