Nutrition Ch. 5 Lipids (Exam2)

True or False: Saturated fatty acids are higher in animal fats

True; they are in solid form

Where are unsaturated fatty acids found?

Unsaturated fatty acids are higher in plant foods; they are in liquid form

Regina's grandmother is teaching her how to make mayonnaise. She explains that mayonnaise is made using oil, salt, vinegar (or lemon juice), and egg yolks. Lecithin in the egg yolks acts as an emulsifier. What is an emulsifier?

an emulsifier suspends fat in water

What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

a monounsaturated fatty acid only has one carbon-carbon double bond; the double bond creates a kink in the molecule

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

a polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Regina's sister is pregnant and asks her about the safety of consuming fish during pregnancy. Regina remembers learning some fish are higher in mercury than are others. Which of the following most likely has the highest mercury concentration?

albacore tuna

What is archidonic acid?

it comes from omega-6 and it increases blood clotting and increases inflammatory responses

How many times should we eat fish a week?

it is recommended that we eat about 2 servings of fish per week

Fat in food provides what?

satiety, flavor, and texture

What are essential fatty acids?

they must be supplied by the diet to maintain health; some essential fatty acids are omega-3 and omega-6

Lipoproteins are important for

transport of fats in the blood and lymphatic system

What are types of lipids?

triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

What are DHA and EPA?

comes from omega-3 - decrease blood clotting - reduce heart attack - decrease inflammation - excess may cause hemorrhagic stroke - other possible uses: lower triglycerides, rheumatoid arthritis, behavioral disorders

Is cholesterol in food good or bad?

Cholesterol in food is not good or bad but once it gets into our body and how our body packages it, that is when the cholesterol becomes good or bad.

What are some functions of cholesterol?

- essential component of cell membrane - produced by the liver - found only in animal products - forms important hormones - precursor to bile acids

What are some signs and symptoms of essential fatty acids deficiency?

- flaky, itchy skin - diarrhea - increased risk of infection - stunted growth and reduced wound healing

What is omega-6 fatty acid?

- found in vegetable oils - need is about 2-4 tablespoons a day

How can you minimize your intake of trans fat?

- limit use of hydrogenated fats - limit deep-fried foods - limit high-fat bakes good - limit use of non-dairy creamers

What are sterols?

- multi-ringed structure - does not have a glycerol backbone - cholesterol is a sterol - waxy substance - found in animal foods

Where do we get omega-3 fatty acids from?

- primarily from nuts, seeds, fish oil, flax seed oil - also found in canola walnuts, mussels, crab, shrimp, and soybean oil

What is hydrogenation of fatty acids?

- process used to solidify an oil - addition of hydrogen to carbon-carbon double bonds - increases shelf life of food product - formation of trans fatty acid - presents health risk like saturated fats

What is the one common property that all lipids have?

All lipids do not readily dissolve in water

True or False: a diglyceride is a breakdown product of triglyceride consisting of one fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone

False; it is a breakdown product consisting of two fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

True or False: phospholipids are an essential fat

False; they are nonessential because they are in the body

What percentage of your calories should come from lipids?

Lipids should comprise 20% to 35% of an adult's total calorie intake

Where are triglycerides found?

They are found in the body and in foods; triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol

What is the only fruit where fat is found naturally?

avocados

What are the four places we get saturated fat from?

beef, cheese, whole milk, and pastries

Regina is a 22-year-old college student who plays on the soccer team. Her coach brought in a registered dietitian to talk about sports nutrition. The RD recommended minimizing trans fatty acids from processed and packaged foods, but she explained that some trans fat do occur naturally. What foods have naturally-occurring trans fatty acids?

beef, milk, and butter

Which of the following foods are the best source of omega-3 fatty acids?

fatty fish

What happens if you have excessive trans fatty acid intake?

increases risk for cardiovascular disease