Nutrition Ch. 6

Phospholipids are major structural components of ____________________ and are also needed for normal functioning of _________________.

cell membranes, nerve cells

_________________ is the food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats. Partially hydrogenated oils were banned from use in foods in 2015. a.Dietary guidelines recommend keeping trans fat intake as low as possible while eating a healthy diet.

partial hydrogenation

A phospholipid is similar to a triglyceride except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a group that contains _______________.

phosphorus

______________________ is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol.

triglyceride

What are the major functions of lipids in the body?

-providing and storing energy - forming and maintaining cell membranes - producing steroid hormones - insulating the body against cold temperatures - cushioning the body against bumps and blows - absorbing fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals

Saturated fats contain most of what type of fatty acid?

beef, dairy products, coconut oil

Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments are the end products of lipid digestion. a. Short and medium chain fatty acids diffuse into the absorptive cells of villi, where they enter __________________________. b. Long-Chain fatty acids, bile, cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, and other products of lipid digestion pack together into ________________ before they are absorbed.

bloodstream, micelles

_________________ is not metabolized for energy, but cells use it to synthesize a variety of substances including creating steroid hormones such as vitamin D, cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.

cholesterol

Cholesterol and the reassembled triglycerides are coated with a thin layer of protein, phospholipids, and cholesterol to form ________________, a type of lipoprotein.

chylomicrons

The body converts linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid to Arachidonic acid (AA), EPA, and DHA. These are precursors to _____________________, which are a group of long-chain fatty acids with hormonelike functions such as blood pressure regulation and inflammatory response.

eicosanoids

Bile enhances digestion and absorption by _______________ lipids in the watery environment of the small intestine. Without bile's action, lipids would collect in a greasy film or aggregate into large globules preventing breakdown and absorption.

emulsifying

Phospholipids are both __________________, which means they attract water, and _______________________, which means they avoid water. This quality allows them to act as an ________________, a substance that keeps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mixed together.

hydrophilic, hydrophobic, emulsifier

Lipoproteins are water-soluble structures that transport ______________ through the bloodstream.

lipids

___________________ fatty acids have each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms (no double bonds).

saturated

Some fat digestion occurs in the stomach; however, the primary site of lipid digestion occurs in the ______________________.

small intestine

Saturated fats tend to be ____________ at room temperature. Unsaturated fats tend to be ____________ at room temperature.

solid, liquid

___________________ fatty acids are missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain. i.Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) has ________ double bond within the carbon chain. ii.Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) has at _________ or more double bonds within the carbon chain.

unsaturated, one, two or more

Fatty acids are determined by the number of carbon atoms and the type of bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. a. Short chain fatty acids have _______________ carbons; medium chain fatty acids have ________________ carbons; and long chain fatty acids have _______________ carbons.

2-4, 6-12, 14-24

The adequate intake (AI) for alpha-linolenic acid is ______ g/day for men and 1.1 g/day for women. The adequate intake (AI) for linoleic acid is 17 g/day for men and _____ g/day for women.

1.6, 12

Unsaturated fats contain most of what type of fatty acid?

olive oil, fish, canola oil

Where is Alpha-Linolenic Acid first double bond?

omega-3

Where is Linoleic Acid first double bond?

omega-6