Nutrition And Drugs Chapter 10
What is the formula for BMI?
(weight)/(height)squaredx703
What are the factors that influence the metabolic rate?
-Body composition (lean body mass is the major factor that influences metabolic rate) -Sex (males have a higher metabolic rate) -Body surface area -Age -Calorie intake
What can being overweight and obese increase the risk of?
-CVD -Chronic low back pain -Hypertension -Loss of mobility -Type 2 diabetes -Fatty liver disease (not alcohol related) -Metabolic syndrome -Erectile dysfunction in men (impotence) -Polycystic ovary syndrome -Low-grade inflammation -Infertility -Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GED) -Elevated blood lipid levels -Psychological depression -Gallstones -Certain cancers -Sleep apnea -Skin ulcers -Osteoarthritis -Premature death
What are the factors that decrease BMR?
-Decreased muscle mass -Starvation or very-low-calorie diets -Low thyroid hormones -Aging -Lower body surface area (short height)
What happens to macronutrients when they are released from storage and metabolized to synthesize ATP?
-Glycogen is broken down to supply glucose. -Fat cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. -Proteins are broken down into amino acids, some of which the liver uses to make glucose. -Nervous system cells (glucose-energy [ATP]) -Other cells (fatty acids-energy [ATP])
What happens to the macronutrients after they are absorbed and are used for energy or stored as glycogen or fat?
-In muscle, excess glucose is stored as glycogen. -In the liver, excess glucose is stored as glycogen or converted to triglycerides and released into the bloodstream. -Triglycerides may be stored in adipose cells. -Amino acids are picked up by all cells to be used for protein synthesis. In the liver,execess amino acids may be converted to glucose or triglycerides. -A portion of the absorbed glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids are used for energy.
What are the factors that increase BMR?
-Increased muscle mass -Body temperature (fever increases metabolism) -Excess thyroid hormone -Periods of growth (e.g. pregnancy) -Greater body surface area (tall height) -Lactation (milk production for breastfeeding) -Exercise and exercise recovery -Stimulant drugs (e.g. caffeine) -Stress
What is the formula for calculating metabolic energy needs?
-Men: 1.0 kcal/kg/hour -Women: 0.9 kcal/kg/hour
What is the percentage of body fat in a healthy person?
-Men: 13-21% -Women: 23-31%
What is the percentage of body fat in an overweight person?
-Men: 22-25% -Women: 32-37%
What is the percentage of body fat in an obese person?
-Men: 25-31% -Women: 38-42%
What is the percentage of body fat in an extremely obese person?
-Men: 32% or more -Women: 43% or more
What is the formula for estimated energy requirement?
-Men: 662-(9.53xAge)+PA(15.91xWT+539.6xHT) -Women: 354-(6.91xAge)+PAx(9.36xWT+726xHT)
What is the factors of a sound weight-loss plan?
-Safe and effective -Meets nutritional,psychological, and social needs -Incorporates a verity of common foods from all food groups. -Fosters slow but steady weight loss -Does not require costly devices or diet books -Accommodates family and restaurant meals, parties, and special occasions, ethnic foods, and food likes -Does not make the person feel deprived -Emphasizes readily available nutritious foods -Promotes changing habits that lead to overeating -Encourages regular physical activity -Provides suggestions for obtaining social support -Can be followed for a lifetime
What is the approximate energy expenditures of selected physical activities for a 150-pound person?
-Sitting and playing cards: 1.9 kcal/min -Bowling: 4.1 kcal/minute -Walking (3.5 mph): 5.1 kcal/minute -Bicycling (10 mph): 6.4 kcal/minute -Canoeing (4 mph): 6.7 kcal/minute -Dancing (active): 6.8 kcal/minute -Hiking (with pack, 3 mph): 6.8 kcal/minute -Walking (4.5 mph): 7.1 kcal/minute -Tennis (singles, recreational): 7.5 kcal/minute -Weight training: 7.8 kcal/minute -Touch football (vigorous): 8.3 kcal/minute -Aerobic dancing: 9.0 kcal/minute -Swimming (vigorous, breaststroke): 9.6 kcal/minute -Running/jogging, steady pace (5.5 mph): 10.0 kcal/minute -Bicycling (15 mph): 10.9 kcal/minute -Karate: 12.8 kcal/minute
What is the BMI for an healthy person?
18.5 to 24.9
What is the BMI for an overweight person?
25.0-29.9
What is the BMI for an obese person?
30.0-39.9
What is the BMI for an extremely obese person?
40 and above
Hypothalamus
A structure in the brain controls hunger and satiety.
What is the BMI for an underweight person?
Below 18.5
Fat-Free Mass
Body compartment that is comprised of body water, mineral-rich tissues, and protein-rich tissues.
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
Body's rate of energy use a few after resting and eating.
Energy Equilibrium
Calorie intake equals calorie output
Positive Energy Output
Calorie intake is greater than calorie output.
Negative Energy Balance
Calorie intake is less than calorie output.
Energy Output
Calories cells use to carry out their activities.
Energy Intake
Calories from foods and beverages that contain macronutrients and alcohol.
Energy
Capacity to perform work.
Adipose Tissue
Cells that remove excess fat from the bloodstream for storage.
Obesity
Condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fats.
Central-Body Obesity
Condition characterized by excessive visceral fat.
Appetite
Desire to eat appealing food.
Thermic Effect Of Food (TEF)
Energy used to digest foods and beverages as well as absorb and further process the macronutrients.
Total Body Fat
Essential fat and adipose tissue.
Overweight
Having extra weight from bone, muscle, body fat, and/or body water.
Leptin
Hormone that reduces hunger and inhibits fat storage in the body,
Ghrelin
Hormone that stimulates eating behavior.
Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)
Involuntary skeletal muscular activities such as fidgeting.
Bariatric Medicine
Medical specialty that focuses on the treatment of obesity.
Who tends to store extra visceral fat in the abdominal region of their bodies?
Men and African-American women
Air Displacement
Method of estimating body composition by determining body volume.
Basal Metabolism
Minimal number of kilocalories the body uses to support vital activities after fasting and resting for 12 hours.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Molecule that stores energy.
Subcutaneous Fat
Subcutaneous tissue that has more adipose cells than any other kinds of cells.
Liposuction
Surgical method of reducing the size of local fat deposits.
Bioelectrical Impedance
Technique of estimating body composition in which a device measures the conduction of a weak electrical current through the body.
Skinfold Thickness Measurements
Technique of estimating body composition in which calipers are used to measure the width of skinfolds at multiple body sites.
Underwater Weighing
Technique of estimating body composition that involves comparing weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water.
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Technique of estimating body composition that involves scanning the body with multiple low-energy x-rays.
Cholecystokinin
The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to contract and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.
Subcutaneous Tissue
Tissue that holds skin in place over underlying tissues such as muscle.
Visceral Fat
Type of body fat that forms a protective structure that is under the abdominal muscles and hangs over the stomach and intestines.
Hunger
Uncomfortable feeling that drives a person to consume food.
Physical Activity
Voluntary muscle movement
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Numerical value of relationship between body weight and risk of certain chronic health problems associated with excess body fat.
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Rare genetic condition that results from the lack of genes in a particular section of a chromosome. -Skeletal deformities -Delayed motor development -Decreased intellectual functioning -Food cravings -Insatiable appetites
Set-Point Theory
Scientific notion that body fat content is genetically predetermined.
Satiety
Sense that enough food or beverages have been consumed to satisfy hunger.
