NUTR 3362 exam 2

various methods of measuring body comp

Underwater weighing (most accurate/most expensive) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA): low energy xrays to scan entire body gives detailed picture Air displacement: volume of a person's body, BOD POD measures the volume of air in the chamber and compares to when there was a body Bioelectrical impedance - electricity/ water and electrolytes Skinfold thickness

examples of digestible carbohydrates

amylose amylopectin glycogen

About a year ago, Monica decided to save money by feeding her 2 month-old baby a homemade formula prepared with fat-free milk, corn syrup, and a vitamin/mineral supplement. Within a few months, her baby lost its hair and developed scaly skin. According to the baby's physician, the child was not growing properly. Based on this information, Monica's baby probably has an essential fatty acid deficiency. lactose intolerance. an allergy to cholesterol. chronic phospholipidemia.

an essential fatty acid deficiency

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines, _____ is a nutrient of public health concern. dietary fiber glucose lactose maltodextrin

dietary fiber

non-nutritive sweeteners

does not provide cal sweeter than sucrose Saccharin (sweet N low) Stevia (Truvia) Aspartame (Equal) Sucralose (Splenda)

phospholipids act as _________ in the digestive system

emulsifiers

whole grain (3 parts)

endosperm (starch), bran and germ

An optimal lipid profile has high levels of HDL cholesterol and low levels of LDL cholesterol. Which of the following is a heart healthy way to raise HDL cholesterol? Can select more than one correct response. Choosing more saturated fats, such as butter. Choosing more trans fats, such as shortening. Exercising regularly. Losing excess body fat.

exercising regularly losing excess body fat Saturated fatty acids increase HDL, but also raise LDL, so the overall effect is not heart healthy. Trans fat consumption raises LDL but not HDL levels. Exercising regularly and moderate alcohol consumption both raise HDL.

Because animals store glycogen in their muscles, meat, fish, and poultry are good sources of the complex carbohydrate. T/F?

false Although muscles contain glycogen, most animal foods (for example, meat or the flesh of fish and poultry) are not sources of this complex carbohydrate because muscle glycogen breaks down soon after an animal dies.

effects of insulin (post prandial) and glucagon (fasting)

insulin: fed state hormone - lowers blood sugar when it's high glucagon: fast state hormone, raises blood sugar when it's low

classifications of lipids

length, saturation and hydrogen position

sources of omega 6

meat, poultry, eggs Corn oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, sunflower seeds, and pecans, Safflower oil, hemp oil, primrose oil, oats, barley, spirulina,

Male, waist circumference 29 inches, fasting blood sugar 78 mg/dL, triglycerides 105 mg/dL, HDL 35 mg/dL, blood pressure 110/9 mmHg

not metabolic syndrome

Male, waist circumference 44 inches, fasting blood sugar 95 mg/dL, triglycerides 135 mg/dL, HDL 30 mg/dL, blood pressure 120/80 mmHg

not metabolic syndrome

unsaturated fats in foods

olive oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, nuts, avocados, fish oils that come from plants are high in mono and poly unsat.

essential fatty acid

omega 6 - needed to LDL ; linoleic acid omega 3 - needed for DHA and EPA ; alpha-linoleic acid

name the fatty acid: linoleic acid needed to make AA

omega-6 fatty acid typical in american diet

In people with type I diabetes who are not being treated for the condition, blood sugar levels remain high for several hours after eating a meal because their body's cells resist the action of insulin. liver releases too much insulin. parathyroid glands are not functioning properly. pancreas does not make and release insulin.

pancreas does not make and release insulin.

Safflower oil -- high linoleic and Fatty fish are examples of what type of fat?

polyunsaturated fat

refined grain

processed, only starch remains, removes vitamins and minerals

Fiber increases fecal (stool) size and softness:

promotes colon health

nutritive sweeteners

provides cals sucrose Natural: Raw sugar, honey, molasses Natural but refined: Table sugar, maple syrup, processed honey.

saturated fatty acid

saturated w hydrogen

nonnutritive sweetener (no cals)

sucralose acesulfame-K

disaccharide simple sugars

sucrose, lactose and maltose

nutritive sweeteners (has calories)

sugar corn syrup polydextrose sorbitol maltodextrin

name the fatty acid: contains partially- hydrogenated unsaturated fatty acids double bond has it's hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the molecule

trans fatty acid

Paulina would like to increase her intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Which of the following foods is the best source of EPA and DHA? Walnuts Flaxseed oil Tuna Cheddar cheese

tuna Certain fatty fish are rich sources of DHA and EPA, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.

types of diabetes

type 1 - genetics; pancreas doesn't produce insulin type 2 - diet, body doesn't recognize molecules gestational - when pregnant

monounsaturated fatty acid

1 double carbon bond

blood sugar

concentration of glucose in blood

RMR?

post prandial 6% above BMR

Fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion:

reduces cardiovascular disease

name the fatty acid: each carbon atom in this fatty acid's carbon chain has two hydrogens primary type of fatty acid in beef and butter fat

saturated fatty acid

The two major kinds of carbohydrates are

simple and complex carbohydrates.

Fiber plays an important role in bowel health; a diet that is low in fiber leads to HARD FECES THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO ELIMINATE DURING BOWEL MOVEMENTS

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If excessive straining occurs during defecation, the anal veins can swell, causing HEMMORRHOIDS

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Nutrients generally have more than one role in the body. In many instances, however, a nutrient has a very important or primary role. The primary role of glucose is to PROVIDE ENERGY for cellular metabolism.

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People gain body fat when their total intake of kilocalories from MACRONUTRIENTS and the nonnutrient ALCOHOL exceeds their energy needs.

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The body converts some of the monosaccharide GLUCOSE into fat, but much of the excess is burned for energy.

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The primary sources of added sugars in the typical American diet are REGULAR SOFT DRINKS

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When there is a lack of recycled bile salts, the LIVER uses CHOLESTEROL from the bloodstream to make new BILE

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When these pouches are painfully inflamed, the condition is known as DIVERTICULITIS

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plants need WATER AND SUNLIGHT to make carbohydrates

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Female, waist circumference 34 inch, fasting blood sugar 110 mg/dL, triglycerides 100 mg/dL, HDL 45 mg/dL, blood pressure 135/90 mmHG does she have a metabolic syndrome?

Metabolic Syndrome

Arteriosclerosis

a heathy artery allows blood to flow freely through it if inflammation occurs the smooth lining is damage cholesterol-containing plaque builds up blood clots form that can block blood flow

Which of the following structures stores triglycerides in the form of fat droplets?

adipose cell

DRA of lipids

avoid: trans-fat, added sugar and high salt (sodium) increase: fruits, veggies, fiber, potassium, omega-3s, plant sterols

sources of omega 3

fish, grass-fed beef, Flaxseeds, canola oil, soybean oil, pumpkin seeds, tofu, walnuts, marine phytoplankton, chia seeds, designer eggs,

calculate BMI?

lbs/inches^2 x703

BMR?

minimum amount to stay alive 60-70% of energy expenditure

Female, waist circumference 42 inches, fasting blood sugar 145 mg/dL, triglycerides 200 mg/dL, HDL 65 mg/dL, blood pressure 132/92 mmHg does she have a metabolic syndrome?

yes; she has a metabolic syndrome

A low-fiber diet can contribute to infrequent bowel movements, which is a condition called CONSTIPATION

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According to the Dietary Guidelines (2015-2020), people should limit their intake of SATURATED FATTY ACIDS to less than 10% of total calories, and keep TRANS FAT AND CHOLESTEROL intakes as low as possible.

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High pressure inside the large intestine during bowel movements can cause small pouches called DIVERTICULA to protrude through the intestinal wall.

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If SOLUBLE fiber is present in chyme, it can interfere with the recycling of used bile salts. As a result, the used bile salts are ELIMINATED in FECES

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To fulfill such recommendations, diets should emphasize the CONSUMPTION OF FISH, NUTS AND VEGETABLE OILS

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Used bile salts are absorbed in the SMALL INTESTINE. After being absorbed, the used bile salts enter the LIVER. This organ recycles the bile salts to make new BILE

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BMI: obese

30-39.9 kg

fiber intake men

38g/day

Beef and Butter are examples of what type of fat?

Saturated

Jennifer is not aware that she has type II diabetes. Her blood sugar level remains high after a meal because her has type II diabetes. Her blood sugar level remains high after a meal because her body does not store enough glycogen to meet her needs. intestinal cells are damaged. pancreas releases too much insulin. cells do not respond to insulin.

cells do not respond to insulin.

examples of non-digestible carbohydrates

cellulose gums pecins mucilages

name that component: used to make bile and certain hormones multi-ringed lipid that is a major component of cell membranes

cholesterol

sterols

cholesterol, steroid hormones, vitamin D FUNCTION: hormones, fat absorption (bile) and cell membranes

greatest to lowest % of saturated fatty acids: canola, palm, coconut, olive oil and butter

coconut oil butter palm oil olive oil canola oil

What is TRUE about alcohol

drinking alcohol on an empty stomach speeds up the rate at which alcohol enters the bloodstream when compared to drinking after eating generally speaking, a woman who is of comparable size to a man will get drunk more quickly when she consumes the same amount of alcohol binge drinking is classified as 5 or more drinks per about 2hrs for males and 4 or more drinks per about 2hrs for females

high to low cholesterol: beef, turkey dark meat, salmon (all 3 0z) whole milk 1 cup and egg yolk 1 egg

egg yolk beef salmon turkey dark meat whole milk

Lana forgot to buy mayonnaise, but she found a recipe for the spread at a website. The recipe's ingredients include olive oil, salt, vinegar, egg yolks, paprika and black pepper. Which of the ingredients is an emulsifier? Salt Egg yolks Vinegar Olive oil

egg yolks Lecithin is used as an emulsifier; an emulsifier is a compound that can suspend fat in water.

Chylomicron

Carries absorbed lipids away from the intestinal tract

BMI: overweight

25.0-29.9 kg

fiber intake for women

25g/day

Sucrose = glucose + ?

fructose

amylase

Begins the breakdown of starch in the mouth correct

monosaccharide simple sugars

fructose, glucose, and galactose

HDL

transport cholesterol from cells and to the liver

BMI: underweight

18.5kg and below

sucrase

Breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose correct

examples of galactose

From milk Metabolize glucose

Lactose = glucose +

Galactose

insulin

allows cells to take in glucose

fasting blood sugar test

below 80 - hypoglycemia 80-100 normal 100-125 prediabetes 126 and above is diabetes

name the fatty acid: alpha-linolenic acid needed to make DHA and EPA

omega-3 fatty acid essential

two types of IBD?

crohn's - causes inflammation; begins in small intestine ulcer colitis - causes irritation; begins in rectum

Oxidized LDL

Contains damaged LDL that transports cholesterol into arterial lining

Kunnan is a healthy 24-year-old male. What happens in his body after he eats a meal? Drag the labels to complete each sentence and then place the sentences in the correct order.

1. Kunnan's blood glucose level increases. 2. Kunnan's beta cells in the pancreas release insulin. 3. Kunnan's cells allow glucose to enter them. 4. Kunnan's blood glucose level decreases to normal levels.

RDA of saturated fatty acid

10%

polyunsaturated fatty acid

2 or more double carbon bonds

RDA of unsaturated fatty acid

20-35%

BMI: extreme obsese

40 and above

Marcus has decided to reduce his fat intake to gradually lose some excess body fat. If he follows an 1,800 kcal/day diet and maintains his percentage of fat intake within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range, how many grams of fat per day should he consume? 40-70 grams of fat per day 40-75 grams of fat per day 360-630 grams of fat per day 47-82 grams of fat per day

40-70 grams of fat per day AMDR for fat is 20-35% of calories: 1,800 kcal × 0.2-0.35 = 360-630 kcal from fat 360-630 kcal from fat divided by 9 kcal per gram fat = 40-70 grams fat per day

explanation for metabolic syndrome

A person qualifies as having metabolic syndrome if he or she has three or more of the following criteria: waist circumference greater than or equal to 40 inches in men or 35 inches in women; hypertension, defined as greater than or equal to 130 mm Hg systolic (upper value) or greater than or equal to 85 mm Hg diastolic (lower value), or taking medication to treat hypertension; triglycerides greater than or equal to 150 mg/dl or taking medication to treat high triglycerides; low HDL, defined as less than 40 mg/dl for men or less than 50 mg/dl for women, or taking medication to treat low HDL; fasting blood glucose of greater than or equal to 100 mg/dl or taking medication to treat elevated glucose.

lactase

Breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose correct

maltase

Breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose correct

LDL

Carries most of the cholesterol in the bloodstream and transports cholesterol to cells

Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. She recognizes the importance of consuming adequate dietary calcium, but does not want to further aggravate her gastrointestinal system. Select all of the dietary practices that can help Lisa meet her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms: Eat aged cheeses and yogurt. Drink low-lactose or lactase-treated milk, such as Lactaid®. Drink milk on an empty stomach. Drink calcium-fortified soy milk. Take lactase pills before eating or drinking dairy foods.

Eat aged cheeses and yogurt. Drink low-lactose or lactase-treated milk, such as Lactaid®. Drink calcium-fortified soy milk. Take lactase pills before eating or drinking dairy foods. Drinking milk, especially in large amounts, can aggravate symptoms of lactose intolerance. Choosing low-lactose and lactose-free foods, such as aged cheeses, yogurt, or soy milk, is a good way to obtain calcium without causing gastrointestinal distress.Taking a lactase pill or treating foods with lactase before eating them will assist the breakdown of lactose in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby alleviating symptoms of lactose intolerance.

Lipids have many functions in the body as well as in foods. Select all of the statements that are true. Essential fatty acids must be supplied by food. Subcutaneous fat stores triglycerides and helps keep the body warm. Phospholipids are the "building blocks" for various proteins in the body. Phospholipids are a major component of plasma membranes. Phospholipids such as lecithin serve as antioxidants in foods. Cholesterol is used to make certain hormones. Triglycerides supply 7 kcal/g. Cholesterol provides 9 kcal/g.

Essential fatty acids must be supplied by food. Subcutaneous fat stores triglycerides and helps keep the body warm. Phospholipids are a major component of plasma membranes. Cholesterol is used to make certain hormones.

examples of sucrose

Fruit, honey, beet sugar, sugar cane, table sugar Nutritive sweetners (has calories) Table sugar, cane juice, honey maple syrup, agave nectar

examples of glucose

Fruit, honey, corn syrup HFCS Starches, glycogen, dextrose, high sugar

examples of fructose

Fruits, honey, HFCS Metabolize glucose

Known CVD risk factor

HDL cholesterol = 31 mg/dL Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels Smoking Inactivity

Olive oil and Peanut Butter are examples of what type of fat?

Monounsaturated Fat

Not a known CVD risk factor

Total blood cholesterol = 176 mg/dL Total cholesterol: HDL cholesterol ratio = 3:1 Blood trigylceride levels of 130 mg/dL

Regina is a 22-year-old college student who plays on her school's soccer team. Her coach invited a registered dietitian to talk to the team about sports nutrition. The RD recommended minimizing intake of trans fatty acids from processed and packaged foods, but she explained that some trans fats occur naturally. What foods have naturally occurring trans fatty acids? a. Pastries, pies, and cookies b. Potatoes, rice, and corn c. Beef, whole milk, and butter d. Nuts, seeds, and avocados

beef, whole milk and butter Whole milk and whole milk products, butter, and meat naturally contain small amounts of trans fats. However, processed foods and margarines contribute about 80% of the trans fat in the American diet.

AMDR

carbs 40-65 lipid 20-35 protein 10-35

VLDL

carries only about 15% of the cholesterol in the bloodstream but carries the largest share of the triglycerides

HAES listening guide summary

focused on health 3 main things encouraged: Eating flexible manner, values pleasure Finding joy in your body - being active Accepting/respecting body image BMI used as a screening tool Causation = action before of something & Correlation = a connection 2 yr follow up: Dieting increased weight gain Creates the problem Puts pressure on kids, kids who diet 8x more likely to binge eat Dieting 10 yr study - over half of the girls were dieting in there teen years = increased weight gain and binge eating

Maltose = glucose + ?

glucose

Fiber increases satiety:

helps promote weight loss

trans fatty acids

hydrogens are on opposite sides

cis unsaturated fatty acid

hydrogens are on the same side (mono and poly)

factors that increase BMR

increased muscle mass, body temperature (fever increases metabolism), excess thyroid hormone, periods of growth, tall height, lactation, exercise/exercise recovery, stimulant drugs (caffeine), stress

Heart disease has both preventable and non-preventable risk factors that contribute to its development. All of the following are lifestyle risk factors for heart disease EXCEPT: increasing age. drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. smoking cigarettes. eating a low-fiber, high-saturated-fat diet. being physically inactive.

increasing age