Nutrition:

COMPOUND lipids, such as phospholipids, in which a lipid is combined with another substance and DERIVED lipids (such as cholesterol) constitute the remainder of the lipids ingested.

**

What foods should diabetics eat containing CHROMIUM? (2)

1. Whole grains 2. Meats

Diet History. (2)

A MORE COMPREHENSIVE approach to diet assessment is a full diet history. IN ADDITION to a 24-hour food recall, calorie counts/food diaries, and food-frequency record, interview questions are geared to provide information on past and present food intake and habits. (Sample questions are included in the accompanying Focused Assessment Guide 35-1 .)

A _______ 👎 nitrogen balance occurs when more nitrogen is EXCRETED than is ingested, and indicates tissue is breaking down faster than it is being replaced.

A NEGATIVE 👎 nitrogen balance occurs when more nitrogen is EXCRETED than is ingested, and indicates tissue is breaking down faster than it is being replaced.

What's osteoporosis?

A condition in which bones become weak and brittle.

Although vitamins do NOT provide ______ (calories), they are needed for the ______ of carbohydrates, protein, and fat.

Although vitamins do NOT provide ENERGY (calories), they are needed for the METABOLISM of carbohydrates, protein, and fat.

People with a larger WAIST circumference are what?

At a higher risk for disease

What foods contain CALCIUM? (3)

CALCIUM FOODS: 1. Milk and dairy products 2. canned fish with bones 3. greens

What are the functions of CALCIUM? (4)

CALCIUM FUNCTIONS: 1. Bone and tooth formation 2. Blood clotting 3. Nerve transmission 4. Muscle contraction (Taylor 1206)

What foods contain COBALT? (1)

COBALT FOODS: 1. Organ meats

What happens with a DEFICIENCY in COPPER? (3)

COPPER DEFICIENCY: 1. Anemia 2. altered BONE formation 3. HYPERcholesterolemia

What happens with an EXCESS of copper? (2)

COPPER EXCESS: Nervous system disturbances and vomiting

What foods contain COPPER? (4)

COPPER FOODS: 1. Liver 2. Shellfish 3. grains 4. dried peas and beans

What is important about FATS and their function?

FATS are necessary for the absorption of Vitamins A,D, E, and K or the FAT-soluble vitamins. Fats provide energy, structure, and insulation.

What foods contain FLUORIDE? (3)

FLUORIDE FOODS: 1. Fluoridated water 2. fish 3. tea

A patient given a HIGH FIBER restriction or diet may be given HIGH FIBER for ______

HIGH FIBER for CONSTIPATION

What foods contain IODINE? (3)

IODINE FOODS: 1. Iodized salt 2. seafood 3. food additives

What happens when you're DEFICIENT in magnesium? (3)

MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY: Hypomagnesemia: weakness, muscle pain, poor heart function

What does an EXCESS MOLYBDENUM of MOLYBDENUM do? Deficiency?

MOLYBDENUM EXCESS: 1. Interferes with COPPER metabolism - None known yet on DEFICIENCY

The ________ of essential nutrients refers to recommendations for AVERAGE DAILY AMOUNTS that healthy population groups should consume over time.

The RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE (RDA) of essential nutrients refers to recommendations for AVERAGE DAILY AMOUNTS that healthy population groups should consume over time.

CLASSIFICATION AND METABOLISM The number of molecules within the structure determines the classification of carbohydrates. They are classified as SIMPLE: ______ and _____ or COMPLEX: ______ sugars.

The number of molecules within the structure determines the classification of carbohydrates. They are classified as SIMPLE: monosaccharide and disaccharide or COMPLEX: polysaccharide sugars.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K, the FAT-soluble vitamins, are ABSORBED WITH FAT into the ______ circulation. Like fat, they must be attached to a protein to be transported through the blood.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K, the FAT-soluble vitamins, are absorbed with fat into the LYMPHATIC circulation. Like fat, they must be attached to a protein to be transported through the blood.

When measuring weight in pounds, BMI is

Weight/Height * 703

What is PARENTERAL NUTRITION?

parenteral nutrition: nourishment provided via IV therapy (Taylor 1196) Includes lipids, electrolytes, minerals, vitamins, dextrose, amino acids

In the United States, severe vitamin deficiencies are uncommon. Mild or subclinical deficiencies of vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, and vitamin B6, however, may affect a significant proportion of the population, especially those who

(1) are members of certain age groups or patient groups such INFANTS, adolescents, PREGNANT and LACTATING WOMEN, OLDER people (2) SMOKE, abuse ALCOHOL , or long-term MEDICATION use (3) are chronically ill, either physically or psychologically; (4) are POOR or finicky/PICKY eaters, such as chronic dieters and food faddists (temporary popular foods that may "provide a quick fix")

Remember the medication conversions for equations (View first slide on second page of packet)

1 oz=28, 30mL, 2 tbsp 8oz=240mL, 1 cup 1 tsp= 5 mL 1 kg= 2.2 lbs

What groups of people can have inaccurate results for BMI? (3)

1. ATHLETES, with a large muscle mass 2.People with EDEMA or DEHYDRATION 3. OLDER PEOPLE and others who have LOST MUSCLE MASS.

What is the FUNCTION of copper in the body? (2)

1. Aids in IRON metabolism and some ENZYME ACTIVITIES

What do proteins do?

1. Responsible for tissue growth and repair, healthy hair, skin, and nails. 2. Regulates fluid balance and acid-base balance 3. Important component for neurotransmitters, hormones, mucous, muscles, bones, and tendons 4. Replaces insufficient carbs as energy provider 5. Detoxifies harmful substances and forms antibodies (immunity)

1. Signs/Symptoms of EXCESS SELENIUM: 2. DEFICIENCY:

1. Signs/Symptoms of EXCESS SELENIUM: 1. Loss of hair 2. brittle fingernails 3. fatigue 2. DEFICIENCY: None known yet

1. What are the signs and symptoms for excess and deficiency in SULFUR? 2. What does SULFUR function to do in the body? (2)

1. There are no symptoms known for SULFUR excess and deficiency. 2. Promotes certain ENZYME reactions and DETOXIFICATION reactions

3. HONEY thick fluids 4. PUDDING thick fluids

3. Slightly thicker and not as easy to pour as nectar= HONEY thick fluids 4. Holds its own shape, cannot pour, usually eaten with a spoon (pudding, yogurt, applesauce)= PUDDING thick fluids

(Cont) (A person with swallowing issues or DYSPHAGIA should do what?) 4. Observe for _____ of food 5. Observe indications of DYSPHAGIA 6. Keep in semi-Fowler's for at least _____ after meals 7. _______ should come after meals and snacks

4. Observe for POCKETING of food 5. Observe indications of DYSPHAGIA 6. Keep in semi-Fowler's for at least 1 hour after meals 7. ORAL HYGIENE after meals and snacks

After a screening tool identifies a patient at risk, such as in a group of _______, it is imperative to complete a _______ assessment as a follow-up. These patients are usually referred to a _______ for a comprehensive nutritional assessment. When this is combined with other methods of assessing nutritional status, the nurse is better prepared to coordinate a focused strategy to combat malnutrition.

After a screening tool identifies a patient at risk, such as in a group of OLDER ADULTS, it is imperative to complete a NUTRITIONAL assessment as a follow-up. These patients are usually referred to a DIETITIAN for a comprehensive nutritional assessment. When this is combined with other methods of assessing nutritional status, the nurse is better prepared to coordinate a focused strategy to combat malnutrition.

When is a PUREED diet used?

After oral or facial surgery

All carbohydrates are converted to _____ for transport through the blood or for use as energy. Glucose is an efficient fuel that certain tissues, especially the ______ system, rely on almost exclusively for energy.

All carbohydrates are converted to GLUCOSE for transport through the blood or for use as energy. Glucose is an efficient fuel that certain tissues, especially the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, rely on almost exclusively for energy

Although amino acids, like carbohydrates, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, they differ in that amino acids also contain ______.

Although amino acids, like carbohydrates, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, they differ in that amino acids also contain NITROGEN.

Although some tissues are able to hold limited amounts of _____-soluble vitamins, they usually are NOT stored in the body.

Although some tissues are able to hold limited amounts of WATER-soluble vitamins, they usually are NOT stored in the body. Deficiency symptoms tend to develop quickly when intake is inadequate; therefore, a daily intake of WATER-soluble vitamins is recommended. However, because water-soluble vitamins are not stored, amounts consumed in excess of need are excreted in the urine.

An adequate intake for total fiber is ____ g/day for women and ______ g/day (men) (maximum level of 25% of total calories or less from is added sugars. (Don't know what that means)) Low carbohydrate intake can cause _____; high simple sugar intake increases the risk for ______.

An adequate intake for total fiber is 25 g/day (women) and 38 g/day (men); maximum level of 25% of total calories or less from added sugars. Low carbohydrate intake can cause KETOSIS, an abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies that is frequently associated with acidosis; high simple sugar intake increases the risk for DENTAL caries.

What occurs when there's an EXCESS of CHLORIDE? (1)

CHLORIDE EXCESS 1. Hyperchloremia: ACIDOSIS (too acidic)

What does CHLORIDE function to do for the body? (2)

CHLORIDE FUNCTION: 1. Component of HCl in stomach 2. Fluid and acid-base balance

CHOLESTEROL is a fatlike substance found only in ______ products. It is not an essential nutrient; the body makes sufficient amounts.

CHOLESTEROL is a fatlike substance found only in ANIMAL products. It is not an essential nutrient; the body makes sufficient amounts.

CHOLESTEROL is an important component of CELL ______ and is especially abundant in _____ and ______ cells. It also is used to synthesize ______ acids and is a precursor of the _____ hormones and vitamin _____.

CHOLESTEROL is an important component of CELL MEMBRANES and is especially abundant in BRAIN and NERVE cells. It also is used to synthesize BILE acids and is a precursor of the STEROID hormones and vitamin D.

What is the the FUNCTION of CHROMIUM in the body? (1 set)

CHROMIUM FUNCTION: 1. Cofactor for insulin and proper glucose metabolism; helps Diabetics

CLEAR LIQUID Diet: (6) Composed only of clear fluids or foods that become fluid at _______. Requires MINIMAL ______ and leaves MINIMAL RESIDUE. Examples of clear liquids include what? (Taylor 1225)

CLEAR LIQUID Diet: Composed only of clear fluids or foods that become fluid at BODY TEMPERATURE. Requires MINIMAL DIGESTION and leaves MINIMAL RESIDUE. Examples of clear liquids include: 1. clear broth, coffee, tea 2. clear fruit juices (apple, cranberry, grape) 3. gelatin, popsicles, 4. commercially prepared clear liquid supplements. (Taylor 1225)

Conversely, glycogen is broken down in time of need to supply a ready source of glucose (glycogenolysis). When GLYCOGEN stores are adequate, the body converts excess glucose to _____ and stores it as triglycerides in adipose tissue.

Conversely, glycogen is broken down in time of need to supply a ready source of glucose (glycogenolysis). When GLYCOGEN stores are adequate, the body converts excess glucose to FAT and stores it as triglycerides in adipose tissue.

What are signs and symptoms occur with someone deficient in PHOSPHORUS? (2)

DEFICIENT PHOSPHORUS: Hypophosphatemia: ANOREXIA, MUSCLE WEAKNESS

Essential nutrients that supply energy and build tissue such as ________, ______, _____ are referred to as MACRONUTRIENTS. MICRONUTRIENTS, such as ______ and ______, are required in much smaller amounts to regulate and control body processes.

Essential nutrients that supply energy and build tissue such as CARBOHYDRATES, FATS, PROTEIN are referred to as MACRONUTRIENTS. MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS and MINERALS, are required in much smaller amounts to regulate and control body processes.

Examples of COMPLEMENTARY VEGETABLE proteins include _______ with refried _____ and ______ . COMPLEMENTARY proteins that use a small amount of ANIMAL protein include cereal with ______ , ______, and a _____

Examples of COMPLEMENTARY VEGETABLE proteins include CORN 🌽 TORTILLA with refried BEANS and LENTIL RICE SOUP 🍜 . COMPLEMENTARY proteins that use a small amount of ANIMAL protein include cereal with MILK , RICE 🍚 PUDDING, and a CHEESE SANDWICH .

Excess FIBER intake can cause _____ (flatulence), ______, and ______ by decreasing intestinal transit time.

Excess FIBER intake can cause GAS (flatulence), DISTENTION, and DIARRHEA by decreasing intestinal transit time.

Excess calcium can lead to what?

Excess calcium can lead to RENAL CALCULI or KIDNEY STONES

What happens when you don't get enough protein? What are the signs of it?

Experts recommend that we eat less animal protein and more vegetable protein. Protein deficiency is characterized by EDEMA, retarded growth and maturation, muscle wasting, changes in the hair and skin, permanent damage to physical and mental development (in children), DIARRHEA, malabsorption, numerous secondary nutrient deficiencies, fatty infiltration of the liver, increased risk for infections, and high mortality.

For example, ask, "How many times in the last week have you eaten fresh fruit or fish?" or "How many times in the last week have you had a glass of milk?" This is an example of

Food Frequency Record

Food Diaries/Calorie Counts. What are the 2 main things to know?

Food diaries and calorie counts require documentation of actual intake for a SPECIFIED PERIOD of TIME. In an outpatient setting, ask the patient to record everything the patient has had to eat or drink, including portion size, over a set period of time. In the hospital setting, documentation is usually completed by the nursing staff. These tools may provide a better overall picture of nutrient intake because all food and beverages consumed in a specified period, usually *3 to 7 days, are recorded.

Give ________ foods and _______ if that patient has DYSPHAGIA (difficulty swallowing)

Give PUREED foods and THICKENED liquids if that patient has DYSPHAGIA (difficulty swallowing)

(Biochemical Data:) Hemoglobin levels that are lower than normal may only reflect ______ observed in older people as part of the aging process.

Hemoglobin levels that are lower than normal may only reflect ANEMIA observed in older people as part of the aging process.

_______ have proportionately more water accounting for body weight. About two thirds (66%) of the body's water is contained within the cells (intracellular fluid [ICF]); the remainder is called EXTRACELLULAR fluid (ECF), which includes all other body fluids, such as ______ and _____ fluid.

INFANTS have proportionately more water accounting for body weight. About two thirds (66%) of the body's water is contained within the cells (intracellular fluid [ICF]); the remainder is called extracellular fluid (ECF), which includes all other body fluids, such as PLASMA and INTERSTITIAL fluid.

What foods contain IRON? (3)

IRON FOODS: 1. Liver 2. lean meats 3. enriched and whole grain breads and cereals

In the body, fat AIDS in the ABSORPTION of the FAT-SOLUBLE vitamins and provides insulation, structure, and temperature control. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 recommends that fat intake be no more than between ____% and ____% of total caloric intake, with less than _____% of fat calories from SATURATED fats and less than ______ mg/day of CHOLESTEROL.

In the body, fat AIDS in the ABSORPTION of the FAT-SOLUBLE vitamins and provides insulation, structure, and temperature control. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 recommends that fat intake be no more than between 20% and 35% of total caloric intake, with less than 10% of fat calories from SATURATED fats and less than 300 mg/day of CHOLESTEROL.

LOW SODIUM= ______ or NAS: ___ to ___ Na _______= Balance of Proteins, Carbs, and fats; 1800 cal ADA HIGH FIBER= ______, _______

LOW SODIUM= no added SALT or NAS: 1 to 2g Na DIABETIC= Balance of Proteins, Carbs, and fats (1800 cal ADA) per day HIGH FIBER= whole grains, raw dried fruits

Biochemical Data: How do you know if someone's serum albumin level is too low? What is this normally associated with?

Low serum albumin level that is "LESS than 3.5 mg/dL" may be a reflection of the aging process rather than a nutritional risk factor. Albumin synthesis declines with age.

Most ______ fats are considered SATURATED and have a solid consistency at room temperature. Conversely, most ______ fats are considered UNSATURATED, remain liquid at room temperature, and are referred to as ______.

Most ANIMAL fats are considered SATURATED and have a solid consistency at room temperature. Conversely, most VEGETABLE fats are considered UNSATURATED, remain liquid at room temperature, and are referred to as OILS.

Give examples of OUTPUT:

OUTPUT: 1. Urine or liquid feces 2. Blood 3. Drainage from wounds or suction

OVERWEIGHT and OBESITY are defined differently for children and teens than for adults. CHILDREN are still growing, and boys and girls mature at different rates. BMIs for children and teens compare their heights and weights against GROWTH CHARTS that take AGE and GENDER into account. This is called ______.

OVERWEIGHT and OBESITY are defined differently for children and teens than for adults. CHILDREN are still growing, and boys and girls mature at different rates. BMIs for children and teens compare their heights and weights against GROWTH CHARTS that take AGE and GENDER into account. This is called BMI-for-AGE PERCENTILE.

Of the 6 classes of nutrients, which 3 supply energy and what 3 are needed to regulate body processes?

Of the six classes of nutrients, three supply energy: carbohydrates, protein, lipids [fats]) and three are needed to regulate body processes: vitamins, minerals, water.

_______:Clear and full liquids plus pureed meats, fruits, scrambled eggs _______- Clear and full liquids plus diced and ground foods

PUREED: Clear and full liquids plus pureed meats, fruits, scrambled eggs (After oral or facial surgery) MECHANICAL Soft- Clear and full liquids plus diced and ground foods (after surgery to the head, neck, or mouth.)

Protein intake should contribute _____% to _____% of total caloric intake for adults.

Protein intake should contribute 10% to 35% of total caloric intake for adults.

(Continued in same protein question)

Protein malnutrition occurs secondary to chronic diseases, such as cancer, AIDS, and COPD; it may also result from acute critical illnesses such as trauma and sepsis. It may also be seen in the homeless, the elderly, fad dieters, adults addicted to drugs or alcohol, and people with eating disorders.

(Types of Diets/Therapeutic Diets) _______= no restrictions LOW CHOLESTEROL: no more than _____ a day

REGULAR or HOUSE= no restrictions LOW CHOLESTEROL= no more than 300mg a day

A child or teen's BMI-for-age percentile shows how the individual's BMI compares with other boys and girls of the same age. Additional information about BMI-for-age and growth charts for children can be found at the BMI-for-age calculator from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Refer to Box 35-1 for information to interpret the results of a BMI-for-age calculation. (5,85,95)

_______ fats tend to RAISE serum cholesterol levels, whereas _______ fats LOWER serum cholesterol levels.

SATURATED fats tend to RAISE serum cholesterol levels, whereas UNSATURATED fats LOWER serum cholesterol levels.

What is the sole FUNCTION of SELENIUM?

SELENIUM is an ANTIOXIDANT.

What happens when there's an DEFICIENCY of SODIUM? (3)

SODIUM DEFICIENCY: 1. Hyponatremia: muscle cramps, cold and clammy skin

What happens when there's an EXCESS of SODIUM? (3)

SODIUM EXCESS: 1. Edema 2. WEIGHT GAIN 3. high blood pressure, if susceptible (Taylor 1206)

What foods contain SODIUM? (2)

SODIUM FOODS: Salt and processed foods

What is the FUNCTION of SODIUM in the body? (2)

SODIUM FUNCTION: 1. Major ion of extracellular fluid 2. Fluid and acid-base balance

What foods CONTAIN sulfur? (6)

SULFUR FOODS: 1. Meat 2. eggs 3. milk 4. dried peas and beans 5. nuts 6. Is provided by adequate amounts of PROTEIN

Secondary deficiencies of the FAT-soluble vitamins can occur anytime FAT DIGESTION or ABSORPTION is altered, such as during MALABSORPTION syndromes and ______ and ______ diseases.

Secondary deficiencies of the FAT-soluble vitamins can occur anytime FAT DIGESTION or ABSORPTION is altered, such as during MALABSORPTION syndromes and PANCREATIC and BILIARY diseases.

Some nutrients are considered ______ because either they are not synthesized in the body or are made in insufficient amounts. _______ nutrients must be provided in the diet or through supplements. (Taylor 1196)

Some nutrients are considered ESSENTIAL because either they are not synthesized in the body or are made in insufficient amounts. ESSENTIAL nutrients must be provided in the diet or through supplements.

Deficiency in calcium can causes

Tetany and osteoporosis

In the LIVER, amino acids are recombined into new proteins or are released into the bloodstream for use in protein synthesis by tissues and cells. Excess amino acids are converted to fatty acids, ketone bodies, or glucose and are stored or used as metabolic fuel. (Taylor 1202)

The body's protein tissues are in a constant state of flux. Tissues are continuously being broken down (catabolism) and replaced (anabolism).

The dry ________ or soda crackers or saltine crackers are best to help control the NAUSEA.

The dry CRACKERS or soda crackers or saltine crackers are best to help control the NAUSEA. Nausea is an uneasiness of the stomach that often comes before vomiting. The CRACKER absorbs the gastric acid, which may be causing the nausea. Avoiding protein or fat is best when nauseated. Scrambled eggs are protein and will not absorb the gastric acid. Chicken noodle soup can provide more liquid in the stomach, making a client feel fuller and the client may vomit. Chocolate donuts should be avoided as they have fat and that could worsen the nausea.

The more preferred methods to establish IDEAL body weight include BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) for _____ and _____ and measurement of WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE for ______.

The more preferred methods to establish IDEAL body weight include BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) for ADULTS and CHILDREN and measurement of WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE for ADULTS ONLY.

The nitrogen remaining after protein is metabolized burdens the kidneys. In addition, energy must be used to excrete the nitrogen. Like carbohydrates, protein consumed in excess of need can be converted to and stored as ______.

The nitrogen remaining after protein is metabolized burdens the kidneys. In addition, energy must be used to excrete the nitrogen. Like carbohydrates, protein consumed in excess of need can be converted to and stored as FAT.

The only exception is SOY, a plant protein that is considered a COMPLETE protein.

The only exception is soy, a plant protein that is considered a complete protein.

This measurement (WC) is a good indicator of ______.

This measurement (WC) is a good indicator of ABDOMINAL FAT.

Where excess body fat is deposited is thought to be an important and reliable indicator of risk for disease, such as type 2 dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. This risk increases with a waist measurement of _____ inches or more for MEN and ____ inches or more for WOMEN.

This risk increases with a waist measurement of 40 inches or more for MEN and 35 inches or more for WOMEN.

Total body water and ECF decrease with _____; ICF increases with an increase in _______.

Total body water and ECF decrease with AGE; ICF increases with an increase in BODY MASS.

What are the BMI ranges: UNDERWEIGHT= _____ HEALTHY= ____ to ____ OVERWEIGHT= ____ to ____ OBESITY= ____+ Obesity 1: ____ to ____ Obesity 2: ____ to _____ EXTREME Obesity= _____+

UNDERWEIGHT= 18.5 HEALTHY= 18.5 to 24.9 OVERWEIGHT= 25 to 29.9 OBESITY= 30+ Obesity 1: 30 to 34.9 Obesity 2: 35 to 39.9 EXTREME Obesity= 40+

Name CELLULOSE and other water-INSOLUBLE fibers:

WHOLE WHEAT FLOUR and WHEAT BRAN VEGETABLES: cabbage, peas, green beans, wax beans, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cucumber skins, peppers, carrots APPLES

Water As the major body constituent present in every body cell, water accounts for between ____% and _____% of the adult's total weight.

Water As the major body constituent present in every body cell, water accounts for between 50% and 60% of the adult's total weight.

Water intake an average of ______ to ______ mL/day for adults usually equals water output.

Water intake an average of 2,200 to 3,000 mL/day for adults usually equals water output.

What do water-SOLUBLE fibers do?

Water-SOLUBLE fibers improve GLUCOSE TOLERANCE in DIABETICS (Sheila) by delaying glucose absorption. It also SLOWS down GASTRIC emptying.

When manufacturers PARTIALLY HYDROGENATE liquid oils, they become more solid and more stable. This substance is referred to as ______ FATS, which RAISES serum cholesterol. Therefore, it is to be counted in with the total number of ______ fats in a day.

When manufacturers PARTIALLY HYDROGENATE liquid oils, they become more solid and more stable. This substance is referred to as TRANS FATS, which RAISES serum cholesterol. Therefore, it is to be counted in with the total number of SATURATED fats in a day. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that food nutrition labels list trans fat so that consumers may make healthy choices in their diet.

What happens with a DEFICIENCY in zinc? (3)

ZINC DEFICIENCY: 1.Impaired growth, sexual maturation, and immune system functioning

What happens when there's an EXCESS of ZINC? (4)

ZINC EXCESS: 1. Anorexia 2. nausea, vomiting, diarrhea 3. muscle pain 4. lethargy or laziness

What foods contain ZINC? (4)

ZINC FOODS: 1. Oysters 2. liver and meats 3. dried peas and beans 4. nuts

What is the FUNCTION of ZINC in the body? (3)

ZINC FUNCTION: 1. Tissue growth 2. Sexual maturation 3. Immune response

When is a MECHANICAL diet used?

after surgery to the head, neck, or mouth.

mL is equal to what?

mL=cc

What foods contain FATS?

1. Butter, oils, margarine, lard, salt pork, salad dressings, mayonnaise, bacon 2. Whole milk and whole milk products 3. High-fat meats 4. Nuts

Maintain Fluid Balance: 1. Enteral Feedings and Parenteral Nutrition need to be accounted for on the ______ FORM 2. If on a ______ restriction, monitor the patient STRICTLY 3. Monitor and encourage ORAL INTAKE of fluids

1. Enteral Feedings and Parenteral Nutrition need to be accounted for on the INTAKE FORM 2. If on a FLUID restriction, monitor the patient. STRICTLY 3. Monitor and encourage ORAL INTAKE of fluids

1. Excess of CHROMIUM 2. DEFICIENCY in CHROMIUM (1)

1. Excess of CHROMIUM: symptoms not known 2. DEFICIENCY in CHROMIUM: Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance

A person with swallowing issues or DYSPHAGIA should do what? (7)

1. FOWLER's position or in CHAIR when eating 2. TUCK CHIN when swallowing to propel food down the esophagus 3. Avoid use of a STRAW 4. Observe for POCKETING of food 5. Observe indications of DYSPHAGIA 6. Keep in semi-Fowler's for at least 1 hour after meals 7. ORAL HYGIENE after meals and snacks

Name sources of carbohydrates.

1. Fruits, vegetables 2. Grains: rice, pasta, breads, cereals 3. Dried peas, beans, milk 4. White and brown sugar, honey, molasses, syrup

(Levels of Thickened Fluids) 1. THIN FLUIDS (4) 2. NECTAR fluids (3)

1. Juices, milk, water, pop, thin broth soups, coffee, tea, and nutritional supplement drinks- clear fluids, pop, milk, nutritional supp. drinks= THIN FLUIDS 2. Can be easily poured, fruit nectars, strained purées, cream soups (peach or mango juice)= NECTAR fluids

Nursing Interventions: (for someone with imbalanced nutrition that is less or more than body requirements)

1. Know the diet order of your clients 2. Provide interventions to promote appetite - Good oral hygiene - Dentures well fitting and in place if applicable - Favorite foods/individualized meal plans -Small frequent meals - Pleasant eating environment/free from odor - Arrange food tray so person can easily reach food - Comfortable position - Do not disturb meal if possible

What foods contain protein?

1. Milk and milk products 2. Meat, poultry, fish 3. Eggs 4. Dried peas and beans 5. Nuts *Read the section on protein in full on page 1201

(Entering Feedings:) What are the 3 main ENTERAL feedings? (YouTube using an Enteral Feeding)

1. Nasogastric Tube (NGT) 2. Gastrostomy Tube 3. Jejunostomy Tubes

1. What occurs with an EXCESS of MANGANESE? What occurs with a DEFICIENCY of MANGANESE? (2)

1. Not yet known for EXCESS manganese MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY: 1. Poor reproductive performance 2. Growth retardation

Name WATER-soluble FIBERS: (4)

1. Oat bran and oatmeal 2. Dried peas and beans 3. VEGETABLES: Prunes, pears, apples, bananas, oranges

A person with swallowing issues or DYSPHAGIA should do what? (7) 1. Place them in ______ position or in ______ 2. _____ CHIN when swallowing to propel food down the esophagus 3. Avoid use of a ______

1. Place them in FOWLER's position or in CHAIR 2. TUCK CHIN when swallowing to propel food down the esophagus 3. Avoid use of a STRAW

When is a CLEAR LIQUID diet normally used? (3)

1. Preparation for bowel surgery and lower endoscopy 2. acute gastrointestinal disorders 3. initial postoperative diet

1. _______: Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is nutritional therapy that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract for patients who are unable to take food orally; meets the patient's nutritional needs with a HIGHLY concentrated, HYPERTONIC nutrient solution administered intravenously through a CENTRAL vein (Taylor 1196) 2. ________: Parenteral Nutrition (PPN): is prescribed for patients who require nutrient supplementation through a peripheral vein because they have an inadequate intake of oral feedings (Taylor 1196)

1. Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is nutritional therapy that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract for patients who are unable to take food orally; meets the patient's nutritional needs with a HIGHLY concentrated, HYPERTONIC nutrient solution administered intravenously through a CENTRAL vein (Taylor 1196) 2. Partial or Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition (PPN): is prescribed for patients who require nutrient supplementation through a peripheral vein because they have an inadequate intake of oral feedings (Taylor 1196)

A POSITIVE NITROGEN balance occurs when nitrogen INTAKE is GREATER than excretion, and indicates tissue growth—for example, during _______, ______, ______, and ______.

A POSITIVE NITROGEN balance occurs when nitrogen intake is greater than excretion, and indicates tissue growth—for example, during CHILDHOOD, PREGNANCY, LACTATION, and RECOVERY from illness.

A patient with a SODIUM/CHOLESTEROL diet may have a _______

A patient with a SODIUM/CHOLESTEROL diet may have a CARDIOVASCULAR issue

A person's TOTAL daily ENERGY expenditure is the SUM of all the ______ used to perform physical activity, maintain basal metabolism, and digest, absorb, and metabolize food. If a person's daily energy INTAKE is equal to total daily energy EXPENDITURE, the person's weight will remain stable. However, if the energy intake is less than the energy expended, the person's weight will decrease. If the energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, weight will increase.

A person's TOTAL daily ENERGY expenditure is the SUM of all the CALORIES used to perform physical activity, maintain basal metabolism, and digest, absorb, and metabolize food. If a person's daily energy INTAKE is equal to total daily energy EXPENDITURE, the person's weight will remain stable. However, if the energy intake is less than the energy expended, the person's weight will decrease. If the energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, weight will increase.

A process that involves recording all fluid that goes into the patient and fluid that leaves the body is ________. Normal conditions intake should equal output in _____ (time).

A process that involves recording all fluid that goes into the patient and fluid that leaves the body is INTAKE and OUTPUT calculations Normal conditions intake should equal output in 24 hours (time).

Although an exact requirement for carbohydrates has not been established, at least _____ to ____ g are needed DAILY to prevent KETOSIS (an abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies that is frequently associated with acidosis).

Although an exact requirement for carbohydrates has not been established, at least 50 to 100 g are needed daily to prevent KETOSIS (an abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies that is frequently associated with acidosis).

Although cholesterol serves many important functions in the body, HIGH SERUM levels are clearly associated with an increased risk for ______, a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.

Although cholesterol serves many important functions in the body, HIGH SERUM levels are clearly associated with an increased risk for ATHEROSCLEROSIS, a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.

As the amount of energy used on physical activity _____, the proportion of calories used for BASAL METABOLISM INCREASES; it accounts for more than half of most people's total energy requirements.

As the amount of energy used on physical activity DECLINES, the proportion of calories used for BASAL METABOLISM INCREASES; it accounts for more than half of most people's total energy requirements.

BMI also provides an estimation of relative risk for diseases such as _____, ____, and _____.

BMI also provides an estimation of relative risk for diseases such as HEART DISEASE, DIABETES, and HYPERTENSION.

Because they are stored, a daily intake is not NECESSARY and deficiency symptoms may take weeks, months, or years to develop. Excessive intake, particularly of vitamins ____ and ____, is TOXIC.

Because they are stored, a daily intake is not NECESSARY and deficiency symptoms may take weeks, months, or years to develop. Excessive intake, particularly of vitamins A and D, is TOXIC.

CARBOHYDRATES are more easily and quickly digested than ______ and _____. 90 percent of carbohydrate intake is digested. This percentage decreases as _____ intake increases.

CARBOHYDRATES are more easily and quickly digested than PROTEIN and FAT. 90 percent of carbohydrate intake is digested. This percentage decreases as FIBER intake increases.

CARBOHYDRATES CARBOHYDRATES, commonly known as ____ and _____, are organic compounds composed of _____, _____, and _____. They serve as the structural framework of plants. The only ANIMAL source of carbohydrate in the diet is _____, or "milk sugar."

CARBOHYDRATES, commonly known as SUGARS and STARCHES, are organic compounds composed of CARBON, HYDROGEN, and OXYGEN. They serve as the structural framework of plants. The only animal source of carbohydrate in the diet is LACTOSE, or "milk sugar."

CELLULOSE and water-INsoluble fibers ______ WATER to INCREASE FECAL BULK and ______ intestinal transit time or makes it go by faster. This makes cellulose and water-insoluble fibers good for _______. Excess can cause gas, distention, or ______.

CELLULOSE and water-INsoluble fibers ABSORB WATER to INCREASE FECAL BULK and DECREASE intestinal transit time or make it go by faster. This makes cellulose and water-insoluble fibers good for CONSTIPATION. Excess can cause gas, distention, or DIARRHEA.

What occurs when there is a DEFICIENCY of CHLORIDE? (3)

CHLORIDE DEFICIENCY: 1. HYPOCHLOREMIA: muscle spasms, alkalosis (Alkalosis is the result of a process reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma), depressed respirations

What foods contain CHLORIDE? (1)

CHLORIDE FOODS: 1. SALT only

Modified Consistency Diets: _____ liquids: little residue

CLEAR liquids: little residue

What is the FUNCTION of COBALT? (1)

COBALT FUNCTION: Essential component of vitamin B12

COMPLETE protein= ANIMAL protein or PLANT protein + small amount of ANIMAL protein.

COMPLETE protein= ANIMAL protein or PLANT protein + small amount of ANIMAL protein.

_______ lipids are phospholipids in which a lipid is combined with another substance. _______ are the prime example of this lipid. _______ lipids constitute the remainder of the lipids ingested, such as _______.

COMPOUND lipids are phospholipids in which a lipid is combined with another substance. PHOSPHOLIPIDS are the prime example of this lipid. DERIVED lipids constitute the remainder of the lipids ingested, such as CHOLESTEROL.

Carbohydrates provide _____% to _____% of total calories for adults, mostly in the form of complex carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates provide 45% to 65% of total calories for adults, mostly in the form of complex carbohydrates.

Clients should eat _____% grains and ____% vegetables daily. Vegetables and fruits should be consumed at a ratio of _____% for each food group. These food groups are accompanied by low-fat/nonfat milk or other reduced-fat dairy products.

Clients should eat 30% grains and 30% vegetables daily. Vegetables and fruits should be consumed at a ratio of 20% for each food group. These food groups are accompanied by low-fat/nonfat milk or other reduced-fat dairy products. (1207-08)

Cyanocobalamin, otherwise known as vitamin B12, is found in _____

Cyanocobalamin, otherwise known as vitamin B12, is found in lean meats milk and dairy products and saltwater fish and oysters It is not found in high concentrations in foods like peas or butter.

The food consumed by a person supplies the essential nutrients needed for cells to perform their necessary functions, but the cells cannot use food in its consumed form. The GASTROINTESTINAL system breaks down the food into particles small enough to pass into the cells and be used by the cells. This breakdown process is called _______. (Taylor 1207)

DIGESTION

DYSPHAGIA (difficulty swallowing or the inability to swallow) also is associated with an increased risk for _____, the misdirection of oropharyngeal secretions or gastric contents into the larynx and lower respiratory tract. DENTAL PROBLEMS are associated with impaired chewing and avoidance of foods that may be difficult to chew, such as meat, fruit, and vegetables.

DYSPHAGIA (difficulty swallowing or the inability to swallow) also is associated with an increased risk for ASPIRATION, the misdirection of oropharyngeal secretions or gastric contents into the larynx and lower respiratory tract. DENTAL PROBLEMS are associated with impaired chewing and avoidance of foods that may be difficult to chew, such as meat, fruit, and vegetables.

DYSPHAGIA: (difficulty swallowing or the inability to swallow) can be the result of:

DYSPHAGIA can be the result of 1. Poor dental health 2. Cancer 3. a neurologic disease: 4. such as STROKE 5. Parkinson's disease or dementia This may reduce the patient's nutritional intake

Assess for barriers to eating. ______ : difficulty swallowing or the inability to swallow can be the result of poor dental health, cancer, or a neurologic disease, such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, or dementia, and may reduce the patient's nutritional intake. (Taylor 1217)

DYSPHAGIA: difficulty swallowing or the inability to swallow can be the result of poor dental health, cancer, or a neurologic disease, such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, or dementia, and may reduce the patient's nutritional intake

Deficiency in IODINE causes _______. Excess in IODINE causes ________.

Deficiency in IODINE causes GOITER. Excess in IODINE causes ACNE-like lesions.

Dietary PROTEIN is broken down into amino acid particles by _______ enzymes in the SMALL INTESTINE. These are absorbed through the INTESTINAL MUCOSA to be transported to the ______, which regulates the nutrients.

Dietary PROTEIN is broken down into amino acid particles by PANCREATIC enzymes in the SMALL INTESTINE. These are absorbed through the INTESTINAL MUCOSA to be transported to the LIVER.

CLASSIFICATION AND METABOLISM: Dietary PROTEINS may be labeled ______, meaning HIGH quality or ______, LOW quality, based on their AMINO ACID composition. ______ proteins contain sufficient amounts and proportions of ALL the essential amino acids to support growth, whereas ______ proteins are deficient in one or more essential amino acids.

Dietary PROTEINS may be labeled COMPLETE, meaning HIGH quality or INCOMPLETE, LOW quality, based on their AMINO ACID composition. COMPLETE proteins contain sufficient amounts and proportions of ALL the essential amino acids to support growth, whereas INCOMPLETE proteins are deficient in one or more essential amino acids.

_______ tablets are covered with a hard surface that impedes absorption until the tablet has left the stomach; thus, the medication is released in the SMALL INTESTINE.

ENTERIC-COATED tablets are covered with a hard surface that impedes absorption until the tablet has left the stomach; thus, the medication is released in the SMALL INTESTINE.

What happens with an EXCESS of FLUORIDE? (1)

EXCESS FLUORIDE: 1. Mottling and discoloration of tooth enamel

What signs and symptoms occur with an EXCESS of magnesium? (3)

EXCESS MAGNESIUM: HYPERMAGNESIUM: CNS depression, coma, hypotension

What happens when there's and excess of PHOSPHORUS in the body? (1)

EXCESS PHOSPHORUS: 1. Hyperphosphatemia: symptoms of hypocalcemic tetany

What happens when there's an EXCESS of POTASSIUM? (4)

EXCESS POTASSIUM: 1. Hyperkalemia: irritability, anxiety, cardiac arrhythmia, heart block

FAT DIGESTION occurs largely in the _______ intestine. ______, secreted by the GALLBLADDER, emulsifies or spreads fat to increase the surface area so that ______ can break down fat more effectively. (Taylor 1203)

FAT DIGESTION occurs largely in the SMALL intestine. BILE, secreted by the GALLBLADDER, emulsifies fat to increase the surface area so that PANCREATIC LIPASE can break down fat more effectively.

What happens with a DEFICIENCY of FLUORIDE? (2)

FLUORIDE DEFICIENCY: 1. Tooth decay 2. Increased risk for OSTEOPOROSIS (bone weakness)

What is the FUNCTION of FLUORIDE in the body? (2)

FLUORIDE FUNCTION: 1. Tooth formation and integrity 2. Bone formation and integrity

CLASSIFICATION AND METABOLISM: ________ contain mixtures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The difference in degree of saturation depends on the amount of HYDROGEN in fat molecules. _______ fats contain more hydrogen than ______ fats. Most ______ fats are considered SATURATED and have a solid consistency at room temperature.

FOOD FATS contain mixtures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The difference in degree of saturation depends on the amount of HYDROGEN in fat molecules. SATURATED fats contain more hydrogen than UNSATURATED fats.

______ Liquids: CLEAR liquids plus liquid DAIRY products, all JUICES, pureed vegetables

FULL Liquids: CLEAR liquids plus liquid DAIRY products, all JUICES, pureed vegetables

Factors that _______ BMR include GROWTH, INFECTIONS, FEVER, emotional tension, extreme environmental temperatures, and elevated levels of certain hormones, especially epinephrine and thyroid hormones. Aging, prolonged fasting, and sleep all _____ BMR.

Factors that INCREASE BMR include GROWTH, INFECTIONS, FEVER, emotional tension, extreme environmental temperatures, and elevated levels of certain hormones, especially epinephrine and thyroid hormones. Aging, prolonged fasting, and sleep all DECREASE BMR.

Supplementation can ensure adequate intakes of specific nutrients because of physiologic limitations or changes. For example, FOLATE (folic acid) supplementation during PREGNANCY has significantly decreased the risk of children born with NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.

For example, _______ supplementation during PREGNANCY has significantly decreased the risk of children born with NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.

What are examples of complete proteins and incomplete proteins? What is the exception?

Generally, ANIMAL proteins such as eggs, dairy products, meat are COMPLETE. PLANT proteins grains, legumes, vegetables are INCOMPLETE. The only exception is SOY, a plant protein that is considered a COMPLETE protein.

Glucose is transported from the _____, through the _______, to the _____.

Glucose is transported from the GI TRACT, through the PORTAL VEIN, to the LIVER.

High-FAT diets increase the risk for _____ disease and _____ and are correlated with an increased risk for ____ and _____ cancers.

High-FAT diets increase the risk for HEART disease and OBESITY and are correlated with an increased risk for COLON and BREAST cancers.

Give examples of INTAKE:

INTAKE: 1. Liquids taken PO 2. Intravenous fluids (IV) 3. Feedings via Nasogastric tube (NGT) or Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)

INTRAVENOUS supplementation may be prescribed for patients who have ______ GI tracts, who are _______, or those who have high caloric and nutritional needs due to ILNESS or INJURY—patients undergoing aggressive ____ therapy and those recovering from extensive ______, ______, sepsis, or multiple fractures, for instance.

INTRAVENOUS supplementation may be prescribed for patients who have NONFUNCTIONAL GI tracts, who are COMATOSE, or those who have high caloric and nutritional needs due to ILLNESS or INJURY—patients undergoing aggressive CANCER therapy and those recovering from extensive BURNS, SURGERY, sepsis, or multiple fractures, for instance.

What is the significance of IODINE in the body? (1)

IODINE FUNCTION: Component of thyroid hormones (The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolic rate as well as heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain development, mood and bone maintenance.)

What occurs when there is a DEFICIENCY of IRON? (4)

IRON DEFICIENCY: 1. Microcytic anemia and pallor 2. decreased work capacity 3. fatigue 4. weakness

What occurs when there's an EXCESS of iron? (2)

IRON EXCESS: 1. HEMOSIDEROSIS; acute iron poisoning from accidental overdose leads to *GI symptoms and possible *SHOCK

What is the FUNCTION of IRON? (2)

IRON FUNCTION: 1. Oxygen transport by way of hemoglobin 2. Component of enzyme systems

If hemoglobin (normal = 12 to 18 g/dL; 120 to 180 g/L) is decreased, anemia is present. A increased hematocrit signifies dehydration. _______ is related to serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Decreased serum albumin also signifies ______.

If hemoglobin (normal = 12 to 18 g/dL; 120 to 180 g/L) is decreased, anemia is present. A increased hematocrit signifies dehydration. MALNUTRITION is related to serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Decreased serum albumin also signifies MALABSORPTION.

MACROMINERALS (bulk minerals), minerals needed by the body in amounts greater than _____ mg/day, include 1. ________ 2. _______ 3. _______ 4. _______ 5. _______ 6. _______ 7. ______.

MACROMINERALS (bulk minerals), minerals needed by the body in amounts greater than 100 mg/day, include 1. CALCIUM 2. PHOSPHORUS (phosphates) 3. SULFUR (sulfate) 4. SODIUM 5. CHLORIDE 6. POTASSIUM 7. MAGNESIUM

What foods contain MAGNESIUM? (4)

MAGNESIUM FOODS: 1. Green leafy vegetables 2. nuts 3. beans 4. grains

What is the function of MAGNESIUM in the body? (3)

MAGNESIUM FUNCTION: 1. Bone and tooth formation 2. Protein synthesis 3. Carbohydrate metabolism

What foods contain MANGANESE? (4)

MANGANESE FOODS: 1. Whole grains 2. nuts 3. dried peas and beans 4. fruit

What is the FUNCTION is MANGANESE in the body? (1 set)

MANGANESE FUNCTION: 1. Part of enzymes needed for PROTEIN and ENERGY metabolism

Regular diet with modifications for texture. Excludes most raw fruits and vegetables and foods with seeds, nuts, and dried fruits. Foods are chopped, ground, mashed or soft. Used for: Chewing and swallowing difficulties; after surgery to the head, neck, or mouth. (Taylor 1225)

MECHANICALLY ALTERED DIET:

MICRO-MINERALS , or TRACE elements, are minerals needed by the body in amounts less than _____ mg/day.

MICRO-MINERALS , or TRACE elements, are minerals needed by the body in amounts less than 100 mg/day.

MICROMINERALS that have recommended dietary intake established include 1. ______ 2. _____ 3. ______ 4. chromium 5. copper 6. molybdenum 7. selenium 8. ______ 9. ______. Additional trace elements included arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, cobalt, and vanadium.

MICROMINERALS that have recommended dietary intake established include 1. IRON 2. ZINC 3. MANGANESE 4. chromium 5. copper 6. molybdenum 7. selenium 8. FLUORIDE 9. IODINE. Additional trace elements included arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, cobalt, and vanadium.

(MINERALS) MINERALS are _______ elements found in all body fluids and tissues in the form of salts (e.g., sodium chloride) or combined with organic compounds (e.g., iron in hemoglobin).

MINERALS are INORGANIC elements found in all body fluids and tissues in the form of salts (e.g., sodium chloride) or combined with organic compounds (e.g., iron in hemoglobin).

MINERALS, which are ______, are NOT BROKEN DOWN or rearranged in the body but, rather, are contained in the ash that remains after digestion.

MINERALS, which are ELEMENTS, are NOT BROKEN DOWN or rearranged in the body but, rather, are contained in the ash that remains after digestion. Excessive soaking and cooking in water can cause loss of minerals from food. However, minerals are COMMONLY NOT destroyed by food processing.

What foods contain MOLYBDENUM? (4)

MOLYBDENUM FOODS: 1. Liver 2. whole grains 3. dried peas and beans 4. organ meats

What is the FUNCTION of MOLYBDENUM? (1)

MOLYBDENUM FUNCTION: 1. Oxidizes SULFUR and products of sulfur metabolism

Metabolic Requirements: _______ is the energy required to carry on the involuntary activities of the body at rest—the energy needed to sustain the metabolic activities of cells and tissues. These activities include actions such as maintaining body temperature and muscle tone, producing and releasing secretions, propelling food through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, inflating the lungs, and contracting the heart muscle.

Metabolic Requirements: BASAL METABOLISM is the energy required to carry on the involuntary activities of the body at rest—the energy needed to sustain the metabolic activities of cells and tissues. These activities include actions such as maintaining body temperature and muscle tone, producing and releasing secretions, propelling food through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, inflating the lungs, and contracting the heart muscle.

______, a comparison between catabolism and anabolism, can be measured by comparing nitrogen intake (protein intake) and nitrogen excretion (nitrogen lost in urine, urea, feces, hair, nails, skin.

NITROGEN (protein) BALANCE

________ nutrients do not have to be supplied through dietary sources because they either are not required for body functioning or are synthesized in the body in adequate amounts. Nonessential nutrients are naturally made by the body. (Taylor 1196)

NONESSENTIAL nutrients do not have to be supplied through dietary sources because they either are not required for body functioning or are synthesized in the body in adequate amounts. Nonessential nutrients are naturally made by the body. (Vit. D and Biotin) Some nutrients can be converted to others in the body. For instance, the body converts excess carbohydrates and protein into fat and stores them as triglycerides.

______ are specific biochemical substances used by the body for growth, development, activity, reproduction, lactation, health maintenance, and recovery from illness or injury. (Taylor 1196)

NUTRIENTS are specific biochemical substances used by the body for growth, development, activity, reproduction, lactation, health maintenance, and recovery from illness or injury.

Other forms of oral medications that should not be chewed or crushed without checking with the prescriber include any of the _______ forms, such as SR (sustained release), XL (extended release), CR or CRT (controlled release), SA (sustained action), or LA (long acting). Chewing and/or crushing these medications destroys their extended-release delivery mechanism and may result in potentially toxic peaks and low troughs. (Taylor 772)

Other forms of oral medications that should not be chewed or crushed without checking with the prescriber include any of the EXTENDED-RELEASE forms.

_______ nutrition can be administered centrally, through a central venous access device (TPN), or peripherally (PPN), through a SHORT-term intravenous access in a peripheral vein. The basic difference between the two types is the _______ of the solutions infused.

PARENTERAL nutrition can be administered centrally, through a central venous access device (TPN), or peripherally (PPN), through a SHORT-term intravenous access in a peripheral vein. The basic difference between the two types is the CONCENTRATION of the solutions infused.

PARENTERAL nutrition is the administration of nutritional support via the ______ route. Patients who can't meet their nutritional needs by the oral or enteral routes may require intravenous nutritional supplementation. (Taylor 1232)

PARENTERAL nutrition is the administration of nutritional support via the INTRAVENOUS route. Patients who can't meet their nutritional needs by the oral or enteral routes may require intravenous nutritional supplementation.

What foods contain PHOSPHORUS? (3)

PHOSPHORUS FOODS: 1. Milk and milk products 2. Soft drinks 3. Processed foods

What's does PHOSPHORUS do for your body? (3)

PHOSPHORUS FUNCTION: 1. Bone and tooth formation 2. Acid-base balance 3. Energy metabolism

What happens when there's a DEFICIENCY in POTASSIUM? (2)

POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY: 1. Hypokalemia: muscle cramps and weakness, irregular heartbeat

What foods contain POTASSIUM? (2)

POTASSIUM FOODS: 1. Whole grains 2. fruits and leafy vegetables

What does POTASSIUM FUNCTION to do in the body? (3)

POTASSIUM FUNCTION: 1. Major ion of intracellular fluid 2. Fluid balance 3. Acid-base balance

PUREED Diet: Also known as a _____ liquid diet because the diet is made up of liquids and foods ______ to liquid form. All foods are allowed. (Taylor 1225)

PUREED Diet: Also known as a BLENDERIZED liquid diet because the diet is made up of liquids and foods BLENDERIZED to liquid form. All foods are allowed. (Taylor 1225)

Some minerals function to provide _______ within the body, whereas others help to _______.

Some minerals function to provide STRUCTURE within the body, whereas others help to REGULATE BODY PROCESSES.

Oral meds are available in solid and liquid form. Solid preparations include tablets, capsules, and pills. Some tablets are ______ for easy breaking if a PARTIAL QUANTITY is needed. Unless a tablet is scored, do not break it because doing so could result in an inaccurate dose.

Some tablets are SCORED for easy breaking if a PARTIAL QUANTITY is needed. Unless a tablet is scored, do not break it because doing so could result in an inaccurate dose.

Sources of water in the diet include not only beverages but also SOLID foods, which contain between 10% and 98% water. Water is also produced through the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fat. It leaves the body through ______, ______, ______, and _______ (sweat).

Sources of water in the diet include not only beverages but also SOLID foods, which contain between 10% and 98% water. Water is also produced through the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fat. It leaves the body through URINE, FECES, EXPIRATION, and PERSPIRATION (sweat).

TOTAL parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a ________ nutrient solution. TPN provides calories; restores nitrogen balance; and replaces essential fluids, vitamins, electrolytes, minerals, and trace elements. (Taylor 1233)

TOTAL parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a HYPERTONIC nutrient solution. TPN provides calories; restores nitrogen balance; and replaces essential fluids, vitamins, electrolytes, minerals, and trace elements.

a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium.

Tetany: a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium.

24-Hour Recall Method: Explain 3 key points. (Taylor 1215)

The EASIEST way to collect dietary data is to obtain a 24-hour recall of all food and beverages the patient normally consumes during an average day. Ask the patient to recall details related to nutritional intake from the prior 24 hours. This method (24 hour recall) includes the patient's portion sizes, meal and snack patterns, meal timing, and location where food is eaten. Because this method RELIES ON MEMORY and accurate interpretation of portion sizes, the information may not be reliable.

The _____ stores glucose and regulates its entry into the blood. Hormones, especially _____ and ______, are responsible for keeping serum glucose levels fairly constant during both feasting and fasting.

The LIVER stores glucose and regulates its entry into the blood. Hormones, especially INSULIN and GLUCAGON, are responsible for keeping serum glucose levels fairly constant during both feasting and fasting.

The MNA is a combination of screening questions followed by ANTHROPOMETRIC measurements, including _____, _______, and ______. The MNA is fast and easy, and recommended for use with all OLDER ADULT patients, whether they are community dwelling, hospitalized, or in long-term care settings.

The MNA is a combination of screening questions followed by ANTHROPOMETRIC measurements, including BMI, midarm and calf circumference, and weight loss. The MNA is fast and easy, and recommended for use with all OLDER ADULT patients, whether they are community dwelling, hospitalized, or in long-term care settings.

The ________ is an example of a screening tool used to detect OLDER adults at risk for malnutrition before changes in ALBUMIN level and the BMI. (1214)

The Mini Nutritional Assessment tool (MNA) is an example of a screening tool used to detect older adults at risk for malnutrition before changes in ALBUMIN level and the BMI.

The body stores excesses of the fat-soluble vitamins mostly in the _____ and _____ tissue.

The body stores excesses of the fat-soluble vitamins mostly in the LIVER and ADIPOSE tissue.

The oral route is the most commonly used route of administration. (Taylor 772) There are certain situations in which oral medications should not be administered, such as when the patient has difficulty ______, is ______, is to receive nothing by mouth (NPO), or is ______. Occasionally, a patient may unintentionally or intentionally hide a medication in the mouth, or "cheek" it. Check that the medication was actually swallowed before recording that it has been taken.

The oral route is the most commonly used route of administration. (Taylor 772) There are certain situations in which oral medications should not be administered, such as when the patient has difficulty SWALLOWING, is UNCONSCIOUS, is to receive nothing by mouth (NPO), or is VOMITING. Occasionally, a patient may unintentionally or intentionally hide a medication in the mouth, or "cheek" it. Check that the medication was actually swallowed before recording that it has been taken.

FUNCTIONS AND RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE: Except for INDIGESTIBLE or INSOLUBLE fiber, all carbohydrates provide ____ calories per gram, regardless of the source.

The primary function of carbohydrates is to supply energy. Except for INDIGESTIBLE or INSOLUBLE fiber, all carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram, regardless of the source.

(🐣🐣) The recommended DAILY intake for protein for adults is 0.8g/kg of desirable body weight, or about _____ g for a woman weighing _____ pounds and _____ g for a man weighing ______ pounds. (Refer to Table 35-2 for more information about the sources, functions, and significance of protein.)

The recommended daily intake for protein for adults is 0.8 g/kg of desirable body weight, or about 46 g for a woman weighing 127 pounds and 56 g for a man weighing 154 pounds.

The science of ______ is the study of how food nourishes the body. (Taylor 1196)

The science of NUTRITION is the study of how food nourishes the body. It encompasses the study of nutrients and how they are handled by the body as well as the impact of human behavior and environment on the process of nourishment. As such, this discipline involves physiology, psychology, and socioeconomics. (Taylor 1196)

The significance of carbohydrates cannot be overstated. CARBS are relatively easy to produce and store, making them the MOST _____ and LEAST ____ source of CALORIES in the diet worldwide.

The significance of carbohydrates cannot be overstated. CARBS are relatively easy to produce and store, making them the MOST ABUNDANT and LEAST EXPENSIVE source of CALORIES in the diet worldwide.

This undesirable state of NEGATIVE nitrogen balance occurs in situations such as ______ and the catabolism that immediately follows ______, ______, _____, and _____. This can result in the wasting of muscle tissue as it is converted from glycogen to glucose for energy.

This undesirable state of NEGATIVE nitrogen balance occurs in situations such as STARVATION and the catabolism that immediately follows SURGERY, ILLNESS, TRAUMA, and STRESS. This can result in the wasting of muscle tissue as it is converted from glycogen to glucose for energy.

Through a complex series of events, MOST FATS are absorbed into the _______ circulation with the help of a protein carrier and are transported to the _____. Of 100 grams eaten, only about 3 grams are excreted in the feces.

Through a complex series of events, MOST FATS are absorbed into the LYMPHATIC circulation with the help of a protein carrier and are transported to the LIVER. Of 100 grams eaten, only about 3 grams are excreted in the feces.

To help lower SERUM cholesterol levels, researchers recommend limiting cholesterol intake, eating less total fat—especially _____ and _____ fat—eating more unsaturated fat, and increasing _______ intake, which INCREASES FECAL EXCRETION of cholesterol.

To help lower SERUM cholesterol levels, researchers recommend limiting cholesterol intake, eating less total fat—especially SATURATED and TRANS fat—eating more unsaturated fat, and increasing FIBER intake, which INCREASES FECAL EXCRETION of cholesterol.

Total energy intake for a meal, a day, or longer, can be calculated by using food _______ (Taylor 1196)

Total energy intake for a meal, a day, or longer, can be calculated by using food COMPOSITION TABLES

_______ elements are elements that are consumed in microgram quantities each day. They occur in very low quantities in human tissues and their essentiality is uncertain. These elements include aluminum lithium nickel silicon tin vanadium. (Taylor 1205)

ULTRATRACE elements are elements that are consumed in microgram quantities each day. They occur in very low quantities in human tissues and their essentiality is uncertain. These elements include aluminum lithium nickel silicon tin vanadium. (Taylor 1205)

VITAMINS are ______ compounds needed by the body in ______ amounts. Most VITAMINS are active in the form of ______, which, together with enzymes, facilitate thousands of chemical reactions in the body. (Taylor 1203)

VITAMINS are ORGAN compounds needed by the body in SMALL amounts. Most VITAMINS are active in the form of COENZYMES, which, together with enzymes, facilitate thousands of chemical reactions in the body.

(REGULATORY NUTRIENTS:) ______, ______, and _____ are REGULATORY nutrients because the body needs them for the metabolism of energy nutrients.

VITAMINS, MINERALS, and WATER are REGULATORY nutrients because the body needs them for the metabolism of energy nutrients.

Vitamins are considered _______ in the diet because most are not synthesized in the body or are made in insufficient quantities. The absence or insufficient use of vitamins in the body causes specific deficiency syndromes.

Vitamins are ESSENTIAL in the diet because most are not synthesized in the body or are made in insufficient quantities. The absence or insufficient use of vitamins in the body causes specific deficiency syndromes.

Vitamins are classified as either WATER soluble or FAT soluble. WATER-soluble vitamins include vitamin ____ and the ______ vitamins: ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin pantothenic acid, FOLATE, cobalamin. They are absorbed through the INTESTINAL WALL directly into the bloodstream.

Vitamins are classified as either WATER soluble or FAT soluble. WATER-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins: ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin pantothenic acid, folate, cobalamin. They are absorbed through the INTESTINAL WALL directly into the bloodstream.

Vitamins are present in foods in only small amounts. FRESH FOODS are higher in vitamins than _______ foods because vitamins may be destroyed by light, heat, air, and during preparation. The exception is when vitamins not naturally occurring in a food are added, such as vitamin D-fortified milk. This process is called _______.

Vitamins are present in foods in only small amounts. FRESH FOODS are higher in vitamins than PROCESSED foods because vitamins may be destroyed by light, heat, air, and during preparation. The exception is when vitamins not naturally occurring in a food are added, such as vitamin D-fortified milk. This process is called FORTIFICATION.

WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE is _______ (Fig. 35-1).

WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE is measured by placing a measuring tape snugly around the patient's waist at the level of the umbilicus.

WATER acts as a ______ that dissolves many solutes, thereby aiding digestion, absorption, circulation, and excretion. Through evaporation from the skin, water helps to regulate body _______. As a LUBRICANT, water is needed both for _____ secretions and for movement between ______.

WATER acts as a SOLVENT that dissolves many solutes, thereby aiding digestion, absorption, circulation, and excretion. Through evaporation from the skin, water helps to regulate body TEMPERATURE. As a LUBRICANT, water is needed both for MUCOUS secretions and for movement between JOINTS.

WATER balance may be seriously affected when INTAKE such as in _____ adults or people in ______ states OR OUTPUT such as in patients with 1. ALTERED ______ FUNCTION 2. profuse ______ 3. ______ and _____ 4. _____ 5. _______ 6. ______ 7. severe ______ is altered.

WATER balance may be seriously affected when INTAKE such as in OLDER adults or people in COMATOSE states OR OUTPUT such as in patients with 1. ALTERED RENAL FUNCTION 2. profuse PERSPIRATION 3. DIARRHEA and VOMITING 4. FISTULAS 5. DRAINAGE TUBES 6. HEMORHAGE 7. severe BURNS is altered.