Nutrition
Fat
Are a key structural component of cell membranes
Essential Fatty Acids
Are necessary components of cell membranes. They are also responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins and related compounds as well as the control of epidermal water loss.
Dogs and cats require at least _______ of water a day?
1 ounce per pound
The Daily Energy Requirement (DER) for a neutered adult cat should be calculated as what factor of RER?
1.2-1.4
Daily Energy Requirement (DER) for an intact adult dog should be calculated as what factor of RER?
1.6-1.8
Treats and snacks should make no more than ___ of an animal's daily caloric intake.
10%
When using a 9-point BCS system, each BCS over 5 is equivalent to being _____% overweight?
10%
Cats are considered geriatric at what age?
10-12 years old
The recommended dietary fat amount in adult dogs and cats is?
10-25%
1 kcal = ?
1000 cal = 4.184 kJ
The recommended crude protein amount in adult dogs is?
15-30%
Which of the following BCS score represents ideal body weight?
3/5
The recommended crude protein amount in adult cats is?
30-45%
The universal equation for determination of Resting Energy Requirement for dogs and cats is
70 x (body weight in kg)^0.75
Puppies and kittens should be fed a diet formulated for growth until they reach ______ of their expected adult body weight.
80%
Body Condition Score
A quantitative, yet subjective, method for evaluating body fat.
Dietary fat serves three primary functions
A source of essential fatty acids, A carrier for fat-soluble vitamins, Concentrated source of energy
Arachidonic Acid (AA)
A special need for cats
Cachexia
A wasting syndrome that occurs when animals are sick or injured that leads to loss of skeletal muscle and fat
What are health risks of dogs that are overweight.
All
What is muscle condition scoring (MCS)?
An assessment of an animal's muscle mass
What mineral is required in the largest amount in a diet?
Calcium
Types of Macrominerals
Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, Sulfur
Which of the following is TRUE of essential amino acids in dogs and cats?
Cats require daily taurine
Lifestage Nutrition:
Concept recognizes that feeding below or above an optimal nutrient range can have a negative consequence on biologic performance or health
Dehydration
Decrease in the amount of water present in the body.
Antibodies
Defends the body from pathogens
Fiber
Describes complex carbohydrates that resist digestion in the small intestine.
Fiber Carbohydrates
Describes complex carbohydrates that resist digestion in the small intestine.
Which of the following is a health risk specific to cats that are overweight?
Diabetes mellitus
Essential Amino Acids
Dietary proteins must provide EAAs because these molecules cannot be produced or stored in the body at sufficient rates to support normal growth or protein balance. Daily diet must provide essential amino acids in the proper proportions.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding nutritional differences between dogs and cats?
Dogs are omnivores and cats are obligate carnivores
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Essential for normal neural, retinal and auditory development in puppies.
TRUE/FALSE Dogs require twice as much protein as cats:
False
Which nutrient provides the highest kcal of energy per gram?
Fats
Which of the following nutrients are energy-producing?
Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
Insoluble Fiber
Fiber that cannot be digested by dogs or cats. They do not dissolve in water and passes intact through the GI tract
Of the identified trace minerals, only six are essential for dogs and cats and must be provided in the diet
Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iodine, Selenium
When discussing energy, what is the unit we refer to?
Kilocalorie (kcal)
Sarcopenia
Loss of muscle tissue as a natural part of the aging process.
Simple Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides and disaccharides (such as glucose, fructose, sucrose and lactose)
Muscle Condition Score
Muscle condition is a subjective assessment and the score is graded as normal, or if muscle loss is noted it is graded as mild, moderate, or severe. Muscle loss can be present even if BSC is normal.
Two primary fuels used by the body for working muscles
Muscle glycogen and free fatty acids
Macromineral
Needed in greater amounts in the diet and are found in larger amounts in the body. Calcium
Water
Needs increase/decrease depending on activity levels, temperature, amount of food consumed
Vitamins
Not used as energy sources or structural components. Key role in releasing energy from nutrients.
Vitamins
Not used as energy sources. Key role in releasing energy from nutrients
Being overweight is a combination of _____ and _____.
Over feeding, lack of exercise
Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Protein
Primary structural component of many tissues and organs
Closed Ended Questions
Typically end in a one-word answer thus potentially not uncovering everything the patient eats in a day. It also has the potential to put the pet owner on the defensive, thus sabotaging any relationship veterinary technicians are trying to build with the pet owner - especially when it comes to nutrition.
Amino Acids
Used to build a vast array of proteins
What are the Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K
What are water-soluble vitamins
Vitamin B complex & Vitamin C
Which of the following are considered fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A and E
Nonessential Amino Acids
are amino acids the body can produce in sufficient amounts to meet its needs.
Fat-soluble vitamins
are digested and absorbed with dietary fat. These vitamins are unique because, like the fat they are absorbed with, they can be stored in large amounts in the body.
Types of Macrominerals
are needed in greater amounts in the diet and are found in larger amounts in the body.
Non-Fiber Complex Carbohydrates
are often starches. They are a form of carbohydrates commonly found in plants.
Microminerals
are required in very small amounts.
Cats have a special need for what 4 amino acids:
arginine, taurine, methionine, & cysteine
Cat tongues
do not have sweet receptors
Starches are
easily digested and used for energy. Although they are not digested as rapidly as simple sugars.
Minerals
essential for life-sustaining metabolic processes. Are inorganic components of foods and tissues.
An animal must lose weight or be very skinny to have muscle loss.
false
Lifestage nutrition can be described as
feeding at an optimal nutrient range
Dog tongues
have sweet receptors
Cats have a _________ protein daily requirement
higher
Calorie
is measured as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1degree Celsius at 1 atmospheric pressure
Free-choice feeding is especially important for
lactating bitches with more than four puppies. Some bitches are nervous throughout lactation and free-choice feeding will allow them to eat on their schedule.
Cats have a __________ capacity to adapt to low levels of dietary protein.
minimal
Water-soluble vitamins
need only water for absorption from the intestine. Because they generally are not stored in the body, water-soluble vitamins must be supplied every day in the diet.
Corn and rice are examples of
non-fiber complex carbohydrates.
In dogs, excess dietary protein, above the amino acid requirement, is:
not stored as protein
Dogs and cats have requirements for _____, not _____.
nutrients ; ingredients
Dogs have a ______ diet
omnivore
Which of the following is not key to communicating with pet owners about nutrition with their pet
opposition
The most expensive dietary source of energy is?
protein
Fat
serve as a more concentrated source of energy in a diet, providing 9 kcal of energy per gram (more than twice the energy of carbohydrates or proteins). Is the primary energy source of most commercial pet food
Body condition scoring systems concentrate on body fat
true
Insoluble carbohydrates are sometimes referred to as "dietary fiber".:
true
It is important to call owners the next day to ensure understanding of the nutritional recommendation and to answer any questions they may have considered since discharge.
true
the requirements for all nutrients are increased during growth
true
When is the most rapid period of growth seen in cats?
within 3-6 months of life
When is the most rapid period of growth seen in dogs?
within 6 months of life
Soluble Fiber
The component of dietary fiber that diffuses in water to form a viscous solution or gel in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding fats?
The fat content of a pet food affects the food's digestibility and texture.
The neonatal period in dogs and cats is?
The first 2 weeks of life
Open Ended Questions
Helps to uncover more information, as it gets the owner talking
Which of the following statements if FALSE regarding the difference between palatability and digestibility?
In high digestible foods the body will not be able to utilize the nutrients
Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) Nutritional Adequacy Statement
Indicates whether a commercial diet contains all the required nutrients in the correct ratios (i.e., "complete and balanced") for long-term feeding to the specified life stage
Minerals
Inorganic components of foods and tissues
Carbohydrate
Readily available source of energy, in-expensive source of energy
Micromineral
Required in very small amounts. Ex- iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium
Protein
Serve as a nitrogen source for animals, primary part of many body tissues, enzymes, and hormones.
Nutritional Recommendation
Should be provided for every pet, every time you evaluate them
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Sole source of energy for muscle contraction
List the 6 essential nutrients that are vital to life
Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, and Minerals
When are energy needs the highest during pregnancy?
Weeks 6-8
List 2 questions that should be asked as part of a nutritional history questionnaire.
What is your pet currently eating? and How active is your pet?
