Nutrition Chapter 2: Standards and Guidelines

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

(4 major topic areas) 1. Balance calories to manage weight 2. Increase intakes of certain nutrient-dense foods 3. Reduce intakes of certain foods and food components 4. Build a healthy eating pattern

See slide: U.S. Diet and Dietary Guidelines Compared

Americans need to choose more...vitamin D, fiber, whole gain, seafood Americans need to choose less...way too much sugar, refined grains, sodium, and saturated fat

Nutrient Recommendations #2

DRI values (what you use to create a meal plan) RDA - Recommended Dietary Allowances - adequacy AI - Adequate Intakes

Learning Objective #2

Describe how and why foods are grouped in the USDA Food Patterns, including subgroups. Plan a day's meals to follow the USDA Food Patterns within a given calorie budget and within the USDA limit for solid fats and added sugars.

Understanding the DRI Intake Recommendations

Differences between individuals, adequate intake over time (Attempt to get 100% of DRI recommended intake), characteristics of DRI, DRI are designed for healthy people (different numbers for all after age 2) (optimal intakes not minimal requirements - going over may be bad)

Concept of Discretionary Calories

Discretionary calorie allowance (weight maintenance vs. nutrient supplies), sources, nutrient-dense foods

Nutrient Recommendations #4: EAR and UL

EAR - assess nutrient intake of populations, used to make recommendation, requirements for life stages and gender, estimated average requirements UL - supplement use (toxicity), absence of UL (not everything has an upper limit associated with it)

Setting Energy Requirements

EER - Estimated Energy Requirements Not generous with calories, reflecting a balancing act (energy to support health and life), energy derived from food

See slide: The Naive View Versus the Accurate View of Optimal Nutrient Intakes

Marginal levels on both sides Usually assign a range

What Food Labels May Include #2

Structure/functions claims (requires no prior approval, notification of FDA is sufficient, required label disclaimer, examples)

UL

Upper (intake) Levels - safety

Nutrient Recommendations #5: AMDR

AMDR - calorie percentage ranges, intake ranges for energy-yielding nutrients, expressed as percentage of total (Carbs is 45-65%, Fat is 20-35%, Protein is 10-35%...of calories) (based on public)

AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges - healthy ranges for energy yielding nutrients

EAR

Estimated Average Requirements - research and policy

Learning Objective #3

Evaluate a food label, delineating the different uses of information found on the Nutrition Facts panel, on the ingredients list and in any health claims or other claims made for the product. State specific nutritional advantages of a carefully planned nutrient-dense diet over a diet chosen without regard for nutrition principles.

Diet Planning with the USDA Food Patterns

Food group plain - help people achieve goals, specifies portions, foods are sorted by nutrient density Seven groups - food groups Variety - among the food groups and within each group

Daily Values

Found on food labels, apply to the "average" person (eating 2,000 to 2,500 calories a day), allow for comparisons among foods (not nutrient intake goals) (might be lower than 2,000-2,500 a day) (goal of those labels not nutrient intake goal)

MyPlate Educational Tool

Guides uses through diet planning Flexibility of the USDA food patterns (mixed dishes, national and cultural foods, vegetarians)

Learning Objectives #1

Identify the full names and explain the functions of the RDA, AI, UL, EAR, and AMDR and discuss how the daily values differ in nature and use from other sets of nutrient values. List the four major topic areas of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and explain their importance to the population.

See graph: How the Committee Establishes DRI Values

Individual requirements (balance study with EAR) (measure how much nutrients ingested and how much is excreted = difference is average requirement) Accounting population needs The decision RDA sets recommended daily intakes around high end to account for entire population SEE GRAPH

What Food Labels May Include

Nutrient claims - food must meet specified criteria, e.g. "good source" of a nutrient, "high in a nutrient", health claims (standards and qualified claims) "Low fat" "Good source of fiber" Link structure to function without FDA approval Cheerios - lower cholesterol may reduce risk of heart disease

Controlling Portion Sizes at Home and Away

Portion sizes my be difficult to judge U.S. trend (larger portion sizes) (more fat and sugar) Trips on weights and measures Dining out trends

Nutrient Recommendations #3: RDA and AI = DRI

RDA and AI - recommended nutrient intakes RDA - most needs of almost all healthy people (experimental evidence) (specific to individuals) AI - adequate intake (scientific evidence and educated guesswork) (lower, probably enough) These work together to form the DRI. If there is no known RDA, then an AI will be used. These can be adopted as an individual's nutrient intake goals. (won't have both for any given nutrient)

See slide: What's on a Food Label

Same label since early 1970s

Nutrient Recommendations

Standards for healthy people's energy and nutrient intakes Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) - standards used in the U.S. and Canada, set values (vitamins, minerals, carbs, lipids, proteins, fiber, water, and energy) Daily values (nutritional label)

See slide: Label Claims

Structure function claims are not FDA regulated "Calcium builds strong bones"