Nutrition Chapter 1 (1/5/2022)

What are Phytochemicals

(plant components in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains) and zoochemicals (components in animals) are physiologically active compounds. They are not considered essential nutrients in the diet.

Which two nutrients are mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

Carbs and lipids.

Which type of study involves scientists comparing individuals who have a condition with individuals who do not have the condition?

Case control study.

What's a good example of a lipid?

Cholesterol

Identify the complex carbohydrate that forms the structure of plant cell walls.

Fiber, cellulose.

What are some examples of complex carbohydrates?

Fiber, glycogen, starch.

What is a sign of subclinical nutrition?

Flaky skin.

Phytochemicals are physiologically active compounds found in ____. (Check all that apply.)

Fruits, whole grains, legumes, and vegetables.

What is the major source of energy for most cells?

Glucose.

Unsaturated fats are usually considered to be ___.

Healthier.

Which government initiative is designed to help people attain healthy, thriving lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death?

Healthy People

A recent study showed that women who consumed a diet rich in fiber and low in animal fat, avoided obesity, and got plenty of exercise reduced their risk for which disease by 80%?

Heart disease.

_______ is the physical need for food.

Hunger.

An inorganic substance lacks carbon atoms bonded to _______ atoms in the chemical structure.

Hydrogen

An organic compound is a substance that contains carbon atoms bonded to _____ atoms.

Hydrogen

What is the term for the second step in the scientific process?

Hypothesis

Hunger is primarily influenced by our ________ drive for food.

physiological.

____ are solid at room temperature.

Fats.

________ yield no energy for the body.

Minerals

Select the statement about minerals that is true.

Minerals are inorganic substances.

Trace minerals are needed in amounts of less than ___ daily.

100mg

How many calories per gram in Carbohydrates.

4 calories per gram in Carbs.

Alcohol is a source of energy that provides ______ calories per gram.

7 kcalterm-78

Fat soluble vitamins include vitamin ___. (Check all that apply.)

A,D,E,K.

Which energy-providing substance is not considered a nutrient?

Alcohol

The overarching goals of Healthy People are

Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being, free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining full potential for health and well-being for all Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life stages Engage leadership, key constituents, and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve the health and well-being of all20

In the U.S., partially hydrogenated oils containing trans fats have been ___.

Banned.

Human genes direct the type and amount of nutrients in food that will be reassembled into ____. (Check all that apply.)

Body compounds and structures.

Currently, a dietary supplement ____ marketed in the U.S. without FDA approval if there is a history of its use or evidence that it is reasonably safe to use.

Can be.

Which of the following essential nutrients is mostly composed of only three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

Carbohydrates

One of the main functions of vitamins is to help release the energy trapped in ___.

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Vegetables, beans, and sugars are all good sources of

Carbohydrates.

Which nutrient provides 4 calories per gram?

Carbohydrates.

Starch is a ____ carbohydrate.

Complex.

A(n) ______ consists of atoms of two or more elements bonded together in specific proportions.

Compound

A(n) ______ consists of atoms of two or more elements bonded together in specific proportions.

Compound.

In a double-blind study, fake treatments are usually administered to ____.

Control group.

What is the site where hereditary information is stored in cells?

DNA

Identify the factors that affect almost every medical condition. (Check all that apply.)

Diet, lifestyle, genetic endowment.

What are some things that women can do to reduce their risk of heart disease? (Check all that apply.)

Excercise daily, don't smoke, avoid obesity.

Which agency can act if a dietary supplement is dangerous? For example, this agency was responsible for the ban on the sale of the dietary supplement Ephedra after numerous deaths were reported from its consumption.

FDA

Identify a background factor which can determine nutritional and health status.

Family history

Fiber is a _____ carbohydrate.

Indigestible

What is the term for the process by which the participants in a study are notified of the study's purpose, procedures, known risks, and benefits so that they can make an informed decision regarding their participation?

Informed consent.

Identify the elements that commonly relate to nutrition.

Iron, nitrogen, calcium

What are some reasons for using animals in scientific experiments? (Check all that apply.)

It is unethical to conduct experiment on humans, disease in animal mimics humans.

______ supply 9 calories per gram.

Lipids

Fats and oils are good examples of which type of nutrient?

Lipids.

_______ are also mostly made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Lipids.

Oils are _____ at room temperature.

Liquid.

The body typically uses _______ protein to meet its daily energy needs.

Little

What should you do if you encounter a food product that contains information that seems too good to be true or that is based on a study that hasn't been peer reviewed?

Look for more info.

What is a key distinction between major and trace minerals?

Major ones are needed in higher amounts.

What is the most likely source of protein for a North American?

Meat

Which type of nutrient is a structurally simple, inorganic substance?

Minerals

How many calories per gram are supplied by lipids?

Nine.

Which element do proteins contain that is absent from carbohydrates and lipids?

Nitrogen

Not all chemical compounds exist as molecule.

Not all.

What is involved in the Nutrition Care Process? (Check all that apply.)

Nutrition assessment, diagnosis, evaluation, intervention.

Because they can be vague, the signs and symptoms take awhile to develop, and because the development of poor nutrition often happens long before any clinical evidence can be found, ________ assessments are often limited.

Nutritional

Carbs are made of

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen.

What are the physiologically active compounds found in plants that may provide health benefits called?

Phytochemicals.

Which nutrient supplies 4 calories per gram of energy to the body?

Protein

Which nutrient contains the elements carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen?

Proteins

Which nutrient is considered to be the main structural material in the body?

Proteins

What is the most likely source of protein for someone who lives outside of North America?

Rice

What are the two basic types of lipids?

Saturated and Unsaturated

Identify the foods that have high levels of trans fatty acids. (Check all that apply.)

Shortening, french fries, donuts.

What are the two main types of Carbohydrates.

Simple & Complex.

Glucose and sucrose are examples of

Simple carbohydrates.

Glucose, a major source of energy in most cells, comes from ___. (Check all that apply.)

Starch & simple carbohydrates.

Identify the carb that is the energy storage in foods.

Starch.

Identify the carbohydrate that is the storage form of carbohydrate in foods.

Starch.

Glucose, a major source of energy in most cells, comes from ___. (Check all that apply.)

Starches, simple carbohydrates.

A ________ nutrient deficiency has no overt signs or symptoms that can be detected.

Subclinical

The early stage of a nutrient deficiency is termed

Subclinical

Examples of simple carbohydrates:

Table sugar & blood sugar.

The body does not use much ______ to meet its daily energy needs.

The body uses very few proteins to meet its daily energy needs. The body's main source of daily energy is carbohydrates.

Identify the true statements about lipids.

The difference between saturated and unsaturated helps determine if the lipid is solid or liquid at room there are two basic types of lipids: saturated and unsaturated, Lipids are separated based on the chemical structure of their dominant fatty acid.

Identify the true statements about lipids.

There are two basic types of lipids: saturated and unsaturated, The difference between saturated and unsaturated helps determine if the lipid is solid or liquid at room temperature. Lipids are separated based on the chemical structure of their dominant fatty acid.

Which statement about minerals is true?

They are needed for regular body function.

Which of the following statements are true regarding triglycerides?

They are the major form of energy stored in the body. They are a key energy source for the body. Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids.

What are some limitations of nutritional assessments? (Check all that apply.)

They aren't always specific, hard to make connections between diet and assessment, signs/symptoms not always visable.

What is the main function of vitamins?

To enable chemical reactions.

_______ are processed fats found in deep-fried and baked snack foods. Large amounts of these fats pose health risks, so their intake should be minimized.

Trans fats

Donuts, chips, french fries, and shortening all have high levels of ___.

Trans-fatty acids.

Which lipid is the major form of fat in foods?

Triglyceride

What occurs when nutrient intake does not meet nutrient needs?

Under nutrition.

The 3 general categories of nutritional status are ____. (Check all that apply.)

Under, over, and desirable

Which nutrient provides no usable energy to the body?

Vitamins

The terms fat soluble and water soluble are used to describe which type of nutrient?

Vitamins (Vitamins are either water soluble or fat soluble.)

Which nutrient is needed in the largest quantity?

Water

Which nutrient is sometimes overlooked as a nutrient?

Water

What vital function does water have in the body? (Check all that apply.)

Water transports nutrients to cells, Water helps to regulate body temperature..

What acts as both a solvent and a lubricant.

Water.

______, in addition to lifestyle and diet, affects almost every medical condition.

Your genome.

The carbohydrate that forms the structure of plants is a

complex carbohydrate.

A subclinical deficiency occurs ____.

early stages of a nutrition deficiency.

What genetic material contains the codes that control the expression of individual traits?

genes

Human DNA directs ____.

how the body uses nutrients

Saturated fats can ___.

increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, raise blood cholesterol.

Substances/compounds that do not have carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms are called ___.

inorganic substances

A person's medical history can play significant roles in assessing ____.

nutritional status

A(n) __________ is a substance that contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms.

organic compound.

The use of laboratory animal experiments to study the role of nutrition in human diseases depends on ______.

the availability of an animal model

Lipids are categorized as saturated or unsaturated based on ___.

the chemical structure of their major fatty acids

The body's nutritional health is determined by ____.

the sum of its status with respect to each nutrient

Proteins are used in the body ___. (Check all that apply.)

to build bone and muscle, as part of blood, cell membranes, and immune factors.