Nutrition 1000 Chapter 3
The small intestine is considered small because its diameter is only _________, it is actually quite long about _____feet, beginning at the stomach and extending to the large intestine
1 inch(2.5 cm), 10,
for heartburn and peptic ulcer you should elevate the head of the bed ___to____inches and avoid eating at least ___to____hours before bed.
6,8,3,4
A small amount of energy for use by the cell can be produced by chemical processes that occur in the cytoplasm. This contributes to the survival of all cells and is the sole source of energy production in red blood cells. This energy production is called because it does not require oxygen.
Anaerobic metabolism
_______is stored in the gallbladder and aids in fat digestion in the small intestine
Bile
substance that aids the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is
Bile
Place the following in order from the time food matter enters from the small intestine until it exits the body
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
Chemical digestion refers to the chemical breakdown of foods by acid and enzymes secreted into the GI tract. Enzymes are a key part of digestion. Each enzyme is specific to one type of
Chemical process
________ refers to changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence
Epigenetics
the following are what type of medications Cimetidine (Tagamet)® Ranitidine (Zantac)® Nizatidine (Axid)® Famotidine (Pepcid)®
H2 blockers
Which digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes, has a number of mucus producing cells, and absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids and the minerals sodium and potassium
Large intestine
Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the _____of the environment in which they function, ______or ____ cofactors they require to function and the type of chemical reaction they catalyze.
PH, vitamin, mineral
Cells of the same type join together to form _________
Tissue
the name of the primary taste sensation is
UMAMI
_____pormotes digestion of proetin, destroys pathogens, solubilizes some minerals and activates some enzymes
acid
When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called
active absorption
the pancreas and intestinal cells secrete _____ to neutralize the acid in the small intestine
bicarbonate
This is like soap it enables large portions of fat to break into smaller bits so that they can be suspended in water
bile
As food passes from the small intestine through the ileocecal sphincter, it first enters the part of the large intestine known as the _____
cecum
The goal of diet therapy for any form of diarrhea is to prevent
dehydration
The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in making ______soluable, activating some ______, and partially digesting _____
dietary minerals, digestive enzymes, protein
Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the gi tract from top to bottom. illeum, duodenum, jejunum
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Near the pharynx is a flap of tissue called the _______that prevents the bolus of swallowed food from entering the trachea
epiglottis
true of false, the storage capacity for nutrients is similar for all nutrients
false
T/F soluble fiber worsens symptoms of IBS
false-insoluble fiber does(whole grains, vegetables)
the storage form of glucose in the body is
glycogen
The liver produces bile, which is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder until it receives _________ to release the bile
hormonal signal
Which digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes, has a number of mucus producing cells, and absorbs water, some vitamins some fatty acids and the minerals sodium and potassium
large intestine
______prevents the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus
lower esophageal sphincter
bicarb, lipase, amylase are produced where
pancreas
the____ and the ____ produce most of the digestive enzymes
pancreas, small intestine
The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called _____
peristalsis
Cells also need water; building supplies, such as _____and _____
protein, minerals
Most of the digestion and absorption of food occurs in the _________
small intestine
saliva contains a_______-digesting enzyme, salivary amylase) and a fat-digesting enzyme, _____, _______, another component of saliva, makes it easy to swallow a mouthful of food.
starch,lipase, Mucus
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are produced where
stomach
small amounts of water and alcohol are absorbed in the ______
stomach
T/F storage capacity varies for each different nutrient
true
True or false, each enzyme is specific to only one type of chemical process
true
the combined surface area of ___,___and____ increases the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine.
villi, microvilli, mucosa folds
long- term use of antibiotics can kill the bacteria in the large intestine thereby leading to _______deficiency
vitamin K
n addition to nutrients from the food we eat, the bacteria that live in the large intestine produce some vitamins ______and _____ that can be absorbed
vitamin K and Biotin
Approximately ____%of cancers have a genetic link. Approximately ____% of cancers are related to environmental and lifestyle factors
10,90
On average digestion and absorption of a meal takes about _____. food Matter tends to pass more quickly through the GI tract of men than women.
2 days
Partially digested food spends about __ to __ hours in the stomach (longer for large meals
2 to 3
if you have a peptic ulcer, Some people experience no symptoms at all, but most notice stomach pain about_____hours after eating. Stomach acid acting on a meal irritates the ulcer after most of the meal has moved from the site of the ulcer. Other symptoms may include weight loss, lack of appetite, nausea and vomiting, or bloating. Vomiting blood or what looks like coffee grounds and the appearance of black, tarry stools are signs of bleeding in the GI tract
2,
How long is the Large intestine
3 1/2 feet
Passage through the small intestine takes ____ to _____ hours followed by upt to 72_hours in the large intestine.
3 to 10,
The stomach is a large sac that can hold up to _______cups of food for several hours until all of the food is able to enter the small intestine. Stomach size varies individually and can be reduced surgically as a radical treatment for obesity While in the stomach, the food is mixed with gastric juice, which contains ______, ________, and _______. The acid in the gastric juice destroys the biological activity of proteins, converts inactive digestive enzymes to their active form, partially digests food protein, and makes dietary minerals soluble so that they can be absorbed
4, water, hydrochloric acid, enzymes
Though true for some nutrients, such as vitamin C, the large dosages of other nutrients frequently found in supplements, such as vitamin ___ and ______, can cause harmful side effects because they are _________This is one reason why obtaining your nutrients primarily (or exclusively) from a balanced diet is the safest means to acquire the building blocks you need to maintain the good health of all organ systems.
A,iron, not readily excreted
________is when nutrients move form a lower concentration to a high concentration which requires both a carrier protein and energy
Active absorption
___________is another component of the cell membrane. It is fat soluble, so it is embedded within the bilayer. This provides rigidity and thus stability to the membrane.
Cholesterol
Genetic variations that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease are a delay in the removal of _____from the blood and high levels of _____in the blood
Cholesterol, homocysteine
The anus contains two anal sphincters, internal and external, ____is under voluntary control.
External sphincter
________is when nutrients move from a higher concentration to a lower one with the aid of a carrier protein
Facilitated diffusion
The more serious form of acid reflux is called
GERD
Once absorbed through the stomach or intestinal wall, nutrients reach one of two destinations. Some nutrients are taken up by cells in the intestines and portions of the stomach to nourish those organs. Most of these water-soluble nutrients from recently eaten foods, however, are transferred into ____________
Hepatic portal circulation
To enter portal circulation, the nutrients pass from the intestinal capillaries into veins that eventually merge into a very large vein called ___________
Hepatic portal vein
_______are sometimes called the power plants or powerhouse of the cell. These organelles are capable of converting the food energy in energy yielding nutrients to a form of energy that cells can use. it uses oxygen so it si an _____process
Mitochondria, Aerobic
Mucus are found in what areas of digestion _____,_______,________ ,________,________
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
_______protects GI tract cells and lubricates food as travels
Mucus
________ is the branch of nutritional genomics that examines how variations in genes can affect nutritional health
Nutrigenetics
This is a gland of the endocrine system, it manufactures hormones insulin and glucagon that are secreted into the blood to regulate blood flucose
Pancreas
At the top of the esophagus, nerve fibers release signals to tell the GI tract that food has been consumed. This results in an increase in GI muscle action, called _______. These continual waves of muscle contractions, followed by muscle relaxation, force the food along the digestive tract from the esophagus onward
Peristalsis
__________are medications that inhibit the ability of gastric cells to secrete hydrogen ions and thus reduce acid production. prolonged use of these could impair vitamin______status.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), B-12
_____controls the passage of chyme fro the stomach into the small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
gallstones may develop during rapid ______or ________ (as the liver metabolizes more fat, it secretes more cholesterol into the bile)
Rapid weight loss, prolonged fasting
Feces or stool remains in the last portion of the large intestine, know as the ______, until muscular movements push it into the _____to be eliminated
Rectum, anus
A common concept in nutrition is that nurture—how people live and the environmental factors that influence them—allows nature—each person's genetic potential—to be expressed T/F
True
most fat is stored in the ______
adipose tissue.
The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of
amylase
Calcium or iron supplements and medications such as _______ can also cause constipation
antacids
_______suspends lipids in the watery chyme in the small intestine so that lipids can be more easily digested by lipase enzymes
bile
Chemical processes (reactions) occur constantly in every living cell; the production of new substances is balanced by the breakdown of older ones. An example is the constant formation and degradation of bone. For this turnover of substances to occur, cells require a continuous supply of energy derived from dietary ______,_______,_______
carbs, protein, fat
The large intestine can be subdivided into five main segments. they are ____, _____,_____, ______, _______
cecum, ascending colon, transversecolon, descending colon, ,sigmoid colon
There is an outside and inside to every cell, separated by the
cell (plasma) membrane
About one of every 500 people in North America has a defective gene that greatly delays _______ removal from the bloodstream
cholesterol
a mixture of acids, enzymes and partially digested foods are called___
chyme
The ________is the combination of fluid material and organelles within the cell, not including the nucleus
cytoplasm (also known as cytosol)
what are the three parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Acid can also erode the lining of the esophagus and the first part of the small intestine, the ______. This can cause pain, blood loss, and even ______
duodenum,perforation
which of the following are needed to facilitate active absorption. lipase, bile, energy, protein carrier
energy, protein
_________is when the components of bile are reabsorbed from the small intestine, returned to the liver via the portal vein and reused
enterohepatic circulation
While our genome contains the code for the proteins that can be made by our bodies, our epigenome is an extra layer of instructions that influences gene activity. In many cases, _______ and _____factors can alter the epigenome.
environmental, dietary
Humans are composed of four primary types of tissue: _______, _______, _______, and _________
epithelial, connective muscle, nervous tissue
The ________ is a long tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach
esophogus
A lipase is an enzyme that digests
fats
treatment for mild constipation is
fluids, exercise, relaxation, scheduled bowel movements
name three organs that are an important part of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract.
gallbladder, liver, pancreas
The processes of digestion and absorption take place in a long tube that is open at both ends and extends from the mouth to the anus. This tube is called the __________
gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Development of celiac disease depends on two factors: a __________ and _______ to a protein called gluten. Gluten is a type of protein found in certain grains: wheat, rye, and barley
genetic predisposition,dietary exposure
A medical family tree is know as a
genogram
The ______ and the ______ control the expression of genes and determine individual traits such as eye color and susceptibility to many disease
genome, epigenome
What nutrients are absorbed directly into the blood and transported by the hepatic portal vein to the liver
glucose, amino acids, water soluable compounds
In contrast to the small intestine the large intestine
has increased bacterial action, lacks villi, lacks digestive enzymes
Another genetic variation can lead to elevated blood levels of an amino acid, called _______, which increases cardiovascular disease risk
homocysteine
laxatives lessen constipation by doing what three things.
increase fecal bulk, draw water into the large intestine, stimulate GI tract nerves
______which is found in the stomach, facilitates absorption of vitamins
intrinsic
____is necessary for the body to absorb vitamin b-12
intrinsic factor
water potassium and sodium are absorbed in the
large intestine
what part of the digestive systmem forms feces
large intestine
components of saliva are ___, ___,____
lipase, mucus, amylase
In addition to ______and _____, the membrane also contains ________ that mark the exterior of the cell.
lipids, proteins, carbs
The _______, ________, and ______ work with the GI tract and are considered accessory organs to the process of digestion
liver, gallbladder and pancreas
Carbs cann be stored in the form of glycogen in the _____and ____
liver, muscles
the ____ produces bile, the ____manufactures hormones and the ____stores bile
liver, pancreas, gallbladder
fat soluble nutrients are absorbed into the _____system
lymphatic
You can find probiotic microorganisms in certain forms of fluid such as milk, fermented _____and _____, and in pill form. A related term is prebiotic. Prebiotics are substances that increase _________
milk, yogurt, growth of probiotic microorganisms
place the pathway of food in order from start to finish with the following pharynx, esophagus, mouth, epiglottis
mouth, epiglottis, esophagus, pharynx
short term storage of carbohydrates occurs in the ___ and ____ in the form of glycogen
muscle and liver
Each person's genetic potential describes what
nature
How people live and the environmental factors that influence them define what.
nurture
______ refers to the many ways dietary components affect gene expression—particularly as it relates to development and treatment of nutrition-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease
nutrigenomics
Collectively, the interactions between genetics and nutrition are known as __________
nutritional genomics
Chemical digestion refers to the chemical breakdown of foods by acid and enzymes secreted into the GI tract. Enzymes are a key part of digestion. Each enzyme is specific to
one type of chemical process
Several organs that work together form an _____ such as the digestive system.
organ system
one, two or more tissues combine to form more complex structures called
organs
_______is when nutrients move from higher concentration to lower without the aid of a carrier
passive diffusion
What is the function of the digestive system
perfomr the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion of food, absorption of nutrients and elimination of waste.
Foods containing certain live microorganisms such as lactobacilli have been linked to some health benefits, such as improving intestinal tract health. These microorganisms are called_____ because once consumed, they take up residence in the large intestine and confer health benefits.
probiotics
the following are what type of medications Omeprazole (Prilosec OTC)® Lansoprazole (Prevacid)® Rabeprazole (Aciphex)® Esomeprazole (Nexium)
proton pump inhibitors
glucose, fats, amino acids, most vitamins and minerals are absorbed in the ____
small intestine
peptic ulcers occur where
stomach, small intestine, esophagus
digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the ___ or _____ cofactors they require to function, the _____ of the environment in which they function, type of chemical reaction they _____
vitamin or mineral, catalyze
cells need chemical regulators such as ______and almost cells need a steady supply of ______. .
vitamins, oxygen
which of the following can be absorbed by the cells lining the stomach water, fatty acids, minerals, alcohol
water, alcohol
gluten is normally found in what grains
wheat, rye, barley
