Nutrition and health exam 3 practice questions

The DRI for sodium for healthy people is set at ______ but______ is the adequate intake for adults.

2300 mg, 1500 mg

Water makes up approximately ______% of an adult individual's body weight and is the most indispensable nutrient of all. Satiety and ________ govern water intake. The brain center known as the _______ helps initiate the sensation of thirst.

60, thirst, hypothalamus

Sachi has learned that some of her dietary favorites are high in sodium. She's reluctant to give them up, but decides she decides to eliminate table salt in order to bring her daily sodium levels down. She estimates that she consumes 1.5 g table salt per day, so how much sodium is being reduced from her eliminating table salt?

600 mg

On average, Sachi drinks about five mugs of coffee and one glass of red wine per day. According to government recommendations, how many cups of water per day should women consume?

9 cups

Almost 500,000 of the world's children suffer from signs of vitamin _____ deficiency resulting in night blindness, diarrhea, and loss of appetite.

A

Among the following factors, which one is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis?

African American heritage

Deficiency in the water-soluble vitamins, ______and _______ , can contribute to anemia, and a deficiency in ______ can cause pellagra.

B12, folate, niacin

Given his lack of energy, weakened immune response, facial rash, and irritability, which B vitamin might help Roberto the most?

B6

The plant-derived precursor to vitamin A is

Beta-carotene: an orange pigment in plant foods

what is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Calcium

_______ and _______ are important for the infrastructure of bone.

Calcium and Phosphorus

_____ is by far the most abundant mineral in the body; nearly 99% is stored in bones and teeth. The chief mineral used to maintain fluid volume outside of the cell and a key regulator of electrolytes is ____. The major positive ion inside cells is _____ , which plays vital roles in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and cell integrity. ______ is part of the DNA and RNA of every cell and is the principal component of cellular membranes.

Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus

The mineral _______ is responsible for the stomach's acidity.

Chloride

What is a potential side effect of drinking a 12-ounce bottle of magnesium citrate?

Dehydration

A ______ is a compound that causes increased urinary water excretion.

Diuretic

Fluid that accounts for approximately one-third of the body's water

Extracellular fluid

Vitamin B12 supplements can mask a folate deficiency.

False

True or false? Even though trace minerals are needed in very small quantities, they cannot cause health problems.

False: All trace minerals are toxic in excess. Overdoses are most likely to occur in people who take multiple supplements. Eating a wide variety of whole foods will give you the needed trace minerals.

Risk factors for osteoporosis include being of African American heritage and male gender.

False: Being of Caucasian, Asian, and/or Hispanic/Latino heritage and female gender are risk factors for osteoporosis.

Calcium, iron, and potassium are major minerals that are essential for the body's proper functioning.

False: Calcium and potassium are major minerals, but iron is a trace mineral.

True or false? There are no side effects from taking large quantities of iron.

False: Iron is toxic in large quantities, and once inside the body, it is difficult to excrete. As few as five iron tablets can be fatal in children.

______ is valued in the diet because of its ability to inhibit the development of dental caries in children and adults.

Fluoride

Which of the following is a good source of water

Grapes

Increased activation of vitamin D will result in _____ absorption of calcium in the small intestine and _____ risk of inadequate bone mineralization.

Increased, decreased

What role does the ingestion of protein play in fitness?

It delivers the critical amino acids necessary to build and maintain muscle and other lean tissue.

A number of risk factors contribute to inadequate levels of vitamin D and increase the likelihood of developing a deficiency disease. Which of the following individuals is at greatest risk for vitamin-D deficiency?

John is a 30-year-old Caucasian man who spends most of his day working in an office building.

the ____ is the organ where the conversion of inactive vitamin D is converted to calcidiol.

Liver

Fluid in the intravascular spaces of blood vessels

Plasma

Compounds in foods converted into active vitamins by the body are ______ , also called provitamins.

Precursors

Which of the following statements is true regarding vitamin C?

Research has shown there is no conclusive evidence that vitamin C supplementation prevents common cold.

James is a 2-year-old African American boy who lives in Seattle. He was breastfed in his first year of life and, since this time, he has refused to drink milk or consume any other dairy products, as he does not like the taste. As a result, a recent checkup indicated that James has a disease called ____ , or inadequate mineralization of his skeleton. This would be considered a _____ deficiency that ______ be treated with vitamin D supplementation.

Rickets, primary, could

A friend informs you she has pre-hypertension. She is advised to limit her salt intake but doesn't know how. She asks you for advice. What is the best advice you can give your friend on how to reduce her salt intake?

Tell her to limit her intake of processed and fast foods

Why are carbohydrates so essential for physical activity?

They replenish the body's glycogen stores, which deliver the energy needed for high and moderate intensity performance.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the fat-soluble vitamins?

Toxicities are unlikely, even when taking supplements.

Active forms of vitamin A that are readily absorbed in the body are only found in foods derived from animals.

True

True or false? As a dietitian, one of your clients has stated that they have been feeling extremely tired and have had headaches and diarrhea. You ask if your client has been taking any vitamin or mineral supplements. The client says that they have been taking 55 milligrams of zinc a day to help prevent colds during the winter months. You suspect that they are suffering from a zinc toxicity.

True: Zinc is toxic in large quantities, and high doses, more than 50 milligrams, may cause vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, and exhaustion.

What fat-soluble vitamin should Roberto be particularly careful with as a supplement because of its greater likelihood of reaching toxic levels in his body?

Vitamin A

All the following inhibit iron absorption EXCEPT:

Vitamin C

Roberto learns that supplementing with water-soluble vitamins is potentially safer (compared to fat-soluble varieties) because they aren't stored in the body for as long, which reduces their ability to cause a toxicity. Which vitamin is water soluble?

Vitamin C

Which statement is true of vitamin C?

Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant.

Considering that Roberto works indoors all day and suffers from respiratory infections, and he doesn't drink milk (due to lactose intolerance), which vitamin is he most likely deficient in?

Vitamin D

Which of the fat-soluble vitamins was originally named tocopherol?

Vitamin E

All of these statements are true EXCEPT which one?

Vitamins are essential, caloric nutrients that are needed in tiny amounts.

All of these are important functions of iron EXCEPT that it _______.

acts as a buffer

What percent of U.S adults aged 50 years and older have low bone mass, a condition called osteopenia?

almost half 50%

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin necessary for the synthesis of proteins involved in __________ and bone formation.

blood clotting

The body's proteins and some of its mineral salts prevent changes in the acid-base balance of its fluids by serving as __________.

buffers

Sachi decides to meet with a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist to learn ways to reduce sodium and to lower her blood pressure and reduce her risk of cardiovascular disease. Which food and beverage are great sources of potassium and, therefore, ones that Sachi might consider consuming?

butternut squash soup and orange juice

A diet low in ___________ and vitamin D can increase the risk of developing osteoporosis.

calcium

Vitamin D is not an essential nutrient if people get sufficient sunlight every day. Vitamin D is needed to help regulate blood __________ levels.

calcium

All of the following are functions of vitamin C EXCEPT which one?

cell differentiation

Roberto has been researching the B vitamins and read information on how a niacin deficiency is common with those who are poorly nourished and alcoholic. Which of the following meals are high in niacin?

chicken with mushrooms and a baked potato

A deficiency in which nutrient may cause a diabetes-like condition in which insulin activity is limited?

chromium

All of the following are good food sources of vitamin D EXCEPT:

citrus fruits

What is the consequence of iodine deficiency during pregnancy?

cretinism in newborn

Which of the following is highest in water among the given foods?

cucumber

All of the following are essential benefits of fitness EXCEPT:

decreased bone density

Sachi is worried about osteoporosis. She read that many things can affect calcium absorption. Which of the following can inhibit the absorption of dietary calcium?

fiber

Deficiency in __________ can result in anemia and digestive problems. This vitamin is part of a coenzyme important for synthesizing new cells.

folate

Vitamin B12 and _____ help cells multiply

folate

Muscles performing high-intensity work for more than a few seconds rely on the ________ to make ATP.

glucose anaerobic system

What is the main function of vitamin K?

help blood to clot

Exercise can facilitate release of myokines, which are:

hormone-like compounds that promote muscle protein synthesis and reduce risk of chronic disease.

Fluid that surrounds each cell

interstitial fluid

Fluid inside cells

intracellular fluid

Thyroxine activity is dependent on ___________, a trace mineral that regulates basal metabolic rate, and low amounts can result in a goiter.

iodine

Given Sachi's long-term coffee habit, her supplementation with lots of calcium, and history of chronic fatigue and headaches, what trace mineral is she most likely deficient in?

iron

The trace mineral that is a vital component of hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle cells is ____________.

iron

Cup for cup, which of the following plant foods in their cooked form has the highest amount of calcium?

kale

Although Sachi drinks a moderate amount of fluid each day, she still enjoys large quantities of black coffee. Coffee contains caffeine—a diuretic that stimulates the body to urinate. Assuming that Sachi is getting enough fluid to offset coffee's diuretic effect, what potential conditions related to chronically low fluid intake levels (dehydration) might she need to be aware of?

kidney stones, hypertension, and constipation

Roberto recently attended a hospital in-service presented by a dietetic intern on the topic of thiamin-deficiency. What are the best food sources of thiamin?

lean pork chop and green peas

Excess hydrogen ions in a solution make it acidic, which means they ___________ the pH.

lower

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all fat-soluble vitamins. This means they are first absorbed into the __________ prior to entering the bloodstream.

lymph

One percent of calcium is found in body fluids, which plays all the following major roles EXCEPT ___________.

maintains steady heartbeat

The water generated in the tissues during the chemical breakdown of energy-yielding nutrients in foods is known as __________ water.

metabolic water

Which of the following is NOT a major function of vitamin A?

muscle contraction and nerve transmission

Large doses of ______, a water-soluble vitamin, have been prescribed by physicians to help improve blood lipids associated with cardiovascular disease.

niacin

The DRI committee recommends that the reference man needs about 13 cups of fluids a day in addition to a normal diet and the reference woman needs about 9 cups. On average, most people in the United States consume close to these amounts EXCEPT for ____

older adults

All the following are characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins EXCEPT which one?

overconsumption typically results in tissue accumulation leading to toxicity

Which of the following foods is a rich source of thiamin?

pork chop

which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body

protects against bacterial infections

There are three active forms of vitamin A. Which of the following is the form made from beta-carotene and stored in specialized liver cells?

retinol

Identify the option below that contains only water-soluble vitamins:

riboflavin, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid

A severe deficiency of vitamin C leads to what condition?

scurvy

Which deficiency disease is attributed to a lack of vitamin C?

scurvy

The trace mineral _____ works as a cofactor for many antioxidant enzymes that prevent oxidative damage to cells and tissues by preventing free radical damage.

selenium

After water aerobics, Sachi sometimes feels weak and extremely tired. Sachi was told by her doctor that increasing her magnesium intake might help with the weakness she has been feeling. Which of the following meals has the highest levels of magnesium?

spiced lentils and spinach salad tossed with a creamy yogurt dressing

A neighbor, who is a vegetarian, asks you for advice on what to eat to increase her folate intake. Which of the following food items would you suggest she eat to increase her folate intake?

spinach

What is the accepted measure of a person's cardiorespiratory fitness?

the rate at which the tissues consume oxygen

Which B vitamin is critical for energy metabolism and functioning of nerve cell membranes? Deficiency in this vitamin leads to Beriberi.

thiamin

Roberto feels that he needs more energy regularly. Which five B vitamins participate in the release of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and protein?

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin

Plays a key role in maintaining bone health

vItamin D

What is the primary food source of vitamin E for Americans?

vegetable oils

Plays a key role in vision and eye health

vitamin A

A deficiency can lead to hemorrhagic disease

vitamin K

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

vitamins A, D, E, and K

Sodium attracts ______ causing an increase in blood volume and an increase in blood pressure.

water

Water intake is important to make up for the daily water loss through evaporation of sweat, water vapor in exhaled breath, urine, and feces. Therefore, a person must consume at least the same amount of water that is lost each day to maintain ___________.

water balance

The B vitamins and vitamin C are collectively known as the _______ vitamins. The B vitamins mainly function as _______ that are necessary for enzymes to be activated. One of the major functions of vitamin C is its _______ potential.

water soluble, coenzymes, antioxidant

Sachi noticed that she is having digestive issues and frequent diarrhea. Which of the following minerals could she be deficient in?

zinc