Nutrition Ch. 8, 9, 13

Ghrelin is secreted by the stomach cells and promotes weight ___________ by stimulating appetite and promoting efficient energy storage. A. Gain B. Loss C. Stability D. Reluctancy

A. Gain

___________ LPL activity makes fat storage especially efficient. A. High B. Low C. Moderate D. None of the above

A. High

Leptin levels increase as BMI ___________. A. Increases B. Decreases

A. Increases

An under active thyroid gland, goiters, and mental and physical retardation (cretinism) are all deficiency symptoms of? A. Iodine B. Chromium C. Selenium D. Molybdenum

A. Iodine

Giotrogen (cabbage, kale, broccoli, etc.) inhibits __________ absorption. A. Iodine B. Selenium C. Chromium D. Copper

A. Iodine

The food sources for Molybdenum are what? A. Legumes, cereals, and nuts B. Meats (esp. liver), whole grains, and brewer's yeast C. Drinking water, tea, and seafood D. Nuts, whole grains, leafy veggies, and tea

A. Legumes, cereals, and nuts

What are the food sources for manganese? A. Nuts, whole grains, leafy veggies, and tea B. Seafood, vegetables in iodine-rich soil, and iodized salt C. Meat, fish, poultry, legumes, eggs, dark greens, and dried fruit D. Legumes, cereals, and nuts

A. Nuts, whole grains, leafy veggies, and tea

Who has more LPL activity in their adipose cells? A. Obese people B. Lean people

A. Obese people

______________, a drug to treat obesity, inhibits pancreatic lipase activate in the GI tract, thus blocking digestion and absorption of dietary fat and limiting energy intake. A. Orlistat B. Phentermine

A. Orlistat

Leptin injections are effective in suppressing appetite and supporting weight loss only when overeating and obesity are the result of a leptin _________________. A. Abundance B. Deficiency C. Disease D. None of the above

B. Deficiency

You cannot change the ___________ you inherit, but you can influence the ____________. A. Epigenome, genome B. Genome, epigenome C. Weight, physical activity D. None of the above

B. Genome, epigenome

______________ is a protein produced by the stomach cells that enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure. A. Leptin B. Ghrelin C. Hypothalamus D. None of the above

B. Ghrelin

________-deficiency anemic includes fatigue, weakness, headaches, apathy, pallor, and poor resistance to cold temperatures. A. Manganese B. Iron C. Zinc D. Selenium

B. Iron

What are the food sources for chromium? A. Drinking water, tea, and seafood B. Meats (esp. liver), whole grains, and brewer's yeast C. Meat, fish, poultry, legumes, eggs, dark greens, and dried fruit D. Seafood, meat, whole grains, fruits, and veggies (depending on soil content)

B. Meats (esp. liver), whole grain, and brewer's yeast

When the cells enlarge, they stimulate cell proliferation so that their ____________ increase again. A. Size B. Numbers

B. Numbers

What are the main roles of copper? A. Cofactor for several enzymes B. Enhances insulin action and may improve glucose tolerance C. Necessary for the absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin; part of several enzymes. D. Defends against oxidation; regulates thyroid hormone.

C. Necessary for the absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin; part of several enzymes.

The craving and consumption of ice, chalk, starch, and other nonfood substances is known as ______________. A. Menkes disease B. Copper disorder C. Pica D. Keshan disease

C. Pica

Leptin ________________ is when leptin rises but fails to suppress appetite or enhance energy expenditure. A. Deficiency B. Toxicity C. Resistance D. Abundance

C. Resistance

What are the food sources for selenium? A. Protein rich foods, shellfish (oysters), meats, poultry, milk, cheese, legumes, whole grain, and fortified cereals B. Meat, fish, poultry, legumes, eggs, dark greens, and dried fruit C. Seafood, meat, whole grains, fruits, and veggies (depending on soil content) D. Legumes, cereals, and nuts

C. Seafood, meat, whole grains, fruits, and veggies (depending on soil content)

People easily regain weight after having lost it because they are battling against enzymes that __________________. A. Have trouble losing fat B. Cling to fat C. Want to store fat D. None of the above

C. Want to store fat

Fiber and phyates inhibit __________ absorption. A. Iron B. Copper C. Zinc D. Chromium

C. Zinc

An estimated ___________ percent of US adults are trying to lose weight at any given time. A. 43 B. 27 C. 76 D. 59

D. 59

A diabetes-like condition is a deficiency symptom of ____________. A. Zinc B. Selenium C. Manganese D. Chromium

D. Chromium

What are the main roles of molybdenum? A. Defends against oxidation; regulates thyroid B. A component of the thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate. C. Necessary for the absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin; part of several enzymes. D. Cofactor for several enzymes.

D. Cofactor for several enzymes.

Meat, fish, poultry, legumes, eggs, dark greens, and dried fruits are all food sources for _____________. A. Zinc B. Copper C. Molybdenum D. Iron

D. Iron

The deficiency symptoms are unknown for ___________. A. Manganese B. Iron C. Zinc D. Molybdenum

D. Molybdenum

___________________ environment includes all of the circumstances that we encounter daily that push us toward fatness. A. Negative B. Gene C. Obese D. Obesogenic

D. Obesogenic

What are the food sources for copper? A. Meat, fish, poultry, legumes, eggs, dark greens, and dried fruit B. Legumes, cereals, and nuts C. Drinking water, tea, and seafood D. Seafood, nuts, whole grains, seeds, and legumes

D. Seafood, nuts, whole grains, seeds, and legumes

Protein rick foods, shellfish (oysters), meats, poultry, milk, cheese, legumes, whole grains, and fortified cereals are all food sources of _______________. A. Manganese B. Chromium C. Selenium D. Zinc

D. Zinc

The _________________ takes into account family history, life threatening diseases, and common risk factors for chronic diseases (such as blood lipid profile).

Disease risk profile

What kind of diet can have reactions as minor as headaches, nausea, and dizziness and reactions as serious as death?

Fad diets

_______________ are popular eating plans that promise quick weight loss.

Fad diets

What 2 types of diets can result in physical, metabolic, and psychosocial problems?

Fad diets and "yo-yo" dieting

Which trace mineral's deficiency symptom is susceptibility to tooth decay?

Fluoride

Whole fortified, or modified foods, that contain bioactive compounds that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions are known as ______________.

Functional foods

All the genetic information of a population at a given time is known as a ______________________.

Gene pool

___________ interact with the diet and activity patterns that lead to obesity and the metabolic pathways that influence satiety and energy balance.

Genes

The brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperatures, and control of appetite is the ________________.

Hypothalamus

Energy expenditure ____________ after weight gain and _______________after weight loss

Increases, decreases

What is the obesity gene that is expressed primarily in the adipose tissue and codes for the protein leptin?

Ob

The enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a major determinant in the development of _____________.

Obesity

Non-nutrient compounds found in plants that confer taste, color, and other characteristics are known as _____________.

Phytochemicals

To lower energy intake and promote weight-loss, a person can either reduce the ____________ or reduce the ______________.

Portion size, energy density

Manganese deficiencies are ____________.

Rare

One weight-loss strategy is to set _________________________.

Reasonable goals

Having the power to suppress hunger and inhibit eating is know as ________________.

Satiating

The feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal and halts eating and determines how much food is consumed during a meal is known as ________________.

Satiation

The feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal and determines how much time passes between meals is known as _________________.

Satiety

The __________________________ proposes that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls.

Set-point theory

The trace mineral contents of foods depend on ____________ and ____________ composition and on now foods are processed.

Soil and water

If fat is still abundant after filling the adipose tissue, the excess is deposited in the ___________, such as the ____________ and ______________.

The organs, such as the heart and liver

As fat cells accumulate ___________________, they expand in size.

Triglyceride

In evaluating the risks to health from obesity, health use 3 indicators. What are they?

1. Body mass index 2. Waist circumference 3. Disease risk profile

What percent of normal-weight-women use nonprescription weight-loss products?

10 percent

According to BMI, underweight is less than _____________.

18.5

According to BMI, healthy weight is between _____________ and ______________.

18.5 and 24.9

According to BMI, overweight it between ________________ and ______________.

25.0 and 29.9

According to BMI, obese is over or equal to ______________.

30

Clinically severe obesity occurs at a BMI of __________ or greater, or at a BMI of _____________ or greater with additional medical problems.

40, 35

Depending on the weight-loss surgery, after 10 years a person can loses _________ to ____________ percent of body weight. A. 14-25 B. 20-32 C. 16-25 D. 23-34

A. 14-25

What are the main roles of iodine? A. A component of the thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate. B. Cofactor for several enzymes. C. Defends against oxidation; regulates thyroid hormone. D. Enhances insulin action and may improve glucose tolerance.

A. A component of the thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate

What are the main roles of zinc? A. Part of insulin and many enzymes. Involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, making of sperm, and normal fetal development. B. Cofactor for several enzymes; bone formation. C. A component of the thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate. D. Enhances insulin action and may improve glucose tolerance.

A. Part of insulin and many enzymes. Involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, making of sperm, and normal fetal development.

What are the main roles of fluoride? A. Strengthens teeth; helps to make teeth resistant to decay. B. Necessary for the absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin; part of several enzymes. C. Defends against oxidation; regulates thyroid D. A component of the thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate.

A. Strengthens teeth; helps to make teeth resistant to decay.

People who are maintaining weight losses, when their cells shrink, both cell size and number are normal. A. True B. False

A. True

People with extra fat cells tend to regain lost weight rapidly. A. True B. False

A. True

Surgery is an option for people who are unable to achieve adequate weight loss with diet and exercise. A. True B. False

A. True

Surgery is an option for people with clinically severe obesity. A. True B. False

A. True

________________ serves as a signal to the gene that produces the LPL enzyme, saying "Make more of the enzyme that stores fat." A. Weight loss B. Weight gain C. Maintaining weight D. None of the above

A. Weight loss

In men, fat cells in the _____________ produce abundant LPL.

Abdomen

When "energy in" exceed "energy out," much of the excess energy is stored in the fat cells of the body's natural storage site, _______________________.

Adipose tissue

People with an _____________ number of enlarged may be more successful in maintaining weight losses.

Average

Menkes disease causes a deficiency of ____________. A. Chromium B. Copper C. Selenium D. Iron

B. Copper

What are the main roles of selenium? A. Cofactor for several enzymes B. Defends against oxidation; regulates thyroid hormone. C. Necessary for the absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin; part of several enzymes. D. Enhances insulin action and may improve glucose tolerance.

B. Defends against oxidation; regulates thyroid hormone.

What are the main roles of Iron? A. Its a component of the thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate. B. Part of the protein hemoglobin which carries oxygen in the blood. Part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contraction; necessary for energy metabolism. C. Defends against oxidation; regulates thyroid hormone. D. Cofactor for several enzymes; bone formation.

B. Part of the protein hemoglobin which carries oxygen in the blood. Part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contraction; necessary for energy metabolism.

______________, a drug to treat obesity, enhances the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which suppresses appetite. A. Orlistat B. Phentermine

B. Phentermine

When the energy balance is _____________ fat cell number may continue to increase. A. Negative B. Positive

B. Positive

Keshan disease is a deficiency symptom of _____________? A. Chromium B. Selenium C. Iodine D. Molybdenum

B. Selenium

The body has 2 types of fat: ____________ and ______________ adipose tissue. A. Necessary and unnecessary B. White and brown C. Elastic and inelastic D. Healthy and unhealthy

B. White and brown

_________ deficiency symptoms include growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, and loss of appetite. A. Copper B. Zinc C. Selenium D. Chromium

B. Zinc

In women, fat cells in the ___________, ___________, and ____________ produce abundant LPL, storing fat in those body cells.

Breasts, hips, and thighs

Underweight is a far less prevalent problem than overweight, affecting no more than __________ percent of US adults. A. 5 B. 12 C. 2 D 3

C. 2

Depending on the weight-loss surgery, the initial weight loss is ________ to _________ percent of body weight. A. 15-25 B. 40-52 C. 20-32 D. 32-40

C. 20-32

To prevent weight gain, the DRI suggest an accumulation of ____________ of moderately interns physical activities every day in addition to the less intense activities of daily living. A. 30 minutes B. 2 hours C. 60 minutes D. An hour and a half

C. 60 minutes

Obesity develops when a person's fat cells increase in _______________. A. Number B. Size C. All of the above D. None of the above

C. All of the above

What are the main roles of manganese? A. Defends against oxidation; regulates thyroid hormone. B. Enhances insulin action and may improve glucose tolerance. C. Cofactor for several enzymes; bone formation. D. Necessary for the absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin; part of several enzymes.

C. Cofactor for several enzymes; bone formation.

Anemia and bone abnormalities are both deficiency symptoms of ____________? A. Iron B. Selenium C. Copper D. Chromium

C. Copper

What are the food sources for fluoride? A. Nuts, whole grains, leafy veggies, and tea B. Legumes, cereals, and nuts C. Drinking water, tea, and seafood D. Seafood, vegetables in iodine-rich soil, iodized salt

C. Drinking water, tea, and seafood

What are the main roles of chromium? A. Cofactor for several enzymes; bone formation. B Defends against oxidation; regulates thyroid hormone. C. Enhances insulin action and may improve glucose. D. Cofactor for several enzymes.

C. Enhances insulin action and may improve glucose.

What kind of supplements have the FDA banned the sale of? A. Mineral supplements B. Weight-loss supplements C. Ephedrine-containing supplements D. Fat-burning supplements

C. Ephedrine-containing supplements

_______________ is the influence of environmental factors, such as diet and physical activity, on gene expression. A. Obesity B. Genetics C. Epigenetics D. None of the above

C. Epigenetics

The _______________ and other regulatory centers constantly monitor and delicately adjust conditions to maintain homeostasis. A. Adipose tissue B. Heart C. Hypothalamus D. Muscle cells

C. Hypothalamus

Skin may become very pale and you may experience reduced physical work capacity and mental productivity if you have a ____________ deficiency. A. Zinc B. Copper C. Iron D. Chromium

C. Iron

Phytates, high intakes of iron and calcium limit the absorption of _____________. A. Copper B. Chromium C. Manganese D. Zinc

C. Manganese

Seafood, vegetables in iodine-rich soil, and iodized salt are all food sources of ___________.

Iodine

The number of fat cells increases most rapidly during the growing years of ____________________________?

Late childhood and early puberty

_______________ is a protein produced by fat cells under direction of the ob gene that decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure.

Leptin

_______________ maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditure in response to adipose tissue.

Leptin

What amount of trace minerals should you have per day in milligrams?

Less than 100 milligrams

The role of ___________________ _____________ is to remove triglycerides from the blood for storage in both adipose tissue and muscle cells.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

People who lose 10-20 pounds in a year by consistently choosing nutrient-dense foods and engaging in regular physical activity are much ____________ likely to maintain the loss and reap health benefits.

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