Nutrition Chapter 3: The Human Body: A nutrition perspective

Prebiotic

Prebiotic food products and supplements contain substances that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria that are already present in the large intestine. For example, fructooligosaccharides are carbohydrates that cannot be digested by human enzymes, but can be used by bacteria for fuel.

liver

many vitamins and minerals

glycogen in the muscles and liver

short-term storage of carbohydrates

The interior portion of the cell membrane contains the ______________ tails.

water-insoluble

Which of the following factors stimulate the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach? Check all that apply. Smell of food Taste of food Distention of the stomach as it fills with food Low pH in the duodenum as chyme enters the duodenum tactile sensation of food in the mouth thought of food

Taste, Smell, Tactile sensation of food in the mouth, and thought of food

The digestive system not only processes the foods we eat but it is also the site of some nutrient production. Which two nutrients are produced by bacteria that live in the large intestine?

Vitamin K & biotin

The cell membrane is a double membrane made of ________ that have their water-soluble heads facing the interior and exterior of the cell.

phospholipids

A fat-soluble molecule, ____________, provides rigidity and stability to the membrane.

cholesterol

In the stomach, food becomes a watery mixture that leaves the stomach a teaspoon at a time into the small intestine and is called __________.

chyme

Probiotic

contain live bacterial cultures that can survive transit through the gastrointestinal tract and take up residence in the large intestine. Examples of probiotic bacteria include the lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains found in yogurt and kefir

In human metabolism, an aerobic process is one that

does not require oxygen

There are also proteins inside the cell membrane, including ____________ that speed up the rate of a chemical process.

enzymes

adipose tissue

fat

A term that refers to the stomach is ________.

gastric

The stomach produces an important substance called ____________ , which is important for the absorption of vitamin B-12.

intrinsic factor

Correct order of GI tract

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

At the base of the stomach is the ____________, which controls the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

pyloric sphincter

blood

small amounts of glucose and amino acids

Involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis

______ refers to the muscular contractions that move food along the gastrointestinal tract.

peristalsis

An unfortunate consequence of a lifetime of uncontrolled diabetes is kidney damage. Some people with diabetes and kidney damage eventually need kidney dialysis, a process in which the person is hooked up to a machine that functions as the body's kidney(s). What is the primary role of the kidneys?

the kidneys remove waste from the body