nutr final
what is the toxicity of B6?
Severe neurological problems: difficulty walking, numbness in hands and feet, supplements fro PMS, depression and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Identify the most common trace mineral deficiency in the world. What is the trace mineral? Describe the deficiency
iron (fe)
list 3 vitamins that are made/produced by intestinal bacteria
Vitamin K, biotin, b12?
describe how the body respons to high blood calcium?
Low PTH and increased calcitonin thyroid → 1) small intestine decreased Ca absorption. 2) kidneys -increased Ca excretion. 3) Bones- increase bone cells by forming osteoblasts. Less PTH produced•Less Vitamin D converted to calcitriol •Thyroid gland releases calcitonin•Decreases calcium resorption from bone•Decreases calcium absorption in small intestine
How does does vit D turn into a hormone?
Low calcium triggers PTH to activate vit D cholecalciferol. ??
define chelator. Name some examples of chelators
Chelators bind iron/block absorption: phytates= spinach, veg, grains and seeds Polyphenols =tea, coffee, wine.
Describe the role of folate and Vitamin B12 in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine.
In folate this reaction transfers a methyl group from 5-methyl THF to homocysteine, providing the body with both THF (active folate) and the essential amino acid methionine. The reaction also requires vitamin , which accepts the methyl group from 5-methyl THF and transfers it to homocysteine. Because the production of methionine from homocysteine requires both folate and vitamin , a deficiency in either of these B vitamins results in the accumulation of homocysteine. B12- During the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, the inactive form of folate (5-methyl THF) is converted to its active form (THF). Without adequate vitamin , homocysteine levels build up in the blood, "trapping" folate in its inactive 5-methyl THF form. In this way, vitamin deficiency can cause secondary folate deficiency. Methionine is essential for methionatal reactions Inadequate folate and B12 can lead to the accumulation of homocysteine and high homocysteine is associated with increased risk for heart disease.
define hemoglobin and myoglobin functions
In red blood cells and it transports oxygen to the cells of the blood
what is the link between vitamin b6, b12, and folic acid with elevated homocysteine levels and coronary heart disease?
Inadequate folate and B12 can lead to the accumulation of homocysteine and high homocysteine is associated with increased risk for heart disease. ???
when does vit E deficiency occur?
Infants fed formulas with inadequate vitamin E•Genetic abnormalities•Diseases causing fat malabsorption symptoms: hemolytic anemia (rupturing of red blood cells) neuromuscular problems, loss of coordination, muscular pain
what happens with deficiency as well as excess chloride intake?
Infats and children- diarrhea and vomiting athletes - endurance sports symptoms: nausea, dizziness, muscle cramps, coma
What is required for the absorption of vitamin b12
Intrinsic factor. B12 binds intrinsic factor in the duodenum. Once B12 binds to transcobalamin it circulates b12 to liver via blood and stored in liver for a long time.
Define fortification
nutrients added during the processing that are lost and can also be additional ones.
define enrichment and what are the nutrients
type of fortification of select nutrients at FDA specified levels. tHIAMIN, NIACIN, RIBOFLAVIN, FOLATE AND IRON
define osteopenia
Moderate loss of bone mass (demineralization)•
what are the recommendations for the different food groups in the DASH diet?
whole grains: 6-8 servings fruits and veg: 4-5 servings low fat yog: 2-3 protein- 6oz or fewer fats/oil: 2-3 servings sodium: 1500mg nuts/seeds: 4-5/week sweet: 5 or less/week salt free - less than 5 mg per serving very low salt: less than 35 mg sodium per serve low salt: less than 140 mg sodium per serve
common name for vitamin D
Calcitriol 2 formrs: ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol
Identify 2 minerals used in bone ossification as a part of the crystalline structure, hydroxyapatite.
Calcium and phosphate phosphorus, along with calcium, is required to form hydroxyapatite —the mineral matrix making up bones and teeth.
How does night blindness occur? What are all the signs and symptoms of VADD (Vit A deficiency)
-Vit A deficiency: signs & sympt: night blindness., xerophthalmia(damages the cornea, dry eyes and scarring, blindness), hyperkeratosis(skin and nails overproduce keratin -rough and scaly). -Caused by inadequate amounts of retinal needed to re-form rhodopsin for night vision.
List the vitamins that function primarily as antioxidants. Explain the role in detail of each of these antioxidant vitamins in disease prevention.
-Vitamin C - helps donate electrons to free radicals to prevent damage and to recharge enzymes -Consuming Vit C increases bioavailability of iron, copper, chromium
RDA for calcium
1,000 mg/day for adults. 1,200 mg/day for 51 for women and 71 years of age for men upper intake level is 2300 mg.day until age 51 then decreases to 2,000 mg/day
what amount of trace minerals is required in the body daily?
100mg daily of trace minerals
Common name Vit E and what is its biologically active form?
A-tocopherol
Common name for vitamin E
A-tocopherol
List 4 minerals used in the DASH study. What was the function of each of these minerals in controlling BP
ASK: Sodium - fluid balance, muscle contraction, nerve function (1500 mg/day) Chloride-fluid balance, protein digestion, carbon dioxide removal lungs Potassium-helps regulate BP, fluid balance, nerve and muscle function, cofactor for energy metabolism Calcium-regulates blood glucose, needed for blood clotting, muscle and nerve function, cell differentiation.
how does absorption change with age?
Absorption decreases with age (>50)
renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
Aldosterone •Hormone produced by adrenal glands in response to low blood sodium and angiotensin II •Renin•Enzyme produced in kidneys in response to low blood pressure; converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I •Angiotensinogen•Inactive protein made by liver, converted by renin into angiotensin I •Angiotensin II - Protein derived from angiotensin I in the lungs•Stimulates aldosterone release
what are the functions of potassium
An important intracellular cation - helps lower blood pressure •Potatoes, legumes, seafood, dairy products, meat, fruits/vegetables Electrolyte•Works with Na and Cl to maintain fluid balance•Muscle function •Especially heart function•Nerve function •Energy metabolism
Common name for Vit C Function Deficiency coenzymes Functions of coenzymes
Ascorbic acid Antioxidant - gives over an electron to recharge enzymes and for quenching free radicals. "Recharging" enzymes that synthesize carnitine, make tyrosine from phenylalanine, synthesize neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin, synthesize hormones cholecystokinin and gastrin. Collagen synthesis Tyrosine, neurotransmitter, and hormone synthesis Protection from free radicals. Only water soluble vitamin that does not have coenzyme or act with metabolism. Deficiency can cause a sometimes-deadly condition called scurvy. Signs and symptoms include bleeding gums, skin irritations, bruising and poor wound healing, many of which are due to inadequate collagen products.
what are the roles of phosphorus in the body
Associated with virtually all body structures it is needed for the structure of biological membranes (such as those surrounding cells) and is critical for the transport of lipids in the body via lipoproteins. In addition, phosphorus is a component of each cell's genetic material (DNA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), making this mineral essential for protein synthesis and energy metabolism. Phosphorus-containing compounds also help maintain the blood's pH (acid-base balance) by acting as buffers that accept and donate hydrogen ions . Phosphorus is also involved in hundreds of metabolic reactions in the body. In these reactions, phosphate groups are transferred from one molecule to another, producing "phosphorylated" molecules. Some molecules are activated when they are phosphorylated, whereas others are inactivated. Finally, phosphorus, along with calcium, is required to form hydroxyapatite —the mineral matrix making up bones and teeth.
Identify the B vitamin involved in amino acid metabolism
B1-THIAMIN B2-RIBOFLAVIN B3-NIACIN B5-PANTOTHENIC ACID B6-PYRIDOXINE B7-BIOTIN B9-FOLATE B12-COBALAMIN
Which water soluble vitamins can be stored and retained in the body for long periods of time?
B6 pyridoxine, B12 cobalamin,
Common name for Vit B7 Function Deficiency coenzymes Functions of coenzymes
Biotin Coenzyme in carboxylation reactions Energy metabolism (carboxylation) Regulation of gene expression Synthesized by intestinal bacteria the bioavailability of biotin is reduced by food containing the protein avidin. Uncommon but can occur. It can be caused by medical conditions that impair nutrient absorption and some genetic disorders. Sign and symptoms include depression, hallucinations, loss of muscle control, seizures, infections, developmental delays in infants, and skin irritations
list roles of water in the body
Classified as a macronutrient, water acts as a biological solvent, serves as a chemical reactant in biochemical reactions, and helps regulate body temperature.
Common name for Vit B12 Function Deficiency coenzymes Functions of coenzymes
Cobalamin Catalyzes production of succinyl-CoA•Allows body to use amino acids and fatty acids for ATP production•Catalyzes conversion of homocysteine to methionine •Helps convert folate to active form Vitamin B12 deficiency results from low intake or poor absorption•In vegans•In breastfed infants of B12-deficient mothers •alcoholics•Secondary deficiency occurs when gastric cells stop producing intrinsic factor or HCl•In elderly Pernicious anemia•Autoimmune disease caused by vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor •Must receive injections of B12•Signs and symptoms•Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, numbness, memory loss, severe neurological disturbances
define tetany
Condition in which muscles tighten and are unable to relax •Caused by calcium insufficiency combined with disease and medication
what happens with deficiency as well as excess sodium intake
Deficiencies of sodium: (NaCl) Muscle cramps Nausea Dizziness Coma Fluid loss: Urine Seat Breath High sodium can lead to hypertension.
deficiency of potassium
Deficiency caused by •Diarrhea and vomiting (bulimia nervosa)•Diuretics•Hypokalemia Symptoms •Muscle weakness, constipation, irritability, confusion •In severe cases: irregular heart function, decreased blood pressure, difficulty breathing
what is vitamin D deficiency and toxicity?
Deficiency: rickets in infants and children - improper bone mineralization. Rickets is deformed bone in children especially in legs osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults - poor bone mineralization and increased demineralization In secondary vit D deficiency may be related to alzheimers disease disease: oversupplementaion affects function of nervous system promotes bone loss and can cause death -hypercalcemia - deposits of calcium in soft tissues -hypercalciuria - can cause kidney stones
describe how the body respond to high blood phosphorus
During periods of high blood phosphorus, calcitonin stimulates the bone-building activity of osteoblasts. The osteoblasts in turn take up phosphorus from the blood, thus helping lower blood phosphorus back to healthy levels.
what happens with excess calcium intake
Excess calcium intake can cause calcium deposition in soft tissue that can lead to kidney stones •Interference with nutrient absorption •Iron, zinc
functions of sodium
Fluid balance, muscle contraction, nerve function 1500 mg/day (2000 mg = 1 tsp )
Common name for Vit B9 Function Deficiency coenzymes Functions of coenzymes
Folate Coenzyme (THF) Single-carbon transfers Amino acid metabolism DNA and RNA synthesis Growth and repair of all body tissues, especially fetal growth Avidin: Protein in raw egg whites that binds to biotin, making it Folate deficiency was common before foods were enriched and fortified•Now, occurs most often in:•alcoholics, people with intestinal diseases, people taking certain medications ( cholestyramine, phenytoin), elderly•Folate supplements can mask a B12 deficit!!!! Mild folate deficiency results in a variety of symptoms including fatigue, weakness, irregular heart function and headaches. Severe folate deficiency causes a condition called megaloblastic macrocytic anemia.
what are the connections between b12 and folate? what can occur if a person with macrocytic anemia due to b12 deficiency takes folate supplements?
Folate deficiency can mask vitamin B12deficiency•Misdiagnosing vitamin B12 deficiency as folate deficiency is dangerous
Choline Function Deficiency coenzymes Functions of coenzymes
Function: Synthesizes phospholipids (such as lecithin), lipoproteins and makes AcCoA. Needed for muscle control and act single carbon doners. Phospholipid synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis. Deficiency: Rare but some deficiencies can result to liver damage in adult men. Excess: fishy odor, excess perspiration, salivation, low blood glucose, liver damage. Coenzymes:
Vitamin A - functions and HOW it is involved in the process
Growth reproduction, vision. cell differentiation, reproduction, maintaining health immune system, bone health. -needed for eyesight and much more. -Provitamin A carotenoids. Retinol is the most biologically active form of vitamin A. -retinol is for reproduction -retinal is for vision -retinoic acid - growth cell differentiation and embryonic growth.
Functions of vitamin K
Helps with carboxylation reaction. Vitamin K acts as a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions needed for blood clotting (coagulation) •Vitamin K catalyzes carboxylation of proteins needed for bone and tooth formation
forms of iron that are best absorbed
Heme iron•Bound to a heme group•Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes•In shellfish, beef, poultry •Nonheme iron•In green leafy vegetables, mushrooms, legumes, enriched grains•~85% of dietary iron
role of hepcidin in regulating low and high iron status in the body
Hepcidin is a hormone, produced by the liver in response to high levels of iron in the body, that helps regulate iron status by decreasing iron uptake by the intestine. High levels of hepcidin lead to decreased production of iron-transporting proteins, whereas low levels increase their production.
list the functions of chloride
Major mineral important for fluid balance, protein digestion (HCl), and carbon dioxide removal in lungs
what is the body's response to dehydration
Mental confusion Decreased motor control and ability to engage in exercise Difficulty with short and long term memory Decreased attention span Inability to maintain healthy body temp, especially when exercising Increased risk for urinary tract infections fatigue Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)•Hormone produced in the pituitary gland and released during periods of low blood volume•Stimulates kidneys to decrease urine production to conserve water •Constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure•Stimulates renin production
how many enzymes reactions is magnesium involved in?
More than 300 chemical reactions - most notably those involved in dna and rna metabolism ad also influence nerve and muscle function, especially in heart tissue.
common name for Vit B3 Function Deficiency coenzymes Functions of coenzymes
Niacin Needed to make ATP•Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) •Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) Coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ help catalyze energy metabolism•Fatty acid breakdown, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain•NAD is necessary for catabolism of carbohydrate, pprotein, fat & alcohol.•NADPH + H+ helps:•synthesize many compounds (anabolic reactions) i.e. fatty acid synthesis•metabolize vitamin C, folate deficiency: Pellegra- diets low in niacin and tryptophan can be at risk. Symptoms include dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death. (referred to as the '4 D's'). Also causes neurological problems including dementia, depression, anxiety, irritability, and inability to concentrate. Pellagra worsens with sun exposure
Carnitine Function Deficiency coenzymes Functions of coenzymes
Not essential for adults but conditionally essential for infants. Human milk provides high amounts of carnitine. Function: Carnitine is essential for the body's use of fatty acids for ATP production. Deficiency: Rare but it can occur in some genetic conditions, resulting in muscle weakness, hypoglycemia, heart irregularities. Carnitine deficiency is rare even in vegans who consume very little dietary carnitine. coenzymes: eggs, liver, pork, legumes, fish
Common name for Vit B5 Function Deficiency coenzymes Functions of coenzymes
Pantothenic acid Coenzymes (CoA) Energy metabolism Heme synthesis Cholesterol, fatty acids, steroid, and phospholipid synthesis Found in almost every plant and animal tissue. Burning feet syndrome. Deficiencies are rare since they are found in almost all foods. Burning feet syndrome implies a tingling in the feet and legs as well as fatigue, weakness and nausea.
describe how the body responds to low blood calcium?
Parathyroid(PTH) → activates vitamin D in two step activation process: Vit D3 → liver 25(OH)D3 → kidneys 1,25(OH)D3 calcitriol → 1) increased gene expression increased calbindin and calcium absorption 2) Kidneys - decreased calcium excretion 3) bones - increases osteoclasts to release calcium. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) released •Stimulates conversion of inactive form of vitamin D to calcitriol •Increases calcium reabsorption in kidneys•Increases resorption from bones to blood •Calcitriol stimulates calbindin production•Transport protein, assists calcium absorption
common name for vitamin K
Phylloquinone (K1) mENAQUINONE (K2) Menadione (K3)
identify the different forms of vitamin K found in food, bacteria or produced commercially
Phylloquinone - k1 - food and supplements menaquinone k2 - produced by bacteria in large intestine menadione k3 - produced commercially
What are some free radicals that people can be exposed to?
Pollution, sun tanning, cigarette smoke, cellular metabolism
what factors inhibit calcium absorption?
The presence of oxalate and phytate compounds can bind (chelate) calcium in the intestine, hindering absorption. Oxalates are found in cocoa, tea, and many vegetables, including green beans, Brussel sprouts, collard greens and spinach.
Identify 2 or more carotenoids and explain its function for a healthy body
Pro-vitamin carotenoids are ones that can be converted to vitamin A. Most common is beta-carotene(forms retinal). Carotenoids that cannot be converted to vitamin A are called non provitamin A carotenoids. These include lycopene, astaxanthin, zeazanthin, and lutein. They are phytochemicals. Non provitamin A can act as an antioxidant with cancers, etc, helps immune system. Decreased risk for cancers and heart disease (lycopene, lutein), decreased risk for macular degeneration (lutein, zeaxanthin)
Common name for Vit B6 Function Deficiency coenzymes Functions of coenzymes
Pyridoxine Coenzyme (PLP) Amino acid metabolism (transamination) Neurotransmitter and hemoglobin synthesis Glycogenesis Regulation of steroid hormone function Microcytic hypochromic anemia (red blood cells are small) - interferes with the ability of red blood cells to deliver oxygen to tissue and impairs their ability to produce ATP via aerobic metabolism. Results in red blood cells that are small (microcytic) and light in color (hypochromic). Ceilos, glossitis, stomatitis, and fatigue are also associated with B6 deficiency.
What is the function of Vit D?
REGULATE CALCIUM Calcium homeostasis, calcitriol(the active form of vitamin D which helps maintain healthy levels of calcium in the blood, ensuring that calcium is always available to the bodys tissues. bone health cell differentiation - vit D moves into the nucleus of a cell and upregulates selected genes coding for specific proteins involved in cell differentiation.
describe how the body responds to low blood phosphorus
Regulation of blood phosphorus levels controlled by:•Calcitriol, PTH, and calcitonin When blood phosphorus levels are low, calcitriol together with PTH increase phosphorus absorption in the small intestine and phosphorus resorption from bones. These actions help return blood phosphorus to normal.Footnote
define "zinc fingers"
Zinc-containing 3-D structures that allow proteins to regulate gene transcription.
Common name for Vit B2 Function Deficiency coenzymes Functions of coenzymes
Riboflavin Body uses riboflavin to produce two coenzymes important in energy metabolism•Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)•Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)•Destroyed by excessive light Coenzymes (FAD and FMN) Energy metabolism (redox reactions)- once taken up by the cells, riboflavin is converted to a series of coenzymes needed for chemical reactions. Critical for ATP production Metabolism of folate, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin K Deficiencies: ariboflavinosis: The symptoms include glossitis (confusion) , cheilosis (inflammation of mouth) , and stomatitis (enlarged and inflamed tongue).Can occur in alcoholics and with diseases that interfere with riboflavin utilization•Thyroid disease•Recommended intakes•RDAs, No UL•Excess supplementation causes urine to be yellow
How is vitamin A used for sight? What are the steps when light strikes and how image is seen?
Rod and cone cells in the retina (back lining) of they eye need vitamin A. STEPS when light strikes and how image is seen: 1. light enters the eye and strikes the cell making up the retina 2. the light interacts with molecules of rhodopsin found in rod cells. Rhodopsin is made from the protein opsin bonded to cis-retinal. 3. Cis-retinal is converted to trans-retinal. 4. rhodopsin splits into opsin and trans-retinal causing a neural signal to be sent to the brain 5. trans-retinal is converted to either cis-retinal or retinoic acid. 6. cis-retinal is recombined with opsin to reform rhodopsin. This step is impaired in vitamin A deficiency.
describe vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy- bleeding gums, skin irritations, bruising and poor wound healing, many of which are due to inadequate collagen products. -
what happens to the teeth and bones with excess flouride intake?
Signs and symptoms include GI upset, excessive production of saliva, watering eyes, heart problems, and in severe cases, coma. In addition, very high fluoride intake causes pitting and mottling (discoloration) of teeth, called dental fluorosis, and a weakening of the skeleton called skeletal fluorosis. Fluoride toxicity is a special concern in small children, who sometimes swallow large amounts of toothpaste on a daily basis.
How do vitamin D and parathyroid affect blood serum calcium levels (list 3 ways)
Small intestine- Calcitriol upregulates several genes that code for calcium transport proteins in the small intestine. Without vitamin D, these proteins are not made, and calcium absorption is limited. Kidney- Calcitriol and PTH cause the kidneys to reduce their excretion of calcium into the urine. As a result, more calcium remains in the blood. Bone- Calcitriol and PTH together stimulate osteoclasts to break down bone, resulting in the release of calcium from the skeleton into the blood. check
What is the regulatory function of calcium?
Stimulates blood clotting•Muscle contractions•Transmission of nerve impulses •Vision•Regulation of blood glucose•Cell differentiation•Cofactor for energy metabolism
properties of water and fat soluble vitamins including digestion, absorption, and circulation in the body
The fat-soluble vitamins are needed for cell growth, reproduction, and gene regulation. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed mostly in the small intestine. Absorption requires the presence of dietary lipids as well as the action of bile. Fat-soluble vitamins are circulated away from the small intestine in the lymph via chylomicrons before eventually entering the blood either as components of lipoproteins or bound to transport proteins. water soluble: Similar properties•Dissolve in water•Tend to be bound to proteins in food•Generally similar digestion, absorption & transport•Bioavailability and toxicity. Most are circulated to liver in blood. •Not actively stored in body•Nontoxic in large amounts•B12 stored in the body•B6
Common name for Vit B1 Function Deficiency coenzymes Functions of coenzymes
Thiamin Essential water-soluble vitamin involved in energy metabolism, nerve function, and synthesis of DNA, RNA, and NADPH + H+ •Contains thiol and amine groups Coenzyme TPP required to make ATP, DNA, RNA, and NADPH + H+. This activates enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA Dry beriberi: Muscle loss, leg cramps •Wet beriberi: Severe edema•Infantile beriberi: Infants breastfed by thiamin-deficient mothers •Cerebral beriberi (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome): Poor muscle control and paralysis of eye muscles •Recommended intakes •RDAs, No UL
How is vitamin D produced in the skin?
Ultraviolet rays from the sun.
Deficiency of vitamin K and causes of deficiency
Vitamin k deficiency bleeding (VKDB) occurs in some infants born with low vit K and can experience uncontrolled internal bleeding (hemorrhage). diseases that cause lipid malabsorption, prolonged antibiotic use. If you take antibiotics you are killing bacteria which might affect how much vitamin k you produce.
list ways to prevent osteoporosis through 5 lifestyle habits (besides diet)
Weight bearing activity Increase calcium consumption avoid smoking minimize stress decrease alcohol consumption diet high in calcium and protein
when does deposition of calcium in soft tissues occur?
When someone oversupplements vitamin D and they develop hypercalcemia.
how does alcohol affect nutritional status of vitamins?
alcohol can lead to nutrient deficiencies. Cerebral beriberi is a thiamin deficiency common among alcoholics.
Functions of vitamin E
antioxidant properties, cell membrane stability, eye health, heart health Antioxidant properties- donates electrons to free radicals to prevent damage. Protects cell membranes. Prevention of heart disease- plaque formation, prevention of cataracts and cancer.
When the diet is adequate in protein, which B vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan?
b3-niacin
identify the b vitamin that is involved in the synthesis of coenzyme A
b5 - Pantothenic acid
Which carotenoid has the greatest vitamin a activity?
beta carotene?
whats the relationship with Vit E and cancer, heart disease and cataracts?
cancer: Antioxidants protect DNA from free radical damage. Diets high in vitamin E are associated with decreased cancer risk cataracts: Cloudy growths that develop on the lens of the eye; can lead to blindness•Associated with free radical damage •Oxidative damage to protein which aggregate and precipitate in the lens. Older people who consume vitamin E-rich diet have lower risk for developing cataracts heart disease: Dietary vitamin E slows rate of plaque formation •Vitamin E supplementation is not recommended for cardiovascular health •Supplementation 400 mg/day increases overall risk of mortality
List vitamin K common name and describe the steps in blood clotting?
coagulation vitamin???? 1. vitamin k and calcium are needed for the activation of clotting factors. 2. clotting factors convert prothrombin to thrombin 3.thrombin catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin 4. fibrin forms blood clots
food sources of potassium
dates, raisins, lentils, potatoes, lima beans, squash, sweet p, pinto beans, cabbage, halibut
role of cytochrome p450
detoxifying drugs and toxins from body
What factors enhance calcium absorption?
dietary factors such as vitamin D, increase calcium bioavailability. Age can also affect calcium absorption.
What happens to excess water soluble vitamins when consumed in excess of what the body needs
excesses are filtered through kidneys and eliminated in urine
what group of people is vitamin K deficiency commonly seen in?
infants
what factors increase the bioavailability of nonheme iron? What decreases nonheme iron bioavailability?
iron deficiency is more typically seen in infants, growing children and teenagers, and pregnant women. Women are especially at increased risk for iron deficiency because iron is lost in the blood each month during menstruation. Interestingly, the eating of nonnutritive substances such as ice, dirt, and clay, referred to as pica, is thought by some to be associated with iron deficiency. Impaired iron status is associated with fatigue and impaired physical work performance. In addition, it can affect behavior and intellectual abilities in children. Mild iron deficiency also impairs body temperature regulation, especially in cold conditions, and may negatively influence the immune system.Studies also suggest that mild iron deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk of premature delivery, low birth weight, and maternal mortality. mild: Fatigue, impaired physical performance, difficulty maintaining body temp Deficiencies: Microcytic hypochromic anemia = fatigue, decreased body temp, altered behavoir Toxicity: From supplements, hereditary hemochranatosis, genetic abnormality, iron overload, medicine Fe Do not need to eat veg/vegan diets.
Vit C enhances bioavailability of what nutrients?
iron, copper, chromium
what types of drugs are not recommended for those taking vit K supplements?
long term antibiotic use and Coumadin (warfarin) which is a blood thinner and decreases activity of vitamin K.
concerns with magnesium deficiency and toxicity
rare. but can be found in alcoholics, GI diseases, elderly, may increase risk for VVD, type 2 diabetes toxicity: with large doses of supplements can cause intestinal distress and heart failure
Identify Vitamin C functions, particularly for immune function and wound healing
reduces free radicals, helps repair damage. Reactivates molecules with one or more unpaired electrons in their outer shells. Break DNA and oxidize fatty acids found in cell membranes. -may reduce risk from common cold, cancer, heart disease, cataracts.
Common name for Vitamin A
retinoids
define osteoporosis
severe loss of bone mass
sodium requires cotransport with what molecule to allow for absorption? what are the two sites in the GI tract for sodium absorption?
sodium requires cotransport with glucose. The two sites in the GI tract for sodium absorption are the small intestine and colon
functions of magnesium in the body
stabilizes enzymes and vital for ATP, dna and rna metabolism, is a cofactor for many enzymes. nerve and muscle function sources:beans nuts seeds
name the function of flouride
strenghtens bones and teeth
what are the water soluble vitamins?
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folate, cobalamin, vit c, choline, carnitine.
what protein from the liver delivers iron to all body cells?
transferrin