NUTR 245 questions
The consumer is ultimately responsible for protecting himself when using dietary supplements because the ______ cannot regulate supplements as closely as it regulates drugs.
FDA
True or false: Once an amino acid is used by the body, it cannot be used again.
False Amino acids can be recycled and used to synthesize future proteins.
True or false: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids.
False Animal proteins match our need for essential amino acids and provide ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids.
True or false: There is very little risk involved in taking amino acids as supplements.
False Due to the risk of toxicity and protein imbalance, amino acids should be consumed as part of whole foods, rather than as supplements.
Which of the following is the term used to describe the dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more of the essential amino acids?
Lower-quality proteins
Which of the following would NOT be a valid way to measure or estimate the amount of energy used by the body each day? a) Measurement of food intake from the various food groups b) Indirect calorimetry c) Direct calorimetry d) Measurement of height, weight, physical activity, and age
Measurement of food intake from the various food groups
Energy balance is thought of as energy input versus energy output. Identify the components that contribute to the "energy output" of this equation.
Metabolism Digestion Physical activity
Pair each type of tissue with a reasonable estimate of its water content.
Muscle -> 73% Adipose -> 10-20% Bone -> 20%
Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids?
Nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
What is a good way to determine if you are adequately hydrated?
Observe urine color.
Which of the following minerals are involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission?
Potassium Sodium Calcium
True or false: People should avoid taking individual mineral supplements unless a dietary deficiency or medical condition specifically warrants it because an excess of one mineral may decrease the absorption and metabolism of other minerals.
True
With the help of ______, we bear the responsibility to protect ourselves from supplement overuse and misuse because the FDA has limited resources to police the manufacturers.
a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) the primary care provider
Lipids are a unique nutrient group, differing significantly from carbohydrates and proteins. Which of the following is a correct statement about lipids? a) Lipids yield 9 kcal per gram, making them the most energy-dense nutrients. b) The human liver can make all the fat the body needs. c) Phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids found in the body and in foods. d) Most lipids readily dissolve in water.
a) Lipids yield 9 kcal per gram, making them the most energy-dense nutrients.
Proteins are made up of one or more long chains of ____.
amino acids
Recycled _____ make an important contribution to total protein metabolism.
amino acids
There are 20 ______ which the body combines to form proteins.
amino acids
Lower-quality (incomplete) proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential
amino acids.
Most often, a protein deficiency is caused by ______.
an insufficient food intake
Most ______ sources of protein provide ample quantities of all nine essential amino acids.
animal Except for soy and quinoa, plant sources of protein are low in one or more essential amino acids.
Minerals from ______ are absorbed better than those from ______.
animal products; plants
Protein synthesis takes place in the _____ of the cell, on the _____, not in the nucleus.
cytoplasm, ribosomes
Thirst is an indicator of _____.
dehydration
The complexity and expense of using _____ limits its use.
direct calorimetry
Vitamins are considered ______ nutrients.
essential
Plant proteins do not match our need for ______ as precisely as animal proteins.
essential amino acids
The body loses water through
excretion. respiration. perspiration.
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are considered to be _____ vitamins.
fat-soluble
The ______-soluble vitamins are more readily stored in the body than ______-soluble vitamins.
fat; water
Overall, minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants because binders such as ______ are not present to hinder absorption.
fiber
A person who relies on vitamin and mineral supplements rather than a balanced diet to obtain adequate nutrition is likely to miss out on
fiber. phytochemicals.
Most water-soluble vitamins are not stored to any great extent because they are
filtered and excreted by the kidneys.
The energy input that is part of the energy balance equation includes calories from ______.
food intake
Choose how we get water into the body.
from the food we eat metabolism fluids we drink
The unique three-dimensional form of a protein dictates the ________ of each protein.
function
Requirements for major minerals are
greater than 100 milligrams per day
What two measurements are needed to evaluate Body Mass Index?
height weight
For bioelectrical impedance to be accurate, ______ must be adequate in the person being accessed.
hydration
Due to the risk of ______, it is best to get protein from food sources rather than supplements.
imbalances in amino acids toxicities from a single amino acid
Much of the initial weight loss seen with low-carbohydrate diets is due to
loss of body water.
The initial rapid weight loss on a _____ is due to losses of glycogen stores, lean tissue, and water loss.
low-carbohydrate diet
Most plant proteins are examples of ______ proteins.
lower-quality Plant proteins are often missing one or more of the nine essential amino acids and are considered to be lower-quality or incomplete proteins.
During protein synthesis, _____ leaves the cell nucleus and travels through the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.
mRNA
Rank the categories of energy use from highest to lowest.
1. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) 2. Physical Activity 3. Thermogenesis
What are the disadvantages of the DXA method for measuring body fat?
- Equipment not widely available - Expensive equipment
What technique could be used to determine the amount of calories a person expends each day?
- Indirect calorimetry - Direct calorimetry - Equations taking into account height, weight, physical activity, and age
The positive aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include which of the following?
- It is easy and convenient to use. - Values apply to both males and females. - It is a quick screening test for overweight or obesity.
Which of the following are limitations of direct calorimetry for the estimation of calorie needs?
- It is expensive. - It is a complex measurement technique.
Which of the following are characteristics of unreliable weight-loss programs?
- Recommends the use of expensive supplements - Lacks scientific support - Promotes quick weight loss
Mindful eating involves _____.
- awareness of food preparation - making wise eating decisions - recognizing physical hunger and satiety cues
Which activities are part of a measurement of basal metabolism?
- beating of the heart - respiration - the work of the liver, kidneys, and brain
Protective health benefits of phytochemicals include _____.
- decreasing the formation of blood clots - mimicking or inhibiting hormones and enzymes - preventing DNA damage and aiding in DNA repair
Engaging in mindful eating includes the conscious awareness of ______.
- how the food was prepared - pleasant flavors, textures, and tastes of foods - hunger cues
Information that is required on the Supplement Facts panel on dietary supplements includes
- ingredients. - serving size. - % Daily Value. Structure/function claims do appear on some Supplement Facts labels. Such claims are regulated by FDA, but they are not required by law to appear on the label.
The negative aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include that
- it is not accurate for higher muscular individuals. - very short adults (less than 5 ft tall) may have high BMI that does not reflect overweight or fatness. - it does not discriminate between muscle mass and fat mass.
Rapid weight loss at the beginning of a weight loss program is a result of
- lean muscle mass depletion. - water loss.
Individuals with a healthy BMI should ______, rather than follow a specific diet.
- learn to accept one's unique body characteristics - engage in regular physical activity - focus on maintaining current weight
The dieting mania stems from ______.
- unrealistic weight expectations - lack of an appreciation for the natural variety in body shape and size
The advantages of using the DEXA method include ______.
- used to assess bone mineral density - less radiation dose compared to that of chest x-ray - ease of separating body weight into fat, soft tissue, and bone mineral
The following are "red flags" that should warn you that a diet may not be safe or effective.
- weight loss testimonials from famous people - required use of expensive supplements or meal replacements - no need for exercise
Match the following behavior modification techniques to the phrases that best explains each.
1. Chain-breaking -> Separates behaviors that tend to occur together 2. Stimulus control -> Puts us in charge of temptations 3. Cognitive restructuring -> Changes our frame of mind 4. Contingency management -> Prepares one for situations that may trigger overeating 5. Self- monitoring -> Reveals patterns of unconscious overeating
It is necessary to consume water-soluble vitamins on a regular basis because most water-soluble vitamins are
-not stored in the body to any great extent -readily excreted from the body via urine
What contributes (other than diet) to the lower death rates from chronic disease seen in individuals who follow a plant-based eating pattern?
-regular physical activity -abstaining from alcohol and drugs -not smoking
Choose the characteristics of marasmus.
-severe weight loss -develops gradually -wasting of muscle and body fat
Put the steps of protein digestion in the correct order, from start (top) to finish (bottom).
1. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach to the small intestine 2. partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK 3. CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes 4. peptides are broken into single amino acids
The body needs to use ______ different amino acids in order to function.
20
Proteins supply the body with about ________ kilocalories per gram.
4
Proteins, while not typically used for supplying daily calorie needs, can supply the body with ______ kcal per gram.
4 Lipids typically supply the body with 9 kcal per gram.
Gabriel weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended daily intake for protein.
56 grams 70 x 0.8 = 56 grams
A chicken pot pie has 670 kcal and 43 grams of fat. What percent of total calories comes from fat?
58%
Of the 20 different amino acids that the body uses to function, _____ are considered essential.
9 histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
Which component of energy expenditure encompasses fidgeting and shivering?
Adaptive thermogenesis
Which of the following products are considered to be supplements in the United States?
Amino acids Minerals Vitamins
The ratio of body weight (in kilograms) to height (in meters)^2 is the _____.
BMI - Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is an estimation of a person's calorie needs. - Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) is one method of evaluating body composition. - Lean body mass (LBM) is comprised of muscles, bones, and body fluids.
Choose the three categories of energy used by the body.
Basal Metabolism Physical Activity Thermogenesis
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake is
Between 20-35%
Which of the following techniques estimates body fat content by measuring the resistance to an electrical current that passes through the body?
Bioelectric impedance analysis
The active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral?
Calcium
Which of the following minerals are involved in bone health?
Calcium Copper Phosphorus
Click and drag to match each description to the appropriate lipoprotein.
Chylomicron: Carries absorbed lipids from the small intestine to body cells VLDL: Carries to body cells mostly triglycerides taken up from the bloodstream by the liver as well as any fat made by the liver LDL: Arises from VLDL and carries mostly cholesterol to cells HDL: Arises mostly from the liver and intestine and carries cholesterol from cells to other lipoproteins and to the liver for excretion Arises mostly from the liver and intestine and carries cholesterol from cells to other lipoproteins and to the liver for excretion
What is the healthiest and safest way to ensure a healthy food intake?
Consume the recommended servings of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
A very high fiber diet may have what impact on mineral absorption?
Decrease mineral absorption
What are some potential drawbacks of an extremely low-fat dietary pattern?
Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins, Impaired immune function, dry, scaly skin
What is the best way to get phytochemicals in the diet?
Eat a variety of whole plant foods
True or false: Natural food sources of minerals put people at significant risk for mineral toxicities.
False Excessive intake of fortified foods or individual mineral supplements pose a much greater risk for toxicity than natural food sources.
True or False: Protein synthesis takes place in the nucleus.
False Protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm.
True or false: Per kilogram of body weight, the RDA for protein is highest during adulthood.
False The RDA for protein is higher during times of growth, like pregnancy and infancy.
True or false: The body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form lipids.
False The body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form proteins.
True or false: During the measurement of bioelectric impedance, greater adipose stores are associated with lower resistance to electrical flow.
False The more the fat (adipose) storage, the more the resistance (impedance) to the flow of electric current.
True or false: The risk of death from chronic diseases is higher in vegetarians.
False Vegetarians have a lower risk of death from chronic diseases.
True or false: tRNA is responsible for transferring DNA from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm.
False tRNA is responsible for bringing specific amino acids to the ribosomes as needed during protein synthesis. mRNA is responsible for transferring DNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
True or false: Lentils (a type of legume) supply ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids.
False Plant proteins don't match our need for essential amino acids as precisely as animal proteins. Many plant proteins are low in one or more of the nine essential amino acids.
Which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?
Fats Carbohydrates
How are trace minerals different from major minerals?
Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more
Although they contain mixtures of various fatty acids, foods are often categorized as particularly rich in either saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Classify the following foods to show the primary type of fatty acid present in that food.
Saturated Fat: Butter, Coconut Oil Monounsaturated Fat: Olive Oil, Peanuts Polyunsaturated Fat: Corn Oil, Sunflower Oil
What information is required on the Supplement Facts label for supplements?
Serving Size % DV Ingredients
The water-soluble vitamins include
The B vitamins vitamin C
The mineral content of plants greatly depends on the following factor?
The mineral concentrations of the soil in which they are grown
What is the recommended intake for phytochemicals?
There is no specific recommendation for phytochemical intake.
How are amino acids similar to carbohydrates and lipids?
They all contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Amino acids also contain nitrogen, which carbohydrates and lipids do not contain.
Which of the following are true about complete protein sources?
They supply all nine essential amino acids. Most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein.
Drag the descriptor to its appropriate lipid classification.
Triglyceride: Can be broken down to yield ~9 kcal/gram Primary storage form of fat in the adipose tissue Phospholipid: Important component of all cell membranes due to its hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail Acts as an emulsifier in fat digestion and absorption.
Which of the following is the primary form of fat in our dietary patterns?
Triglycerides
True or false: Taking high-dose supplements of trace minerals, such as iron, can lead to toxicity and dangerous, potentially life-threatening consequences.
True Excessive iron supplementation can lead to intestinal upset, organ damage, and even death.
True or false: Soy protein is a complete protein, which means it provides all nine essential amino acids.
True Most plant proteins are incomplete proteins, but soy and quinoa do provide all nine essential amino acids.
True or false: Final digestion of amino acid chains takes place in the small intestine.
True The process of protein absorption requires that amino acids be broken down. The final step of this process takes place in the small intestine.
True or false: Using dietary supplement brands approved by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) lessens the risk of consuming supplements contaminated with harmful substances.
True Using dietary supplement brands approved by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) lessens the risk of consuming supplements contaminated with harmful substances.
True or false: In order to meet essential amino acid needs, a vegetarian would need to consume a variety of plant proteins.
True Since vegetarians do not consume animal proteins, they need to eat a variety of plant proteins in order to get the nine essential amino acids that individual plant proteins do not provide.
True or false: From 50% to 70% of a person's body weight comes from water.
True Up to 70% of the body's weight is from water, stored in varying amounts in different tissue types.
When selecting a dietary supplement, the ______ on the package label is an indication that the product has been tested for strength, quality, and purity.
USP symbol
Who has a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and many forms of cancer?
Vegetarians Non-vegetarians are at higher risk of developing chronic diseases. Vegetarians have a lower risk because the foods they eat tend to be healthier for the body.
Which of the following nutrients is the most abundant in the human body?
Water
Which of the following examples explains why the human body can survive without food longer than without water.
We cannot conserve or store water as well as we can the other components of our diet.
Does the FDA have limited resources to police supplement manufacturers?
Yes
Which of the following minerals are involved in antioxidant reactions in the body?
Zinc Selenium Manganese
Current evidence indicates that multivitamin and mineral supplements
are not effective at preventing chronic disease among the general population.
A reliable weight-management program includes three main components: moderate calorie restriction, regular physical activity, and behavior modification. Chain-breaking, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, and self-monitoring are examples of ______.
behavior modification
About 50% to 90% of the water-soluble vitamins in the diet are absorbed, which means they have a relatively high ______.
bioavailability
The degree to which an ingested nutrient such as minerals is absorbed and available to the body is called its
bioavailability.
Direct calorimetry measures ______ while indirect calorimetry measures ______.
body heat, oxygen consumption
Which of the following is considered a dietary supplement?
branched chain amino acids multiple vitamin
The purpose of transfer RNA (tRNA) is to ______.
bring specific amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
A(n) ______ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.
complementary
What is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?
complementary protein
A protein that contains all nine essential amino acids is a(n) ______ protein.
complete high-quality
Which method of calorimetry measures oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production?
indirect calorimetry
Another term to describe essential amino acids is ______.
indispensable
Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?
iron
A high-fiber diet, in excess of current recommendations, can decrease the absorption of ______.
iron zinc
An incomplete or lower-quality protein means that the food
is lacking one more essential amino acids.
A form of protein-calorie malnutrition characterized by a fatty liver and edema in the abdomen is ______.
kwashiorkor
Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies
lack of nutrients. calorie deficiency.
Negative energy balance occurs when energy input is ____ energy output.
less than Negative energy balance means the person is losing weight, positive means they're gaining weight.
The purpose of ______ is to carry the DNA code from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm so that protein synthesis can occur.
mRNA -Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) makes up the ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis within the cell. -Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
The RDA for protein of 0.8 grams/kilogram of body weight is designed to ______.
maintain protein equilibrium in adults
Based on current evidence, the National Institutes of Health
makes no recommendation, neither for nor against, use of multivitamin and mineral supplements.
Protein turnover is a process by which a cell can respond to its changing environment by ______.
making proteins disassembling proteins
A behavioral strategy that involves becoming aware of and enjoying the entire eating experience - from the origins of the food to the effects it has on the body - is called
mindful eating.
Novelty diets that exclude a food group or include only one or two foods are based on _____.
no scientific merit
If we do not get an amino acid from the food we eat but our body is able to make it, it is considered a(n) __ amino acid.
nonessential, dispensable
A(n) ______ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.
nonessential. An essential amino acid is one that we must get from the foods we eat as our bodies do not make them.
Choose the factors that will influence the bioavailability (absorbability) of a mineral.
nutritional status and diet age and gender genetic variables
Amino acid needs should be met
over the course of the day. Due to the fact that amino acids are stored in the body cells and blood, needs do not need to be met at each meal. They are needed over the day to support protein synthesis
Choose the ways in which water is lost from the body.
perspiration feces urine respiration
Stimulating the immune system, reducing inflammation, reducing oxidative damage to cells, and activating insulin receptors are some of the functions of _____.
phytochemicals
The two categories of functional foods are ______.
phytochemicals zoochemicals
Soil conditions can affect the mineral concentration in ______ products.
plant Soil conditions have less of an influence on the mineral content of animal products because livestock consume a variety of plant products with different mineral contents.
In order to meet essential amino acid needs, a variety of ______ proteins need to be consumed.
plant Since animal proteins provide the essential amino acids, a variety is not necessary. Individual plant proteins do not meet essential amino acid requirements so a variety of plant proteins need to be consumed in order to meet the body's needs.
When a person's energy input is greater than his energy output, that person is in ______ energy balance.
positive Negative energy balance occurs when the person is expending or burning more calories than he is consuming.
Monitoring the color of urine is a good way to ______.
prevent dehydration
The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ____ of nutrients.
processing absorption digestion
Amino acids are the building blocks of
protein
For a person at a healthy weight, which macronutrient provides the least amount of energy during a day?
protein lipids provide the most
The function of a protein is determined by the
protein's shape
The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form
proteins
protein transport
refers to the movement of substances through body fluids and across cell membranes. This is often a function of proteins.
Adaptive thermogenesis refers to
regulation of body temperature within narrow limits.
As perspiration evaporates, heat energy is
released from the body
"Yo-yo" dieting refers to
repeated cycles of weight loss followed by weight regain.
When assessing a person's metabolic rate, the ______ metabolic rate is calculated if the individual has not fasted and/or not rested for 12 hours prior to the test.
resting Basal metabolic rate should be assessed upon waking (i.e., completely rested) after a 12-hour fast.
Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA travels to the ______ where the mRNA code is read and translated to produce a specific protein.
ribosomes
If water intake exceeds the kidneys' processing ability, _____ and _____ can result.
sodium dilution in the blood overhydration
Where does the digestion of protein begin?
stomach
Chemical digestion of proteins takes place in the
stomach and small intestine The enzymes produced by the salivary glands digest starches and lipids, but not proteins.
What mechanisms are monitored to maintain the appropriate fluid balance in the body?
the concentration of solutes in the body fluids blood pressure
Protein Transcription
the step of protein synthesis in which the DNA code is copied onto mRNA for transport to the cytoplasm.
protein translation
the step of protein synthesis in which the information transmitted by mRNA is used to determine the sequence of amino acids.
Which of the following contributes the least to the calories that are used each day by the body? thermogenesis basal metabolism physical activity
thermogenesis
The first physical sign of dehydration is
thirst Once a person is thirsty, he is already about a quart low in water so thirst is not a reliable measure of hydration Fatigue results after fluid depletion of about 4% of body weight. Dizziness results after fluid depletion of about 6% of body weight. Some people may mistake the sensation of thirst for hunger, but hunger is not a sign of dehydration.
Taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of ______ occur.
toxicity
The purpose of the messenger RNA (mRNA) is to _____.
transfer the DNA code for a specific protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Protein ______ is the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time.
turnover
Water is lost from the body via several routes. Typically, the largest component of water output is
urine.
The thermic effect of food is the calories ______.
used to digest the food you eat
A person who eats only plant foods is called a
vegan
A(n) ______ is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes.
vegan A lactoovovegetarian will eat dairy products and eggs. A lactovegetarian consumes dairy products.
A(n) ______ is an organic compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body.
vitamin
If you consume above the RDA of the water-soluble vitamins, the excesses are excreted from the body. Which two water-soluble vitamins are not excreted and stored in the liver?
vitamin B-6 vitamin B-12
Serving as a coolant, lubricant, and solvent are all functions of ______.
water
Hyponatremia occurs when too much ______ is consumed.
water If water intake far exceeds the kidneys' ability to process and excrete urine, overhydration and sodium dilution in the blood will result.
Hyponatremia
when sodium becomes diluted due to consuming too much fluid, not too much sodium
What is the name for health-promoting compounds found in animal food?
zoochemical
