Nutrition Ch 16
Metabolic adjustments that help pregnant women meet the calorie and nutrient demands of pregnancy include ______. Multiple select question. excreting less of some nutrients absorbing some nutrients more efficiently excreting more of some nutrients using some nutrients more efficiently
excreting less of some nutrients absorbing some nutrients more efficiently using some nutrients more efficiently
When _____ intake during pregnancy is insufficient, fewer red blood cells are synthesized. Multiple choice question. folate essential fatty acid protein zinc
folate
Good prenatal care includes taking a [blank] supplement throughout the pregnancy.
folate, vitamin, mineral
Health professionals believe that a pregnant women should take a nutrient supplement only when there is evidence of a deficiency. For which populations are multivitamin and mineral supplements recommended during pregnancy? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. high-income women frequent dieters vegans teenagers
frequent dieters vegans teenagers
Adequate maternal weight ______ during pregnancy is an excellent promoter of optimal fetal growth. Multiple choice question. gain cycling loss
gain
Babies born to obese women are at increased risk of ______. Multiple select question. having birth defects being stillborn becoming obese in childhood having low birth weights
having birth defects being stillborn becoming obese in childhood
The time it takes for a new mother to lose her extra fat stores depends on _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. her blood cell count her postpartum diet the amount gained during pregnancy whether or not she breastfeeds
her postpartum diet the amount gained during pregnancy whether or not she breastfeeds
Women who delay childbearing into their mid-30s to 50s have _____ rates of complications compared to younger women. Multiple choice question. higher lower equal
higher
Insufficient calorie consumption during pregnancy increases the risk of ______. Multiple choice question. high-birth-weight infant delivery after 40 weeks gestational diabetes infant death
infant death
Uncontrolled PKU can result in _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. intellectual disabilities delayed fetal development increased fetal growth heart defects
intellectual disabilities delayed fetal development heart defects
Iodine needs for pregnant women are typically met through ______. Multiple choice question. an iodine supplement iodized salt adequate meat intake
iodized salt
Less than optimal amounts of oxygen reaching the fetus is a consequence of _____ during pregnancy. Multiple choice question. zinc deficiency toxic levels of iodine iron deficiency anemia
iron deficiency anemia
A woman with a high BMI is recommended to gain ______ weight during pregnancy than a woman with a lower BMI. Multiple choice question. more less
less
Multiple previous pregnancies or pregnancies occurring less than 1 year apart increase the risk that future pregnancies will result in a ______. Multiple select question. low-birth-weight infant premature birth high-birth-weight infant long and difficult labor
low-birth-weight infant premature birth
After the 4th month, avoid exercises that are done while ______. Multiple choice question. standing upright bending sitting upright lying down
lying down
Women should ________ their trans fatty acid intake during pregnancy. Multiple choice question. maximize minimize
minimize
Infants born to women who begin pregnancy at either above or below a healthy weight are likely to experience ______ problems than those born to women at a healthy weight. Multiple choice question. the same number of more less
more
Infants born to women who consumed insufficient calories are ______. Multiple select question. more likely to die soon after birth large often born blind small
more likely to die soon after birth small
In developing countries, prolonged undernutrition during pregnancy will lead to death for the _______ in 1 in 180 births. Multiple choice question. siblings baby mother
mother
Special supplements formulated for pregnancy are ______ prescribed for pregnant women by most physicians. Multiple choice question. not able to be only occasionally never routinely
routinely
Special supplements formulated for pregnancy are ______ prescribed for pregnant women by most physicians. Multiple choice question. not able to be only occasionally routinely never
routinely
To easily meet the needs for iodine during pregnancy, women should use iodized _____. Multiple choice question. salt sodas cereal
salt
What are some examples of cravings commonly experienced with pica? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. tire inner tubes laundry detergent ice cream coal peanut butter pickles clay
tire inner tubes laundry detergent coal clay
Metabolic adjustments that help pregnant women meet the calorie and nutrient demands of pregnancy include ______. Multiple select question. using some nutrients more efficiently absorbing some nutrients more efficiently excreting more of some nutrients excreting less of some nutrients
using some nutrients more efficiently absorbing some nutrients more efficiently excreting less of some nutrients
Vitamins B-12, D, and calcium are the nutrients of concern for pregnant women who are ______. Multiple choice question. vegan hypertensive considering breastfeeding
vegan
Supplements of some nutrients, including _____, may adversely affect those who are HIV positive. Multiple select question. vitamin D vitamin A iron zinc
vitamin A iron zinc
Insufficient intake of choline and/or ______ may contribute to the development of neural tube defects. Multiple choice question. vitamin B-12 vitamin B-6 vitamin B-2 vitamin B-1
vitamin B-12
The fertilized ovum is commonly referred to as the ______. Multiple choice question. fetus zygote embryo baby
zygote
Infants born to underweight mothers who increase their energy intake are ______ to experience health problems compared to infants born to underweight mothers who do not increase their energy intake. Multiple choice question. just as likely more likely less likely
less likely
Pregnant women who are underweight tend to have _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. lighter placentas lower nutrient stores ruptured placentas damaged umbilical cords
lighter placentas lower nutrient stores
What conditions can occur in the developing fetus if a maternal folate deficiency occurs in the very early stages of pregnancy? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. cretinism neural tube defects Parkinson's disease spina bifida
neural tube defects spina bifida
Approximately how many calories are allowed during the second and third trimesters to allow for a healthy pregnancy? Multiple choice question. 2600 2000 1500 3400
2600
What is one of the best promoters of optimal fetal growth? Multiple choice question. Appropriate weight gain during pregnancy Family history of disease Types of foods consumed during pregnancy
Appropriate weight gain during pregnancy
Which foods should be increased in a vegan diet to meet nutritional needs during pregnancy? Multiple select question. Beans Nuts Grains Seeds Cheese
Beans Nuts Grains Seeds
An underweight pregnant woman... adverse health event
Lighter placenta and lower nutrient stores, especially iron, may be experienced.
Which nutrients are of particular concern for pregnant vegans? Multiple select question. Zinc Vitamin B-6 Iodine Vitamin C Iron
Zinc Vitamin B-6 Iron
What is the name of the cell resulting from the fertilization of the ovum by the sperm? Multiple choice question. Embryo Fetus Zygote
Zygote
9-40 weeks pregnancy
fetus
In order for the proper development of neural tube tissue in the developing fetus, a pregnant mother must consume sufficient _____. Multiple choice question. thiamin zinc folate vitamin B-6
folate
What are the health benefits associated with regular physical activity during pregnancy? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. improved cardiovascular function promotes an easier delivery decreased risk of a pregnant woman becoming underweight prevents gestational diabetes
improved cardiovascular function promotes an easier delivery prevents gestational diabetes
It is recommended that pregnant women _____ omega-3 fatty acid intake compared to omega-6 fatty acid intake. Multiple choice question. decrease increase do not change
increase
The risks of poor pregnancy outcomes when suffering from PKU during pregnancy can be reduced by weekly monitoring of ____ levels. Multiple choice question. protein proline phenalyanine propanolol
phenalyanine
A major role of the [blank] is to exchange nutrients, oxygen and other gases, and waste products between the mother and the fetus.
placenta
The [blank] is an organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy and is responsible for transferring nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and removing fetal wastes.
placenta
Pregnancy-induced hypertension can escalate into _____ and the even more severe ______. Multiple choice question. type 2 diabetes; gestational diabetes gestational diabetes; type 2 diabetes eclampsia; preeclampsia preeclampsia; eclampsia
preeclampsia; eclampsia
The social indicator that differs most between the developing and industrialized world is _______. Multiple choice question. incidence of preterm infants length of labor likelihood of twins pregnancy-related death
pregnancy-related death
Insufficient folate intake during pregnancy can result in ____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. high birth weight premature birth fetal growth retardation spontaneous abortion
premature birth fetal growth retardation spontaneous abortion
Multiple previous pregnancies or pregnancies occurring less than 1 year apart increase the risk that future pregnancies will result in a ______. Multiple select question. premature birth long and difficult labor low-birth-weight infant high-birth-weight infant
premature birth low-birth-weight infant
Pregnant women who are ______ may need to take a vitamin B-12 supplement in order to prevent the occurrence of neural tube defects in the developing fetus. Multiple choice question. omnivores lacto-vegetarians vegan ovo-vegetarians
vegan
A favorable pregnancy outcome is a full-term gestation period of ______ weeks. Multiple choice question. 42 30 26 40
40
A healthy infant should weigh more than ______ pounds at birth. Multiple choice question. 7.5 8 10 5.5
5.5
An infant born to an underweight woman... adverse health event
A low birthweight and increased risk of being premature may be experienced.
Early symptoms of preeclampsia include which of the following? Multiple select question. Changes in blood clotting Heartburn and constipation Excess protein in urine Edema Sleep apnea Rise in blood pressure
Changes in blood clotting Excess protein in urine Edema Rise in blood pressure
What are some strategies that may be used to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy? Multiple select question. Begin increasing caloric intake prior to pregnancy. Begin a vigorous exercise program at the beginning of the pregnancy. Control or correct existing health problems prior to conception. Modify or remove potentially harmful habits prior to conception.
Control or correct existing health problems prior to conception. Modify or remove potentially harmful habits prior to conception.
Which of the following are true about cravings during pregnancy? Multiple select question. The biological causes of cravings during pregnancy are well established. Cravings may not affect a pregnant women's health as long as her diet is adequate in nutrients and calories. Some cravings during pregnancy are for nonfood substances like clay and rubber bands.
Cravings may not affect a pregnant women's health as long as her diet is adequate in nutrients and calories. Some cravings during pregnancy are for nonfood substances like clay and rubber bands.
Which of the following groups of people are at risk of a vitamin D deficiency? Multiple select question. Do not consume milk Limited sun exposure Little aerobic exercise Lacto-vegetarians
Do not consume milk Limited sun exposure
Individuals with ______ have increased needs for energy and some vitamins and minerals. Multiple choice question. emphysema type 2 diabetes AIDS Crohn's disease
AIDS
Why do obese woman have an increased risk of infertility? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Fat cells can block implantation. Additional estrogen reduces fertility. Insulin resistance reduces fertility. Fat cells can block the fallopian tubes.
Additional estrogen reduces fertility. Insulin resistance reduces fertility.
An infant born to an obese woman... adverse health event
An increased risk of birth defects, death within the first few weeks after birth, and obesity during childhood may be experienced.
Which of the following are issues with teen pregnancies? Multiple select question. Gain too little during pregnancy Enter pregnancy underweight Low nutrient intake Have adequate prenatal care
Gain too little during pregnancy Enter pregnancy underweight Low nutrient intake
Why would a pregnant woman who is physically active need even more than 350-450 calories per day? Multiple choice question. Physical activity will take energy and nutrients away from the fetus if calories are not increased. Because greater body weight requires more energy for activity. Physical activity is not recommended during pregnancy so the extra calories are needed to sustain the pregnancy.
Because greater body weight requires more energy for activity.
When is the best time for underweight women to achieve a healthy weight? Multiple choice question. After pregnancy During pregnancy Before becoming pregnant
Before becoming pregnant
Which components contribute to maternal weight gain during pregnancy? Multiple select question. Blood Bone density Fetus and placenta Fat stores Lean muscle mass Uterus and breasts
Blood Fetus and placenta Fat stores Uterus and breasts
Sufficient intakes of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may improve which of the following during pregnancy? Multiple select question. Gestation duration Infant birth length Infant appetite Infant birth weight
Gestation duration Infant birth length Infant birth weight
In comparison to the first trimester of pregnancy, which MyPlate food groups are increased during the second and third trimesters? Multiple select question. Grain group Vegetable group Dairy group Protein foods group
Grain group Vegetable group Protein foods group
Fetal death, maternal death, and liver and kidney damage are possible outcomes of uncontrolled ______. Multiple choice question. preeclampsia morning sickness eclampsia
eclampsia
What is considered healthy weight gain for a pregnant woman during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters? Multiple choice question. 0.8-1 pound per week 2-4 pounds 2 pounds per week
0.8-1 pound per week
How many pounds does healthy weight gain for a pregnant woman include during the first trimester? Multiple choice question. None 6.6-10.2 1.1-4.4 25
1.1-4.4
During the first trimester, the calorie needs for an active, pregnant woman are approximately ______. Multiple choice question. 5000 kcal 2200 kcal 3500 kcal 1500 kcal
2200 kcal
Without prenatal care, a woman is _____ likely to deliver a low-birth-weight baby. Multiple choice question. slightly more twice as 3 times more 10 times more
3 times more
Weight Gain: Maternal fat stores
4-8 pounds
Which two supplements should not be taken together to avoid competition for absorption? Multiple select question. Calcium Iron Vitamin B-12 Folate
Calcium Iron
What is the finite window of opportunity for cells to develop into a particular tissue or organ? Multiple choice question. Zygote period Critical period First trimester Third trimester
Critical period
Why is folate so important during pregnancy? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. regulating blood volume acid-base balance DNA synthesis red blood cell formation
DNA synthesis red blood cell formation
Prenatal supplements often contain high levels of which nutrients? Multiple select question. Folic acid Iron Magnesium Chromium
Folic acid Iron
Which two factors contribute to a healthy pregnancy for both mother and infant? Multiple select question. Multivitamin and mineral supplement, when needed Megadoses of vitamins A and E, when needed Careful dietary choices Avoidance of artificial sweeteners
Multivitamin and mineral supplement, when needed Careful dietary choices
[blank] is the practice of eating nonfood items.
Pica
What must be increased to support pregnancy? Multiple select question. Some vitamins Calories Some minerals Protein Trans fat
Some vitamins Calories Some minerals Protein
What is the purpose of the placenta? Multiple choice question. To allow the fetal and maternal blood supplies to directly connect for the passage of wastes from the mother to the fetus To allow the uterus to stretch so that there is sufficient room for fetal growth To accommodate growth and development of the fetus by allowing nutrients to pass from the mother to the fetus
To accommodate growth and development of the fetus by allowing nutrients to pass from the mother to the fetus
Which of the following are possible factors that may interfere with normal development during pregnancy? Multiple select question. Trauma Radiation Exercise Tobacco smoke
Trauma Radiation Tobacco smoke
Weight Gain: Fetus, amniotic fluid, and placenta
abt 11 pounds
Weight Gain: Fetus
abt 8 pounds
Underweight women may exhibit ______ which reduces their ability to ovulate. Multiple choice question. excessive menses menorrhea amenorrhea diarrhea
amenorrhea
An infant born to an underweight woman is more likely to ______. Multiple select question. be born prematurely be large for gestational age have lower iron stores
be born prematurely have lower iron stores
Infants born to women who exercise tend to ____ than the babies born to non-exercising mothers. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. be less neurologically mature be more neurologically mature weigh more be leaner
be more neurologically mature be leaner
A diet restricted in calories during pregnancy ______. Multiple choice question. can result in smaller babies often causes gestational diabetes typically leads to improved fetal health leads to high-birth-weight babies
can result in smaller babies
What increases nutrient needs and makes it difficult to consume sufficient calories and nutrients? Multiple choice question. widely spaced pregnancies carrying more than one fetus having had previous pregnancies resulting in children of the same sex
carrying more than one fetus
Older mothers have higher rates of ______. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. cesarean deliveries high-birth-weight infants preterm births fetal deaths
cesarean deliveries preterm births fetal deaths
Uncontrolled PKU can result in _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. delayed fetal development heart defects increased fetal growth intellectual disabilities
delayed fetal development heart defects intellectual disabilities
3-8 weeks pregnancy
embryo
For many pregnant women, the only supplement needed during the last 2 months of pregnancy is _____. Multiple choice question. folate pantothenic acid iron magnesium
iron
It is ______ to rely on natural cravings during pregnancy to meet nutrient needs. Multiple choice question. wise not wise
not wise
1-2 weeks pregnancy
zygote
The cell resulting from the union of an egg cell and a sperm until it divides is commonly referred to as a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. zygote ovum embryo
zygote
During the 2nd trimester, a daily increase of about _______ calories is recommended. Multiple choice question. 350 100 250 450
350
How many additional calories are needed by pregnant women during the second and third trimester? Multiple choice question. 100 to 250 kcal per day 500 kcal per day 350 to 450 kcal per day
350 to 450 kcal per day
How many additional calories are needed by pregnant women during the second and third trimester? Multiple choice question. 500 kcal per day 100 to 250 kcal per day 350 to 450 kcal per day
350 to 450 kcal per day
What should be included in a food plan for a pregnant woman during the first trimester? Multiple select question. 2 cups from the fruits group 8 ounce-equivalents from the protein group 2 ounce-equivalents from the grain group 3 cups from the vegetables group 3 cups of calcium-rich foods
2 cups from the fruits group 3 cups from the vegetables group 3 cups of calcium-rich foods
_________ fatty acids are required for normal fetal growth and development, particularly of the brain and eyes. Multiple choice question. Trans Saturated Essential Monounsaturated
Essential
Which fat should women be sure to consume adequately during pregnancy? Multiple choice question. Essential fatty acids Triglycerides Cholesterol
Essential fatty acids
_____ is required for both DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation, which is part of the reason its RDA increases so much during pregnancy and why it is a recommended supplement for women of childbearing age. Multiple choice question. Niacin Vitamin C Pantothenic acid Folate
Folate
_____ is required for both DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation, which is part of the reason its RDA increases so much during pregnancy and why it is a recommended supplement for women of childbearing age. Multiple choice question. Pantothenic acid Folate Niacin Vitamin C
Folate
An obese pregnant woman... adverse health event
High blood pressure, gestational diabetes, and difficult deliveries may be experienced.
What are some examples of exercises that should be avoided during pregnancy? Multiple select question. Walking Swimming Horseback riding Martial arts
Horseback riding Martial arts
Which is the best statement in reference to strategies for a successful pregnancy? Multiple choice question. Modifying potential harmful habits by the end of pregnancy will increase the chance of a successful pregnancy. Improving health status prior to conception will increase the chance of a successful pregnancy. Improving health status during pregnancy will increase the chance of a successful pregnancy.
Improving health status prior to conception will increase the chance of a successful pregnancy
Which is the best statement in reference to strategies for a successful pregnancy? Multiple choice question. Improving health status during pregnancy will increase the chance of a successful pregnancy. Improving health status prior to conception will increase the chance of a successful pregnancy. Modifying potential harmful habits by the end of pregnancy will increase the chance of a successful pregnancy.
Improving health status prior to conception will increase the chance of a successful pregnancy.
What adverse health events are associated with uncontrolled eclampsia? Multiple select question. Development of atherosclerosis Liver and kidney damage Fetal death Damage to the heart muscles Maternal death
Liver and kidney damage Fetal death Maternal death
What are the adverse health effects associated with iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy? Multiple select question. Low-birth-weight infants Infants who are large for gestational age Preterm delivery Increased risk for fetal death Increased risk for marasmus
Low-birth-weight infants Preterm delivery Increased risk for fetal death
Who is at the greatest risk for not consuming enough dietary calcium? Multiple choice question. Lacto-vegetarians Lacto-ovo-vegetarians Pregnant women Pregnant teens
Pregnant teens
Within a few weeks, the new mother's _____ returns to normal. Multiple choice question. breast size urine volume blood volume weight
blood volume
Fetus
The developing life form from the beginning of the ninth week after conception until birth
Embryo
The developing life form from the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception
Ovum
The egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops
Zygote
The fertilized ovum; the cell resulting from the union of the ovum and sperm
Which statements are true regarding the function of the placenta? Multiple select question. The placenta exchanges nutrients, oxygen, and other gases between the mother and the fetus. The placenta is the location where the maternal and fetal blood supplies interconnect to exchange nutrients and wastes. The placenta releases hormones to maintain the pregnancy. The placenta removes waste products from the fetus to the mother.
The placenta exchanges nutrients, oxygen, and other gases between the mother and the fetus. The placenta releases hormones to maintain the pregnancy. The placenta removes waste products from the fetus to the mother.
________ is the primary regulator of energy in the body. Multiple choice question. Thyroid hormone Prolactin Calcitriol Progesterone
Thyroid hormone
Why is it important for a woman to consume nutrient-dense foods, especially during the first trimester? Multiple choice question. To ensure adequate trans fats are provided for rapid development of the fetus To ensure adequate fiber intake to prevent buildup of wastes that may be transferred from the mother to the fetus To ensure all essential nutrients are provided
To ensure all essential nutrients are provided
What can occur if prenatal care is inadequate? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Untreated chronic diseases can increase the risk of fetal damage. Untreated maternal deficiencies can harm the developing fetus. The mother is 3 times more likely to deliver a high-birth-weight baby
Untreated chronic diseases can increase the risk of fetal damage. Untreated maternal deficiencies can harm the developing fetus.
______ during pregnancy is a good indication of growth and development for the fetus and health for the mother. Multiple choice question. Body mass index Waist circumference Weight gain Nausea
Weight gain
Protein, carbohydrate, and micronutrient needs ____ to support pregnancy. Multiple choice question. are decreased are increased remain the same as non-pregnancy levels
are increased
Most women younger than 18 years _____ as physically ready to be pregnant as they will be in later years. Multiple choice question. are not are
are not
Women who begin pregnancy underweight are more likely to have infants who _______. Multiple choice question. have high birth weight are premature are born with spina bifida are born with cretinism
are premature