Nutr 132 - Chapter 4

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

No, it is the natural source of Lactose

What is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called?

Nonfermentable fiber

Which of the following is the best source of soluble fiber?

Oats

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (e.g., hundreds) of glucose units together?

Polysaccharides

Choose the benefits of consuming soluble fiber.

Reduces blood cholesterol Slows the rate of glucose absorption Promotes satiety

If no carbohydrates are consumed, the liver's supply of ______ will be depleted within 18 hours.

glycogen

A _____ fiber intake helps control weight and reduces the risk of developing obesity.

high

If carbohydrate intake is inadequate and glycogen stores are depleted, the body can produce more glucose by breaking down

muscle

Fiber is a type of

polysaccharide

Carbohydrates containing many glucose units, from 1000 or more are called _____.

polysaccharides

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

polysaccharides starch

The RDA of 130 grams per day of carbohydrates is set to

provide adequate glucose for the brain and nervous system.

Which types of cells can only use simple carbohydrates for fuel?

red blood cells

Which of the following is a health benefit of soluble fiber?

reduces blood cholesterol levels

Examples of functional fiber include

resisted starch, polydextrose, indigestible dextrins, and insulin

Which of the following statements about fiber are true?

Adds bulk to feces A substance found in plants Is a complex carbohydrate

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch.

Amylose

Which of the following polysaccharides are digestible by humans?

Amylose and amylopectin

Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and ______.

Fructose

Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?

Fructose

Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit? Multiple choice question. Fructose

Fructose

What is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?

Functional fiber has been added to foods for its beneficial health effects; dietary fiber is naturally present in foods.

What are the forms of carbohydrate that can be used by the cell as fuel?

Glucose and Glycogen

What is the process called when fat does not break down completely yielding ketone bodies?

Ketosis

What is produced when starch is broken down to just two glucose molecules bonded together?

Maltose

True or false: The increased bulk of a high-fiber meal promotes a feeling of fullness without yielding many calories.

True

True or false: The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide energy.

True

True or false: While the brain prefers glucose as its source of fuel, it can also use ketone bodies for energy. True false question.

True

Choose the food that will have the most fiber.

a whole orange

The highly branched structure of glycogen

allows rapid breakdown into glucose.

From the following list, choose the foods that adhere to the Dietary Guidelines' recommendations concerning carbohydrates.

brown rice frozen blueberries with no added sugar baked acorn squash

The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to

consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains. limit intake of added sugars.

What is the RDA for carbohydrates for adults?

130 grams per day

Teresa consumes one serving of a food that contains one gram of carbohydrate, one gram of fat, and one gram of protein. What is the total number of calories she is getting from the food?

17 kcal

Identify how many hours it takes before glycogen stores are depleted in the liver if no carbohydrate is consumed.

18 hours

Why is glycogen an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the human body?

It has a branched structure that can be broken down quickly.

Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?

Monosaccharide

True or false: After the body has depleted all of the stored liver glycogen and no additional carbohydrate is consumed, the body can make glucose from amino acids. This may result in the loss of muscle tissue.

True

True or false: Both fiber and starch are types of polysaccharides.

True

True or false: Functional fiber must show beneficial effects in humans, whereas total fiber is the combination of dietary fiber and functional fiber in the food.

True

True or false: Soluble fibers are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.

True

Which polysaccharide is a digestible, branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units?

amylopectin

Which type of starch makes up 80% of digestible starches in the diet?

amylopectin

Your daily carbohydrate intake should come mainly from ______.

beans whole grain breads and cereals fruits and vegetables

Glucose can be stored in the liver or muscle tissue in the form of

blood glucose and glycogen

Ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies in the ________.

bloodstream

Which of the following is the preferred fuel source by all cells of the body?

carbohydrates (glucose)

Examples of whole grains include ______.

dark rye millet and oats quinoa

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.

decreases

insulin

decreases blood glucose

Which of the following is another term for glucose?

dextrose

True or false: Dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials.

false

The chemical bonds between the individual sugar units in ______ cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.

fiber

Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.

fibers

Fructose is found naturally in ______.

fruits, table sugar, high-fructose corn syrup

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.

glucose

________ is also known as dextrose or blood sugar.

glucose

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

glucose and fructose

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?

glucose, fructose, galactose

Which of the following are monosaccharides?

glucose, fructose, galactose

Which of the following carbohydrates are classified as dietary fiber?

hemicellulose, pectins, gums, β-glucan, insulin, resistant starch, and noncarbohydrate lignin

Mel has diabetes and uses insulin for glucose management. If he take more than his prescribed dose of insulin,

his blood sugar will be too low.

glucagon

increases blood glucose

Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called

insoluble fiber

Long-term low-carbohydrate intake is not recommended because it will lead to

ketosis

Milk is a major food source for the disaccharide

lactose

Name the disaccharide that is also known as "milk sugar."

lactose

Glycogen stored in the ______ is used to maintain blood glucose concentrations when you have not eaten for hours or have not eaten enough carbohydrates.

liver

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?

liver and muscle

Glucose is the major ______ found in the body.

monosaccharide

Which type of fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine?

soluble fiber

Apples, bananas, oat products, and beans are good sources of

soluble fiber.

Complex carbohydrates are also known as

starch

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

sugar beets and maple sugar

The main function of glucose is to

supply energy

True or false: The liver and muscles are the major storage sites for glycogen.

true

To get the benefits of dietary fiber from fruits, you should consume

whole fruits

Which two of the following are forms of starch that are digestible by humans?

amylose and amylopectin

Which macronutrients provide 4 kilocalories per gram?

carbohydrates

Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many ______ units bonded together.

glucose

The storage form of glucose is called

glycogen

Mucilages, lignin, and cellulose are

nonstarch polysaccharides.

What percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?

45-65%

__________ is the disaccharide made of two glucose molecules bonded together.

Maltose or Maltobiose

Fiber that has been added to foods to achieve health benefits is called

functional fiber

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

soluble fiber reduces the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine. fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver.

True or false: Fermentable fiber is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.

False

True or false: High-carbohydrate diets lead to a condition known as ketosis and can disturb the body's normal acid-base balance and may lead to other health problems.

False

True or false: Soluble fibers are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.

False

Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber.

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits. They are sometimes called starches. They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates. They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain.

Which of the following is the best description of starch?

A digestible carbohydrate made of many units of glucose

Which macronutrient intake should make up 45% to 65% of the calories you consume each day?

carbohydrate

Amaranth, popcorn, whole wheat bread, and wild rice are all examples of ______.

whole grains

True or false: The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber can be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.

False

What is the primary difference between fiber and starch?

Fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can.

Which of the following are benefits of including some insoluble fiber in the diet?

Speeds up transit time of feces Reduces constipation