Nutrition Chapter 3

What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers? stress H. pylori bacteria prolonged use of aspirin eating too many spicy foods

H. pylori bacteria

Which statement BEST explains why carbohydrate digestion ceases when food reaches the stomach? Carbohydrate is completely digested in the mouth. Salivary enzymes cannot function in the acid environment of the stomach. Carbohydrate is completely absorbed in the esophagus. Intestinal bacteria are needed for carbohydrate digestion.

Salivary enzymes cannot function in the acid environment of the stomach.

What is the cephalic phase of digestion? The earliest phase of digestion in which the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food. The phase in which semi-digested food leaves the stomach and slowly enters the small intestine. The phase in which the majority of absorption occurs, primarily in the small intestine. The final phase of digestion in which the large intestine and rectum prepare the undigested components of food for elimination.

The earliest phase of digestion in which the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food.

How do the liver and gallbladder function together in the process of digestion? Carbohydrate digestion begins in the liver and concludes in the gallbladder. Both help mechanically process waste into feces. The liver produces bile, and the gallbladder releases it for fat emulsification. The liver produces digestive enzymes, and the gallbladder releases them.

The liver produces bile, and the gallbladder releases it for fat emulsification.

How do the pancreas and small intestine function together in the process of digestion? The pancreas produces hydrochloric acid (HCl) and releases it to the small intestine. The pancreas stores inactive digestive enzymes, and they are activated in the small intestine. The pancreas produces bile, and the small intestine releases it for fat emulsification. The pancreas absorbs remaining nutrients and passes them to the small intestine.

The pancreas stores inactive digestive enzymes, and they are activated in the small intestine.

Food that has been chewed and moistened in the mouth is referred to as: a bolus. chyme. chyle. feces.

a bolus.

What is the term that describes the process in which nutrients pass through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract? digestion absorption elimination segmentation

absorption

The physiological need for food with no appetite is known as: anorexia. satiety. starvation. hunger.

anorexia.

Proteins that act to speed up body processes, but are NOT changed in the process, are called: hormones. peptides. enzymes. chyme.

enzymes.

Which structure keeps swallowed food from entering the trachea? tonsils soft palate epiglottis upper esophageal sphincter

epiglottis

A bolus travels from the mouth to the stomach via the: trachea. nasal sinuses. esophagus. epiglottis.

esophagus.

Which type of absorption requires the use of a carrier protein but not energy? passive diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport endocytosis

facilitated diffusion

A lipase is an enzyme that digests: protein. fat. carbohydrate. alcohol.

fat

The passing of intestinal gas is referred to as: peristalsis. eructation. belching. flatulence.

flatulence.

Which hormone is involved in slowing down the production of gastric acid and stimulating the release of insulin? gastrin secretin cholecystokinin (CCK) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

The hormone ________ is released after the ingestion of a meal and triggers the stomach to release digestive juices. leptin insulin gastrin amylase

gastrin

Which of the following is a hormone that is responsible for increasing the number of mucosal cells in the stomach? gastrin secretin cholecystokinin (CCK) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

gastrin

For many people suffering from GERD, the ________ is malfunctioning. gallbladder pancreas epiglottis gastroesophageal sphincter

gastroesophageal sphincter

Which GI tract hormone plays a role in stimulating eating? gastrin ghrelin secretin parathyroid hormone

ghrelin

Which protein will trigger an immune response in a person with celiac disease? amylase gluten albumin egg whites

gluten

The small intestine is well equipped to carry out the majority of nutrient absorption in the GI tract because it: has a lining made up of parietal cells and chief cells. is a direct link to the esophagus and rectum. plays a role in production of bile to break down fats. has an extensive surface area with specialized absorptive cells.

has an extensive surface area with specialized absorptive cells.

Which large vessel transports absorbed nutrients to the liver? hepatic portal vein pulmonary vein aorta subclavian vein

hepatic portal vein

Hunger and appetite differ in that: hunger is psychosocial, appetite is physiological. hunger is internally driven; appetite is externally driven. hunger is typically a pleasant sensation; appetite is a negative sensation. hunger relates to a specific food; appetite is a general sense of desire.

hunger is internally driven; appetite is externally driven.

Which of the following is classified as a digestive fluid? chyme cholecystokinin (CCK) hydrochloric acid (HCl) gastrin

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Food is digested through chemical reactions involving the addition of water molecules. This process is known as: reduction. oxidation. dehydration. hydrolysis.

hydrolysis.

The ________ is the organ most responsible for prompting us to seek food. stomach small intestine hypothalamus mouth

hypothalamus

Which two pancreatic hormones are responsible for regulating blood glucose levels? estrogen and testosterone neuropeptide Y and leptin insulin and glucagon bicarbonate and HCl

insulin and glucagon

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? mouth stomach small intestine kidney

kidney

In which organ does the majority of beneficial bacteria occur? mouth stomach small intestine large intestine

large intestine

Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries most of the fat-soluble nutrients? vascular mesenteric lymphatic enterohepatic

lymphatic

Digestion begins in the: mouth. esophagus. stomach. small intestine.

mouth

After Michael eats breakfast, his GI tract begins the process of digesting and absorbing the nutrients from his meal. What is the sequence in which each of the organs of the GI tract will work to achieve this process? mouth: esophagus: small intestine: stomach: large intestine mouth: esophagus: stomach: small intestine: large intestine mouth: stomach: esophagus: small intestine: large intestine mouth: stomach: esophagus: large intestine: small intestine

mouth: esophagus: stomach: small intestine: large intestine

Which of the following organs is responsible for the manufacture and secretion of many digestive enzymes and bicarbonate? liver stomach pancreas gallbladder

pancreas

Which of the following organs produces a variety of proteases? mouth stomach pancreas small intestine

pancreas

The rhythmic contractions responsible for propelling food through the digestive tract are called: elimination. peristalsis. mastication. locomotion.

peristalsis.

Olfaction occurs in which organ? the nose the mouth the stomach the small intestine

the nose

A savory taste due to the presence of glutamic acid is called: bitter. sour. umami. salty.

umami.

Which of the following would be an appropriate treatment approach for someone suffering from GERD? surgical removal of the gallbladder omission of all lactose foods antibiotic therapy weight loss and smoking cessation

weight loss and smoking cessation

Barbara has just been diagnosed with celiac disease. Which of the following foods would be MOST dangerous for her to consume? cornflakes rice cakes potatoes whole-wheat bread

whole-wheat bread

Intrinsic factor is secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach and is necessary for absorption of which vitamin? B12 B3 folate K

B12

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by which cells in the stomach? enterocytes mucus neck cells chief cells parietal cells

parietal cells

Beneficial bacteria created in the large intestine are consumed intentionally in ________ foods. aseptic diuretic probiotic organic

probiotic

A primary function of the mucus in the stomach is to: neutralize stomach acid. activate pepsinogen to form pepsin. protect the stomach lining. emulsify fats.

protect the stomach lining.

Chyme remains in the stomach for at least 2 hours because: it must be converted to a much less acidic pH before entering the duodenum. the ileocecal valve is too small to pass it all at once. the small intestine can hold only a small fraction of the stomach volume at a time. moving food into the small intestine too quickly can lead to an ulcer.

the small intestine can hold only a small fraction of the stomach volume at a time.

Bicarbonate is released into the duodenum during the process of digestion. Why? to neutralize the acidic chyme to activate hormonal release of bile to digest fats/oils to lubricate the villi of the small intestine

to neutralize the acidic chyme

What is chyme? an ulceration of the esophageal lining healthy bacteria of the small intestine a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices a substance that allows for the emulsification of dietary lipid

a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices

Hunger is BEST described as: a physiological drive to consume food. a psychological drive to consume food. eating that is often driven by environmental cues. eating that is often driven by emotional cues.

a physiological drive to consume food.

Which snack will have the highest satiety value, assuming the Calories and relative size are similar? a slice of whole-grain bread a piece of cheese a serving of apple sauce a glass of grape juice

a piece of cheese

Appetite is defined as : a basic physiological sensation. a drive that prompts us to find food and eat. an inborn need for certain foods. a psychological desire to consume a specific food.

a psychological desire to consume a specific food.

The type of nutrient absorption process that requires both energy and the use of a carrier protein is: hydrolysis. passive diffusion. facilitated diffusion. active transport.

active transport.

Which of the following treatments would be appropriate for treating a peptic ulcer? antibiotics aspirin ibuprofen eliminating spicy foods from the diet

antibiotics

Responding to the presence of protein and fat in our meal, cholecystokinin (CCK) signals the gallbladder to release a substance called: lipase. pepsin. chyme. bile.

bile.

The microvilli in the small intestine are collectively called the: enterocytes. lacteals. brush border. rugae.

brush border.

Chemical digestion of which nutrient occurs in the mouth? alcohol carbohydrate fat protein

carbohydrate

Which process does salivary amylase initiate? carbohydrate digestion lipid emulsification protein digestion inhibition of bacterial growth

carbohydrate digestion

Which form of mechanical digestion begins in the mouth? chewing peristalsis segmentation churning

chewing

What is the primary cause of malabsorption in people with celiac disease? damage to the villi of the small intestine an ulcer damage to the lining of the esophagus presence of sulfur in the GI tract

damage to the villi of the small intestine

During digestion, hydrochloric acid (HCl) produced in the stomach begins the process of: carbohydrate digestion. denaturing proteins. fat emulsification. neutralizing acidic chyme.

denaturing proteins.

The first section of the small intestine is called the: bile duct. duodenum. jejunum. ileum.

duodenum.

Bile reduces lipids to smaller globules and then disperses them to aid digestion. This process is called: liquefaction. oxidation. hydration. emulsification.

emulsification.

The immune-supporting antibodies found in breast milk are absorbed through the process of: passive diffusion. facilitated diffusion. endocytosis. enterocytosis.

endocytosis.

The ________ located in the walls of the GI tract helps control digestion, absorption, and elimination. peripheral nervous system hepatic nervous system enteric nervous system gastric nervous system

enteric nervous system

The region of the brain where physiological signals are translated into thirst and hunger messages is the: brain stem. pituitary gland. thalamus. hypothalamus.

hypothalamus.

After eating, you experience a feeling of satiation as a result of the: decrease in blood glucose levels. increase in blood glucose levels. enzymatic digestion of fatty acids. rapid release of chyme into the small intestine.

increase in blood glucose levels.

What type of damage does Crohn's disease cause to the GI tract? permanently opened gastroesophageal sphincter blockage of the hepatic portal vein gastric ulcers inflammation of the small intestine

inflammation of the small intestine

Bile is produced by the: gallbladder. liver. stomach. pancreas.

liver.

Driven by a concentration gradient, lipids are absorbed through the process of: passive diffusion. facilitated diffusion. active transport. endocytosis.

passive diffusion.

At a birthday party, Sam eats a chocolate chip cookie with peanuts. Within minutes, he has trouble breathing, his blood pressure plummets, and he has to be rushed to the hospital for treatment. Which condition is the MOST likely cause of his symptoms? celiac disease gastroesophageal reflux disease gluten intolerance peanut allergy

peanut allergy

Which hormone stimulates the pancreas to release acid-neutralizing bicarbonate? gastrin secretin cholecystokinin (CCK) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

secretin

The main role of the esophagus in digestion is to: release bile for fat emulsification. initiate the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates. compact food into feces. transport food to the stomach.

transport food to the stomach.