Nutrition Chapter 18
Aging - Time dependent ________ and physiological changes
Aging - Time dependent physical and physiological changes
Alcohol use - __________ decreases with aging - Abuse can occur due to depression and __________ - Consequences of earlier alcohol abuse
Alcohol use - Tolerance decreases with aging - Abuse can occur due to depression and isolation - Consequences of earlier alcohol abuse
Minerals and Vitamins • _______ and Vitamin D - Important to prevent or minimize osteoporosis - Most elderly diets inadequate • Iron - Less common in elderly persons following menopause - Some GI-related issues can still cause iron deficiency and ______ • Zinc and Magnesium - Many are deficient, which may contribute to ______-related processes • Folate and Vitamin B-6 & B-12 - ______ often do not get enough - Partially due to decrease absorption • Vitamin E - Most adults have inadequate intakes - Needed for anti-oxidant role • Carotenoids - Eat your ________ - carotenoids may protect against a wide range of aging-related conditions
Minerals and Vitamins • Calcium and Vitamin D - Important to prevent or minimize osteoporosis - Most elderly diets inadequate • Iron - Less common in elderly persons following menopause - Some GI-related issues can still cause iron deficiency and anemia • Zinc and Magnesium - Many are deficient, which may contribute to aging-related processes • Folate and Vitamin B-6 & B-12 - Elderly often do not get enough - Partially due to decrease absorption • Vitamin E - Most adults have inadequate intakes - Needed for anti-oxidant role • Carotenoids - Eat your veggies - carotenoids may protect against a wide range of aging-related conditions
Reserve capacity - Organs ability to ________ despite aging - Can handle "normal" function, but may not be able to handle a "stress" or additional _____
Reserve capacity - Organs ability to function despite aging - Can handle "normal" function, but may not be able to handle a "stress" or additional strain
Slowed restoration of homeostasis - "I can't _________ like I used to" - Slowed response to return body to "_______" state
Slowed restoration of homeostasis - "I can't _________ like I used to" - Slowed response to return body to "normal" state
Successful aging - Changes that occur because of _______ aging process and not sped up by other factors - Age-related declines experienced at slower rate
Successful aging - Changes that occur because of natural aging process and not sped up by other factors - Age-related declines experienced at slower rate
Usual aging - Expected age-related ________ and physiological changes § E.g., increase body fat, decrease lean body mass, rising blood pressure, declining bone mass, poor health - Accelerated by _______ choices, environmental exposures
Usual aging - Expected age-related physical and physiological changes § E.g., increase body fat, decrease lean body mass, rising blood pressure, declining bone mass, poor health - Accelerated by lifestyle choices, environmental exposures
Blue Zones
refers to areas where humans live past the age of 100, longevity hot spots.
Alzheimer's Disease - Progressive deterioration of ______ function - Diet rich in berries and _____ oil and exercise - Diets rich in omega-3 AND omega-6 foods and low in _________ and trans fat may reduce risk
Alzheimer's Disease - Progressive deterioration of brain function - Diet rich in berries and olive oil and exercise - Diets rich in omega-3 AND omega-6 foods and low in saturated and trans fat may reduce risk
Arthritis - Degeneration of cartilage that covers ______ - No _______ component has been conclusively show to affect arthritis - Maintain a healthy _______
Arthritis - Degeneration of cartilage that covers joints - No dietary component has been conclusively show to affect arthritis - Maintain a healthy weight
Complimentary and Alternative Health Approaches • _______ products - using substances found in nature - Vitamins, minerals, probiotics, fish oil, and herbs to treat or prevent disease • Mind-____ practices - using techniques such as yoga, tai chi, qi gong, chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation, mediation, massage, etc. • Ayurvedic & Chinese medicine - Natural healing, acupuncture
Complimentary and Alternative Health Approaches • Natural products - using substances found in nature - Vitamins, minerals, probiotics, fish oil, and herbs to treat or prevent disease • Mind-Body practices - using techniques such as yoga, tai chi, qi gong, chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation, mediation, massage, etc. • Ayurvedic & Chinese medicine - Natural healing, acupuncture
Compression of morbidity = greatest number of healthy years and fewest years of _______ - Do you want to live a long life if it isn't a healthy one?
Compression of morbidity = greatest number of healthy years and fewest years of illness - Do you want to live a long life if it isn't a healthy one?
Economic factors - Insufficient ______ or increased expenses • Often tied to specialized living (Senior centers, etc.)
Economic factors - Insufficient income or increased expenses • Often tied to specialized living (Senior centers, etc.)
Exercise • Exercise is an important component to preventing age-related _________ • Strength training slows _______ loss and weight gain • Flexibility training prevents stiffness and ____ of injury • Aerobic training helps _______ and respiratory function
Exercise • Exercise is an important component to preventing age-related problems • Strength training slows muscle loss and weight gain • Flexibility training prevents stiffness and risk of injury • Aerobic training helps cardiac and respiratory function
Factors Influencing Nutrient Needs in Aging • Physical & physiological factors - Decrease in ______ mass and increase in fat mass alters metabolic rate - Decrease in ____ density alters calcium and vitamin D needs - Reduced cardiovascular and __________ function affects the entire body - Reduced function of the GI tract and related ______ • Chewing, HCl and digestive enzyme secretion, ability of liver to detoxify (e.g., alcohol) -Reduced function of _______ system impairs reabsorption of some nutrients (e.g., glucose, amino acids) vitamin D synthesis (from skin) and removal of wastes - Alterations in ________ system has whole body effects - Gradual ______ resistance alters glucose metabolism - Disease or medications • Chronic diseases prevalence increase with age • Major consumers of medications
Factors Influencing Nutrient Needs in Aging • Physical & physiological factors - Decrease in muscle mass and increase in fat mass alters metabolic rate - Decrease in bone density alters calcium and vitamin D needs - Reduced cardiovascular and respiratory function affects the entire body - Reduced function of the GI tract and related organs • Chewing, HCl and digestive enzyme secretion, ability of liver to detoxify (e.g., alcohol) -Reduced function of urinary system impairs reabsorption of some nutrients (e.g., glucose, amino acids) vitamin D synthesis (from skin) and removal of wastes - Alterations in nervous system has whole body effects - Gradual insulin resistance alters glucose metabolism - Disease or medications • Chronic diseases prevalence increase with age • Major consumers of medications
Genetic, Environmental, and Dietary Factors • Genetics accounts for ~5% of all ________ • Environmental factors − Exposure to radiation, chemicals, air & water pollutants − ________ (first- and second-hand) − Sedentary lifestyle • _______ factors − Low intake of fruits & veggies − Excessive energy intake (obesity) − "High" intake of red and processed meats − Fried foods (acrylamide) − High ________ intakes − Low intakes of vitamin D - evidence inconsistent
Genetic, Environmental, and Dietary Factors • Genetics accounts for ~5% of all cancers • Environmental factors − Exposure to radiation, chemicals, air & water pollutants − Smoking (first- and second-hand) − Sedentary lifestyle • Dietary factors − Low intake of fruits & veggies − Excessive energy intake (obesity) − "High" intake of red and processed meats − Fried foods (acrylamide) − High alcohol intakes − Low intakes of vitamin D - evidence inconsistent
Nutrient Needs During Adulthood • Calories - After 30, calorie needs steadily _______ throughout adulthood • Protein and Fat - Needs are similar throughout adulthood and for most people • Carbohydrates - Maintain adequate _____ intakes • Water - Many _____ have mild dehydration due to reduced sensitivity to thirst signals and because of ostomy (reduced ability of kidneys to concentrate urine)
Nutrient Needs During Adulthood • Calories - After 30, calorie needs steadily decline throughout adulthood • Protein and Fat - Needs are similar throughout adulthood and for most people • Carbohydrates - Maintain adequate fiber intakes • Water - Many elderly have mild dehydration due to reduced sensitivity to thirst signals and because of ostomy (reduced ability of kidneys to concentrate urine)
Nutrients, Diet, and Cancer • 2nd leading cause of _____ in U.S. adults • What is cancer? ̶ Carcinogenesis ̶ Benign (non-cancerous) vs. malignant (cancerous) tumors ̶ Tumors can metastasize (travel to other tissues and spread) • Diet emphasizing ______-based foods may decrease risk. • Excessive energy intake may increase risk.
Nutrients, Diet, and Cancer • 2nd leading cause of death in U.S. adults • What is cancer? ̶ Carcinogenesis ̶ Benign (non-cancerous) vs. malignant (cancerous) tumors ̶ Tumors can metastasize (travel to other tissues and spread) • Diet emphasizing plant-based foods may decrease risk. • Excessive energy intake may increase risk.
Nutrition-Related Health Issues of the Adult Years • In addition to ones we already discussed (cancer, diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis, etc.)
Nutrition-Related Health Issues of the Adult Years • In addition to ones we already discussed (cancer, diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis, etc.)
Psychosocial factors - A _______ attitude • Many elderly are depressed - Affects appetite and ____ choices - ______ withdrawal
Psychosocial factors - A positive attitude • Many elderly are depressed - Affects appetite and food choices - Social withdrawal
What Affects the Rate of Aging? • Heredity - It is in your _____! • Gender - For unknown reasons, people who are designated _______ at birth tend to live longer than those who are designated male at birth • Lifestyle - Food choices, exercise, abuses (smoking, drugs, etc.) - Can delay aging or promote it • Environment - ________, education level, healthcare, etc. - Environmental (physical) - air quality, toxins, etc.
What Affects the Rate of Aging? • Heredity - It is in your genes! • Gender - For unknown reasons, people who are designated female at birth tend to live longer than those who are designated male at birth • Lifestyle - Food choices, exercise, abuses (smoking, drugs, etc.) - Can delay aging or promote it • Environment - Income, education level, healthcare, etc. - Environmental (physical) - air quality, toxins, etc.
Why do we age? • Cumulative damage to ___, proteins, cell membranes, etc. - Free radicals damage ____ parts • Neuroendocrine communication and ____________ diminish • Weakening _______ system & autoimmunity develops • Protein cross-linking • Cells that reach their division potential • Excess energy intake speeds body breakdown
Why do we age? • Cumulative damage to DNA, proteins, cell membranes, etc. - Free radicals damage cell parts • Neuroendocrine communication and coordination diminish • Weakening immune system & autoimmunity develops • Protein cross-linking • Cells that reach their division potential • Excess energy intake speeds body breakdown