nutrition- chapter 3

Hormones

-gastrin- (stomach) tells stomach when to release gastric juice(HCL) once food reaches lower end -Gastric Inhibitory Hormone- (stomach) slows release of chyme so it doesn't pass too quickly -CCK (cholecystokinin)(gallbladder)- tells gallbladder to release bile -secretin (pancreas) tells pancreas to release bicarb

There are ____ salivary glands in the ________, that _________ ________, to help break down __________

3, mouth, secrete saliva, carbohydrates

holding capacity of the stomach

4 cups (32oz)

Where do nutrients go after digestion? How?

CHO and protein do into the bloodstream through villi fats go into the lymphatic system

What do the body's cells need to remain healthy and do their work?

Energy, oxygen, nutrients

what is absorbed using active transport?

Glucose (CHO) amino acids (protien)

what sphincter is at the end of the small intestine?

Ileocecal valve

what is the name of the sphincter at the bottom of the esophagus?

Lower Esophageal Sphincter or cardiac sphincter

Someone who struggles with acid reflux may understand that their _________ is causing the problem when they eat?

Lower Esophageal Spincter

does gravity help move food through the system....

NO

Which statement about fat is true? a. It should be consumed at intervals throughout the day because it is not easily stored. b. It is regulated by nephrons. c. It is a form of carbohydrate. d. It is not a required part of every meal since it is stored abundantly.

a. It should be consumed at intervals throughout the day because it is not easily stored.

Which statement best defines peristalsis? a. Peristalsis moves the digestive tract contents through the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. b. Peristalsis breaks molecules into smaller molecules. c. Peristalsis is the process by which an alkaline chemical is secreted by the pancreas. d. Peristalsis takes nutrients into cells after digestion.

a. Peristalsis moves the digestive tract contents through the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.

Which statement about the digestive system is true? a. The digestive system feeds the rest of the body and is itself sensitive to malnutrition. b. In order to have a healthy digestive system, it is essential that a very specific diet be followed. c. A healthy digestive system should be free of all bacteria. d. The digestive system frequently struggles to break down large nutrients to their smaller building blocks.

a. The digestive system feeds the rest of the body and is itself sensitive to malnutrition.

Cells.... a. are self-contained, living units. b. serve the body's needs but have few needs of their own. c. remain alive throughout a person's lifetime. d. b and c

a. are self-contained, living units.

Blood carries nutrients absorbed from food a. from the intestine to the liver. b. from the lungs to the extremities. c. from the kidneys to the liver. d. Nutrients do not travel in blood.

a. from the intestine to the liver.

Which of the following choices correctly ranks fluids in order from the most acidic (lowest pH) to the least acidic (highest pH)? a. gastric juice > coffee > saliva > pancreatic juice b. ammonia > saliva > healthy blood > stomach acid c. pancreatic juice > battery acid > gastric juice > urine d. gastric juice > urine > coffee > vinegar e. gastric juice > pancreatic juice > ammonia > healthy blood

a. gastric juice > coffee > saliva > pancreatic juice

what happens in the jejunum & ileum?

absorption of nutrients

what is bile?

an emulsifier, fat breakdown

What may help alleviate the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)? a. Antibiotics b. Exercise, antibiotics, and antispasmodic drugs c. Exercise d. Antispasmodic drugs

b. Exercise, antibiotics, and antispasmodic drugs

Which of the following statements is FALSE about hormones and nutrition? a. Hormones help regulate hunger and appetite. b. Hormones can inform the digestive system about the degree of body fatness. c. Hormones carry messages to regulate the digestive system in response to meals or fasting. d. Hormones can regulate blood glucose levels. e. Hormones help regulate the body's reaction to stress.

b. Hormones can inform the digestive system about the degree of body fatness.

What role do organs play in the body? a. They specialize in the storage of fat and form fat tissue. b. They work together in body systems. c. They transport materials to and from cells. d. They carry blood containing fresh oxygen from the heart to tissues.

b. They work together in body systems.

Hormones a. are rarely involved in disease processes. b. are chemical messengers that travel from one system of cells to affect another. c. are produced and remain inside single cells for intracellular communications. d. are unaffected by nutrition status of the body.

b. are chemical messengers that travel from one system of cells to affect another.

The nervous system and hormonal system do all of the following EXCEPT: a. respond to the need for food. b. permit transfer of materials between blood and tissues. c. regulate body processes. d. govern the act of eating and regulate digestion.

b. permit transfer of materials between blood and tissues.

pancreas manufactures ___________

bicarbonate

what is the treatment for diarrhea?

bowel rest and drink fluid

What should be consumed at intervals throughout the day because it can be depleted from its storage? a. Sodium b. Proteins c. Carbohydrates d. Fats

c. Carbohydrates

Which statement most accurately reflects the professional perspective on the benefits of drinking wine? a. Wine consumption is associated with reduced mortality in all age groups. b. There are proven long-term benefits associated with heart health. c. Far greater benefits come from engaging in regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy body weight. d. Wine is the best source of phytochemicals

c. Far greater benefits come from engaging in regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy body weight.

Where does the body store limited amounts of carbohydrate as glycogen? a. Muscle cells b. Stomach cells c. Muscle and liver cells d. Liver cells

c. Muscle and liver cells

Lymph vessels in the intestine absorb most of the _________ present in a meal to then distribute them to the bloodstream. a. vitamins b. minerals c. fats d. proteins e. carbohydrates

c. fats

After circulating around the cells of the tissues, all extracellular fluid then a. evaporates from the body. b. becomes urine. c. returns to the bloodstream. d. a and b.

c. returns to the bloodstream

what foods can weaken the cardiac sphincter

chocolate, spearmint, carbonated drinks

After the gastric juices combine with chewed food, what is it now called as it passes to the small intestine from the stomach?

chyme

stomach turns food into _________

chyme

what is the job of the LES

close off the esophagus from the stomach so that the acid content in the stomach does not come back up and damage tissue lining

Which digestive organs release digestive juices that perform the complex chemical process of digestion? a. Salivary glands b. Stomach c. Pancreas d. All of these

d. All of these??

What is the role of blood and lymph? a. Defend the body against microbes or foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or body linings. b. Provide a site for nutrient absorption. c. Destroy toxins or store them to keep them out of the circulatory system. d. Deliver needed materials to all the body's cells and carry waste materials away.

d. Deliver needed materials to all the body's cells and carry waste materials away.

Which of the following is NOT associated with moderate drinking? a. Drinking slowly and casually b. Eating food while drinking or beforehand c. Remaining peaceful, calm, and unchanged by drinking d. Using alcohol when facing problems or decision

d. Using alcohol when facing problems or decision

what happens in the duodenum?

digestion of CHO, proteins, & fats

The _____________ system's first major task is to break down food to its components. Then, it must a __________ the nutrients and some non-nutrient, leaving behind the substances that are appropriate to excrete. To do this, the system works at two levels, one mechanical and the other __________

digestive, absorb, chemical

where do CHO and proteins go after absorption?

directly into blood stream (fat --> lymphatic)

what are the three parts of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

where is nutrients dissolved?

duodenum-SI

The liver converts excess energy-containing nutrients into which two storage forms? a. protein and fat b. starch and glucose c. starch and fat d. glycogen and bone e. glycogen and fat

e. glycogen and fat

After a calorically dense meal when the stomach is too full, the acidic juices can travel back up the esophagus and cause __________. a. hiccups b. ulcers c. choking d. diarrhea e. heartburn

e. heartburn

Insulin is secreted when there is too much glucose in the blood. Which organ detects blood glucose levels? a. stomach b. liver c. large intestine d. small intestine e. pancreas

e. pancreas

Key Point:Genes direct the making of ________

each cell's protein machinery, including enzymes.

how to prevent heartburn

eat small meals sit up while eating wait 1 hr to lay down wait 2 hours before exercising

What does the pancreas produce?

enzymes- lipase, lactase, amylase

(T/F) Each gene is a blueprint that directs the production of one or more of the body's organs.

false- Each gene is a blueprint that directs the production of one or more of the body's proteins, such as an enzyme.

what macronutrient stays in the stomach longer and makes you feel fuller longer?

fat

where is bile stored?

gallbladder

_____________ direct the making of each cell's protein machinery, including enzymes

genes

how can you prevent constipation?

high fiber diet, drink water, regular exercise

Most nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream via the ____________ and then directed to the liver, which rids the blood of toxins. This nutrient-rich blood goes to the heart, through the lungs, and then back through the _____________ out to the body cells. __________ carry blood away from the heart to the cells, and __________ carry blood back to the heart.

intestine, heart, arteries, viens

what happens when bile is done being used in the small intestine?

it is reabsorbed and reused

The adjust(s) the blood's composition in response to the body's needs, disposing of everyday wastes and helping remove toxins.

kidney's

where is bile produced

liver

the fluid that moves from the blood stream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels which eventually drain back into the blood stream

lymph

what is the job of bicarbonate?

neutralize stomach acid

can insoluble fiber be digested?

no, corn shells cannot be digested-that is why we see them in poop

will removing the gallbladder change a person's digestive system

no, the liver just now produces and stores bile

genes contain instructions for making ________

proteins

what is the sphincter at the end of the stomach?

pyloric sphincter

what is the function of the colon?

reabsorb water and minerals

Gastric Inhibitory hormone

slows down the chyme entering the SI so it isn't move too quickly

Where is bile released?

small intestine

CCK

tells gallbladder to release bile

sercretin

tells pancreas to release bicarb

gastrin

tells stomach when to release gastric juice(HCL) once food reaches lower end

Key Point:The body's cells need _____, ____, and ______, including ______ to remain healthy and do their work

the body's cells need energy, oxygen and nutrients, including water, to remain healthy and do their work.

what is passed to the colon?

undigested insoluble fiber and water

The small intestine is lined with thousands of folds covered with _____ , which make the surface area for absorbing nutrients much greater.

villi

what is absorbed using facilitated diffusion?

water soluble vitamins

what is absorbed using simple diffusion?

water, lipids(fat)

Peristalsis

wave-like contractions that push food through the esophagus

cause of heartburn

weakened cardiac sphincter--> allows stomach acid to flow backwards into esophagus

which gender is more likely to have their gallbladder removed?

women

What happens if you aren't producing enough Gastric Inhibitory Hormone?

you never feel full, will constantly eat because food is passing so quickly