Nutrition: Chapter 13 Practice Test

What is the potential side effect of drinking a 12-ounce bottle of magnesium citrate? a. 24 hours or more of extreme diarrhea b. Intense relaxation inhibiting work performance c. Fragile bones d. Iron chelation

A. 24 hours or more of extreme diarrhea: Magnesium citrate is used by doctors to treat acute constipation and/or prep for colonoscopies due to its ability to relax the colon and allow for large amounts of stool to pass.

The Tolerable Upper Intake Limit (UL) for zinc is _____ times greater than the RDA for men. a. 3.6 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9

A. 3.6: The RDA of zinc for men is 11 milligrams per day, and the UL for adults is 40 milligrams per day, which is 3.6 times the RDA.

Lead blocks the actions of which mineral? a. Calcium b. Copper c. Selenium d. Chromium

A. Calcium: Lead competes with calcium in the brain, but it cannot signal messages from nerve cells.

Deficiency Symptoms: Bone Abnormalities Toxicity Symptoms: Liver Damage a. Copper b. Zinc c. Maganese

A. Copper: Copper deficiency is rare, but it can cause bone abnormalities. Excessive intakes of copper can damage the liver, so a UL has been set at 10 milligrams per day.

Berries and grapes are rich in __, which may inhibit certain types of cancer and decrease cholesterol levels. a. Ellagic acid b. Allyl sulfides c. Lycopene d. Limonene

A. Ellagic Acid: Berries and grapes are rich in ellagic acid, which may inhibit certain types of cancer and decrease cholesterol levels.

Deficiency Symptoms: Goiter, Cretinism Toxicity Symptoms: Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Goiter a. Iodine b. Maganese c. Zinc

A. Iodine: Iodine deficiency leads to goiter formation—enlargement of the thyroid gland. With an iodine deficiency, thyroid hormone production diminishes, and the pituitary gland responds by releasing TSH in a futile attempt to accelerate iodine uptake by the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormone.

Which trace mineral is a component of two thyroid hormones that help regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate? a. Iodine b. Selenium c. Copper d. Manganese

A. Iodine: Iodine is a component of two thyroid hormones that help regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate.

With _____ deficiency, thyroid hormone production declines, and the body responds by secreting more thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in a futile attempt to accelerate uptake by the thyroid gland. a. Iodine b. Zinc c. Fluoride d. Selenium

A. Iodine: With iodine deficiency, thyroid hormone production declines, and the body responds by secreting more TSH in a futile attempt to accelerate uptake by the thyroid gland.

Which of the following occurs in the first stage of iron deficiency? a. Iron stores decline. b. Hemoglobin levels fall. c. Red blood cell count falls. d. Hemoglobin synthesis declines.

A. Iron stores decline: Iron deficiency develops in stages. In the first stage of iron deficiency, iron stores decline, as assessed by serum ferritin.

Which of the following processes occurs in the first stage of iron deficiency? a. Iron stores diminish. b. Serum ferritin decreases. c. Erythrocyte protoporphyrin accumulates. d. Erythrocyte protoporphyrin declines.

A. Iron stores diminish: In the first stage of iron deficiency, iron stores diminish. Measures of serum ferritin reflect iron stores, and a simple blood test can detect an early-stage iron deficiency.

Many of the symptoms associated with _____ deficiency are easily mistaken for behavioral or motivational problems. a. Iron b. Zinc c. Selenium d. Copper

A. Iron: Many of the symptoms associated with iron deficiency are easily mistaken for behavioral or motivational problems.

Which of these statements is NOT true about iron? a.It is difficult to get enough from food alone, so an iron supplement is always advised. b.It is most often lacking in the diets of women of childbearing age and children. c.It can be dangerous if taken in high amounts. d.Enriched cereal is a good source of iron. e.It is a trace mineral.

A. It is difficult to get enough from food alone, so an iron supplement is always advised: Iron supplements are not recommended unless prescribed by a doctor. If taken in large amounts, iron can be dangerous. Eating iron-containing foods can provide an adequate amount without being dangerous.

Which contaminant mineral blocks the metabolic sites of minerals so that they are unable to perform their roles? a. Lead b. Mercury c. Cadmium d. Antimony

A. Lead: Lead is chemically similar to the nutrient minerals iron, calcium, and zinc and displaces them from some of the metabolic sites they normally occupy so that they are then unable to perform their roles.

Flaxseeds are a source of omega-3 fatty acids. a. True b. False

A. True

Heme iron is found only in foods derived from animals' flesh, such as meats, poultry, and fish. a. True b. False

A. True

The trace minerals have very low daily requirements. They can be toxic at levels 2.5 to 11 times above current recommendations. a. True b. False

A. True

The most common cause of goiter is iodine deficiency. a. True b. False

A. True: Almost all cases of goiter are caused by iodine deficiency.

Many of the symptoms associated with iron deficiency are often mistaken for behavioral or motivational problems. a. True b. False

A. True: An early consequence of a developing iron deficiency is that it affects behavior. Iron is needed as a cofactor for several enzymes, including enzymes that make neurotransmitters. Thus, when iron levels begin to drop, energy metabolism will falter and fewer neurotransmitters will be made, ultimately affecting behavior.

Worldwide, iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency. a. True b. False

A. True: Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency, with iron-deficiency anemia affecting an estimated 40 percent of the population.

The orange-yellow pigment curcumin, commonly found in curry powder, may help reverse insulin resistance, inflammation, and other symptoms associated with obesity. a. True b. False

A. True: The orange-yellow pigment curcumin, commonly found in curry powder, may help reverse insulin resistance, inflammation, and other obesity symptoms.

The UL for iron is ________ times greater than the RDA for women from the ages of 19 to 50 years a. 1½ b. 2½ c. 3½ d. 4½

B. 2 1/2: The RDA of iron for women is 18 milligrams per day, and the UL for adults is 45 milligrams per day, which is 2½ times the RDA.

About _____ of heme iron and _____ of nonheme iron is absorbed, depending on dietary factors and the body's iron stores. a. 17% ; 25% b. 25%; 17% c. 33% ; 25% d. 42% ; 37%

B. 25% ; 17%: About 25 percent of heme iron and 17 percent of nonheme iron is absorbed, depending on dietary factors and the body's iron stores.

Which food provides the most selenium? a. Clams b. Brazil nuts c. Liver d. Spinach

B. Brazil Nuts: Eating as few as two Brazil nuts a day effectively improves selenium status.

Zinc supplementation is a less expensive, and equally safe and effective, alternative to talk therapy for improving one's mental health while saving money. a. True b. False

B. False: If you are suffering from mental illness, it is advisable to see a mental health care professional, rather than starting zinc supplements, as soon as possible. Eat a healthy diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes until your appointment and throughout the entire therapy process.

If you have all the signs and symptoms of deficiency, but have not had medical tests, such as blood work, to determine your iron levels, it is recommended that you begin iron supplementation immediately. a. True b. False

B. False: Iron supplementation without proper medical screen for iron levels and underlying conditions is not recommended.

There are no side effects from taking 10 times the recommended daily allowance of iron. a. True b. False

B. False: Taking 10 times the recommended daily allowance of iron can be dangerous, especially if referencing the amount of iron needed by a woman in childbearing years, which is higher than other RDAs.

Since zinc is a trace mineral, taking more than you need cannot cause any health problems. a. True b. False

B. False: Taking too much of any nutrients, even trace minerals, can result in toxic levels of the nutrient and health complications.

Deficiency Symptoms: Rare Toxicity Symptoms: Nervous System Disorders a. Iron b. Maganese c. Selenium

B. Maganese: Manganese deficiency is rare. Working in a contaminated environment can lead to manganese toxicity. Miners who inhale large quantities of manganese dust while working for a long time show symptoms of brain disease.

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding manganese? a. Dietary phytates inhibit manganese absorption. b. Manganese toxicity is more likely to occur from an excessive dietary intake than from exposure to a contaminated environment. c. Manganese acts as a cofactor for many enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids.

B. Manganese toxicity is more likely to occur from an excessive dietary intake than from exposure to a contaminated environment.: Manganese toxicity is more likely to occur from a contaminated environment than from an excessive dietary intake.

Fiona has been diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia and is eating a bowl of fortified breakfast cereal. Which food choice will aid in the absorption of iron from her cereal? a. Yogurt b. Orange c. Bacon d. Banana

B. Orange: Vitamin C improves iron absorption. The orange is the best choice.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of iodine? a. Iodine is an integral part of thyroid hormone. b. Plants of the cabbage family naturally contain goitrogens, which stimulate iodine uptake by the thyroid gland, increasing its hormone production. c. Children with a mild iodine deficiency will have goiters and perform poorly in school. d. A woman with a severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy may give birth to a child with cretinism, which is characterized by an extreme and irreversible mental impairment and stunted physical growth.

B. Plants of the cabbage family naturally contain goitrogens, which stimulate iodine uptake by the thyroid gland, increasing its hormone production: Foods containing goitrogens interfere with iodine uptake by the thyroid and limits its hormone production.

Which of the following foods is a good source of iron? a.Bananas b.Steak c.Oranges d.Apples e.Milk

B. Steak: Animal sources, like steak, are good sources of iron, a serving of which will provide more than 10 percent of daily needs.

Which compound in coffee and tea reduces iron absorption? a. Phytates b. Tannic acid c. MFP factor d. Heme

B. Tannic Acid

Deficiency Symptoms: Growth Retardation, impaired immune function Toxicity Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, headache a. Maganese b. Zinc c. Selenium

B. ZInc: Zinc deficiency in children stunts growth and arrests sexual development. Zinc deficiency also impairs immune function, alters taste, causes loss of appetite, and slows wound healing. High doses of zinc (zinc toxicity; levels greater than 50 milligrams) may cause vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, exhaustion, and other symptoms.

Overall, about _________of dietary iron is absorbed from mixed diets, but only ___________ from vegetarian diets. a. 46% ; 17% b. 25%; 15% c. 18% ; 10% d. 16% ; 8% e. 20% ; 5%

C. 18% ; 10%

Most of the trace minerals are toxic at intakes only _________ times above the current recommendations. a. 0 to .1.5 b. 2 to 5 c. 2.5 to 11 d. 3 to 6.5

C. 2.5 to 11: Most of the trace minerals are toxic at intakes only 2.5 to 11 times above current recommendations.

All of these behavior patterns would suggest iron deficiency EXCEPT: a. More irritable than usual. b. Lazy and does not want to help with household chores. c. Complains about being too hot. d. Having difficulty concentrating at school. e. Lost interest in playing with friends.

C. Complains about being too hot: Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by anemia, fatigue, impaired work function or in Belinda's case, impaired ability to concentrate at school. Without the physical energy and mental alertness to work, plan, think, play, sing, or learn, people simply do less. They appear to be unmotivated and apathetic.

Which of the following statements regarding iron is NOT true? a. Vegetarians need 1.8 times more iron as compared with omnivores to make up for the low bioavailability of iron in their food selections. b. The bioavailability of iron is high in meats, fish, and poultry; intermediate in grains and legumes; and low in most vegetables, especially those containing oxalates, such as spinach. c. Foods, especially acidic foods, cooked in iron cookware take up iron salts released from the pan, and this iron source is absorbed well. d. Iron supplements are absorbed better when taken between meals or on an empty stomach with liquids (other than milk, tea, or coffee, which inhibit absorption) rather than with meals.

C. Foods, especially acidic foods, cooked in iron cookware take up iron salts released from the pan, and this iron source is absorbed well: Foods, especially highly acidic foods, cooked in iron cookware take up iron salts released from the pan, but this iron source is not absorbed well.

Deficiency Symptoms: Anemia Toxicity Symptoms: Gastrointestinal (GI) distress a. Copper b. Iodine c. Iron

C. Iron: Iron deficiency begins with a depletion of iron stores, resulting in behavioral symptoms such as reduced physical work capacity and mental productivity. Iron-deficiency anemia results when there is a severe depletion of iron stores.

Which of the following is true about copper? a. Absorption efficiency is similar to that of iron. b. Wilson's disease is treated with intravenous copper administration. c. It is involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin and collagen. d. Soft water may be a significant source in the diet.

C. It is involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin and collagen: Copper serves as a constituent of several enzymes. Its role in iron metabolism makes it a key factor in hemoglobin synthesis, and other copper enzymes help manufacture collagen.

Which of the following is NOT a function of zinc? a. Strengthens antioxidant defenses against free radicals b. Influences behavior and learning performance c. Plays a direct role in insulin's action d. Essential for wound healing

C. Plays a direct role in insulin's action: Zinc participates in the synthesis, storage, and release of the hormone insulin in the pancreas, although it does not appear to play a direct role in insulin's action.

Deficiency Symptoms: Keshan disease Toxicity Symptoms: Rash, fatigue, garlic breath odor a. Copper b. Zinc c. Selenium

C. Selenium: Selenium deficiency is associated with Keshan disease—a heart disease that was prevalent in parts of China where the soil and foods lack selenium. A virus also contributes to the development of Keshan disease, but selenium deficiency is a factor and adequate selenium prevents it.

Which of the following nutrients has chemical characteristics similar to those of sulfur? a. Iron b. Chromium c. Selenium d. Molybdenum

C. Selenium: The essential mineral selenium shares some of the chemical characteristics of the mineral sulfur.

Which mineral interaction, deficiency, or toxicity is NOT described accurately? a. A selenium deficiency halts the activation of the iodine-containing thyroid hormone. b. A slight manganese overload may worsen iron deficiency. c. Zinc influences the synthesis, storage, and release of insulin, while chromium enhances insulin activity. d. Iron deficiency makes the body more susceptible to lead poisoning.

C. Zinc influences the synthesis, storage, and release of insulin, while chromium enhances insulin activity: The interaction of zinc and chromium to support the work of insulin is an example of interactions among trace minerals that are well coordinated to meet the body's needs.

Which food component is an isoflavone found in soy foods that inhibit blood vessel development and alters estrogen activity in the body? a. Lignans b. Lycopene c. Genistein d. Plant sterols

C> Genistein: Genistein is an isoflavone found in soy foods that inhibits blood vessel development and alters estrogen activity in the body.

Studies suggest that a diet rich in _____ may lower the risk of heart disease by decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress. a. Anthocyanins b. Allyl sulfides c. Phenolics d. Carotenoids

D. Carotenoids: Studies suggest that a diet rich in carotenoids may lower heart disease risk by decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress.

All of the following can contribute to iron deficiency EXCEPT: a. Tea and coffee b. Deficiency of vitamin C c. Lack of heme iron d. Deficiency of vitamin A e. Excess calcium

D. Deficiency of Vitamin A: Polyphenols in tea and coffee and calcium bind with non-heme iron inhibiting absorption. Heme iron and vitamin C aid in the absorption of non-heme iron.

Red peppers, tomatoes, pink grapefruit, and watermelon are rich in ____________, which may defend against cancer and heart disease by protecting DNA from oxidative damage. a. Indoles b. Limonenes c. Flavonoids d. Lycopene

D. Lycopene: Lycopene, which is present in red peppers, tomatoes, pink grapefruit, and watermelon, may defend against cancer and heart disease by protecting DNA from oxidative damage.

Which of the following foods has the most iron per serving? a. Carrots b. Watermelon c. Bananas d. Pinto beans

D. Pinto Beans: Pinto beans have the most iron per serving. Carrots, watermelon, and bananas contain a very small amount of iron per serving.

Which of the following is NOT a role of zinc? a. Zinc is a part of insulin and many enzymes. b. Zinc assists in immune function and in growth and development. c. Zinc is needed to make retinol-binding protein that transports vitamin A. d. Zinc does not influence behavior and learning performance.

D. Zinc does not influence behavior and learning performance: Since does influence behavior and learning performance.

_____ deficiency is associated with severe growth retardation and immature sexual development. a. Molybdenum b. Chromium c. Copper d. Zinc

D. Zinc: Stunted growth and immature sexual development are the characteristics of zinc deficiency.

What is the main function of iron in the body? a.It treats depression. b.It builds bone. c.It grows hair. d.It aids in digestion. e.It carries oxygen.

E. It carries oxygen: One of iron's main functions is to carry oxygen. Iron is part of the proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin; both help carry and store oxygen in the body.

Because it is difficult to excrete iron once it is in the body, iron balance is maintained primarily through absorption. The iron storage protein (ferritin or transferrin) captures surplus iron from food and stores it in the mucosal cells of the small intestine. When the body needs iron, the storage protein releases some iron to an iron transport protein called (transferrin or ferritin) . If the body does not need iron, the dietary iron is carried out when the intestinal cells are shed (every three to five days) and excreted in the feces.

Ferritin ; Transferrin: Because it is difficult to excrete iron once it is in the body and high iron levels in the body (iron overload) can be toxic, iron balance is maintained primarily through absorption. More iron is absorbed when iron stores are low, and less is absorbed when iron stores are full. The iron storage protein ferritin captures iron from food and stores it in the small intestine's mucosal cells.

All of the following statements regarding what lead does in the body are true, EXCEPT: a. Lead is chemically similar to iron, calcium, and zinc, and displaces them from some metabolic sites they normally occupy so that they are unable to perform their functions. b. Lead interacts with white blood cells, impairing their ability to fight infection. c. Lead competes with calcium in the brain so that it can signal messages from nerve cells. d. Lead competes with iron in heme, but it cannot carry oxygen.

c. Lead competes with calcium in the brain so that it can signal messages from nerve cells: Lead competes with calcium in the brain, but it cannot signal messages from nerve cells.