Nutrition-Chapter 4-8
pancreas, stomach, esophagus, and breast
Consumption of red and processed meats is associated with cancers of the:
obesity, diabetes, certain intestinal tract disorders, and cardiovascular disease
Eating high fiber foods may reduce a person's risk of:
type of diabetes, age, and current health status
For diabetes mellitus what does treatment depend on?
heart disease, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer
High amounts of animal proteins and saturated fat is associated with:
cholecystokinin
Hormone secreted by the mucosa of the small intestine that stimulates the gallbladder to contract and the pancreas to release pancreatic juice into the small intestine
sex, body size and composition, age, prior drinking history, genetic backgroup
Several physiological factors account for the variability in alcohol metabolism
plants, animals, bacteria and viruses
What are proteins found in?
reduced blood flow to the brain and risk of stroke
What are risk factors of atherosclerosis?
to build new cells and many functional components of cells, a component of hardened structures suck as hair and nails, function as enzymes to speed chemical reactions
What are some functions of proteins?
lubricates to ease movement, clotting compounds in blood, build antibodies that fight disease organisms, compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance, as transporters and to make certain hormones and as an energy source
What are some of the functions of proteins
elevated blood glucose levels, excessive thirst, frequent urination, blurry vision, vaginal yeast infections, foot pain, abdominal pain and numbness
What are some of the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus
egg yolk, liver, meat, poultry, and diary products
What are some things that cholesterol is found in?
diet, exercise, insulin injections, and oral medications
What are some treatments of diabetes mellitus?
lack of dietary fiber, low water intake, anxiety, depression, changes in typical routine
What are the causes of constipation?
triglycerides, phospholipids and sterols
What are the different types of lipids?
having excess body fat, especially around the waistline, drinking alcohol, coffee, carbonated beverages, and citrus juices, overeating, eating chocolate, peppermint, and greasy or spicy food, eating foods that contain tomatoes or vinegar, smoking
What are the factors that contribute to or worsen heartburn?
providing and storing energy, forming and maintaining cell membranes, producing steroid hormones, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, forming body contours,absorbing fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals
What are the major functions of lipids?
the breakdown of food into nutrients, absorption of nutrients, elimination of solid waste products
What are the primary roles of the digestive system?
can be stored for longer periods because they are less likely to undergo oxidation, raise "bad" cholesterol levels in the blood (trans fat), increases risk of heart disease
What are the reasons hydrogenated foods are used?
1. lay the child facedown across your forearm 2. using the palm of your hand, give five forceful quick blows on the infants back 3. repeat until the object is dislodged and the child is breathing
What are the steps for first aid of an infant?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What do proteins contain?
gastroesophageal reflux disease
What does GERD stand for?
slowly moves food through the small intestine in order to provide adequate time for maximal nutrient aabsorption
What does segmentation do?
amylase
What enzyme breaks down starch?
70 and 99 mg/dL
What is normal blood glucose level?
mixing food with gastric juice to form chyme
What is the main function of the lower part of the stomach?
glucose
What is the most important monosaccharide in the human body?
to transfer a bolus into the stomach
What is the primary function of the esophagus?
in the duodenum and the upper part of the jejunum
Where does most digestion occur?
the liver and muscle tissue
Where is the primary site for glycogen storage and degradation
small intestine
Where is the primary site for nutrient digestion and absorption?
GERD
a chronic digestive disease, occurs when stomach acids or stomach content flows back into your esophagus, the backwash irritates the lining of your esophagus and causes this
ketosis
a condition in which ketone bodies accumulate in the blood; can result in loss of consciousness and death in severe cases
metabolic syndrome
a condition that increases risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD
dumping syndrome
a disorder that occurs when chyme flows too rapidly into the small intestine, caused by chyme containing large particle with gastric juice, results in poor nutrient absorption
nonessential amino acids
a group of amino acids that the body can make
diabetes mellitus
a group of serious chronic conditions characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
DNA
a hereditary material that provides instructions for making proteins
glucagon
a hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels
insulin
a hormone secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels
cholecystokinin
a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to secrete digestive juices.
secretin
a hormone that stimulates the liver to produce bile and the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice
fatty acid
a hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group
cholesterol
a lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D
atherosclerosis
a long-term disease process in which plaque builds up inside arterial walls
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
a measure of the concentration of urea in blood
high-quality complete protein
a protein that contains all essential amino acids in amounts that support the deposition of protein in tissues and the growth of a young person
low-quality (incomplete) protein
a protein that lacks or has inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids
chyme
a semiliquid mass that forms when food mixes with gastric juice, occurs in the lower stomach
ethanol
a simple two-carbon molecule that is more commonly called "alcohol"
cholecystectomy
a surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder
mucus
a watery slippery fluid, is secreted from special cells here
ketone bodies
acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, are produced in the liver when there is excess acetyl CoA
sphincters
act like valves, when it relaxes, the passageway opens
gastrointestinal tract
alimentary canal, or gut (all the same as the digestive tract)
essential amino acids
amino acids the body cannot make or cannot make enough of to meet its needs
tryptophan
an amino acid that is a constituent of most proteins, It is an essential nutrient in the diet of vertebrates.
Type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune disease that results in destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas; as a result, insulin must be supplied to the affected person regularly through exogenous sources
lipase
an enzyme that break down lipids
glycogen storage disease
an inborn error of metabolism, results from a defect of an enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism, cannot degrade glycogen properly
celiac disease
an inherited condition in which the protein gluten cannot be absorbed; results in damage to the small intestine and poor absorption of nutrients
Inborn errors of metabolism
are conditions that occur when genes undergo mutations that disrupt metabolism of specific nutrients
gallstones
are hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
carboxylic acid group
carboxylic acid portion of a compound
dumping syndrome
causes abdominal fullness, nausea, sweating, rapid heart rate, and weakness not long after eating a meal. this can be followed by abdominal cramps and diarrhea, common problem after surgeries on the stomach or esophagus
mechanical digestion
chewing, broken into smaller bits, mixed with saliva IT DOES NOT CHANGE THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FOOD
lipids
class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water
pancreatic lipase
digests fat into smaller components
pancreatic amylase
digests starch
linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid
examples of essential fatty acids are:
essential fatty acids
fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet
pepsin
gastric enzyme that breaks down proteins in smaller polypeptides
phenylketonuria
genetic metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to convert the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine, resulting in accumulation of phenylalanine
myocardial infarction
heart attack, occurs when a thrombus completely blocks blood flow to the heart muscle
sphincters
help control the rate of digestions and absorption by keeping the contents within the lumen in place
urinary loss of calcium, osteoporosis, dehydration, poor kidney health
high-protein diets may lead to:
gastrin
hormone secreted by G cells that stimulates stomach motility and gastric gland secretions
secretin
hormone secreted by the duodenum and first part of the jejunum that stimulates the pancreas and liver to release a bicarbonate-rich solution into the small intestine
mucosa
inner most layer of the digestive tract wall
energy metabolism
involves the chemical pathways that enable the human body to obtain and use energy from macronutrients and alcohol
LDL
is "bad" cholesterol, conveys lipid to tissue
HDL
is "good" cholesterol, does not contribute to plaque formation
mutation
is a change to the typical sequence of a gene's DNA components
Urine urea nitrogen (UUN)
is a measure of the concentration of urea in urine
transamination
is the transfer of the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid
proteins
large , complex organic molecules made up of amino acids
sterols
lipids that have a more chemically complex structure than a triglyceride or fatty acid
triglycerides
lipids that have three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
amino acids
nitrogen-containing chemical units that comprise proteins
stroke
occurs when a clot blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die
R group (side chain)
part of an amino acid that determines the molecule's physical and chemical properties
trypsin, chymotrypsin
partially digests proteins
amino or nitrogen-containing group
portion of an amino acid that contains nitrogen
tryptophan
precursor for serotonin
ketogenesis
refers to ketone body formation
anabolism
refers to metabolic pathway that build larger molecules from smaller ones
catabolism
refers to metabolic pathways that break down larger molecules into smaller ones
primary structure
refers to the basic structure of protein; a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
secondary structure
refers to the coiling of a polypeptide chain
mechanical digestion
refers to the physical treatments that food undergoes while it is in the intestinal tract
quaternary structure
refers to the structure of protein that is comprised of two or more polypeptide chains arranged together in a unique matter
tertiary structure
refers to the three dimensional, twisted structure of a polypeptide chain that includes interactions between various amino acid groups on the chain
impotence, sores that do not heal, increased appetite with weight loss, breath that smells like fruit, fatigues easily, confusion
signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus:
alkaline
solutions that have a pH value higher than 7
acidic
solutions that have a pH value lower than 7
energy
the capacity to perform work, can neither be created nor destroyed but can undergo transformations
anosmia
the complete inability to detect odors
Personalized nutrition
the concept of making dietary choices based on one's genetic makeup
hydrogenation
the food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats.
Type 2 diabetes
the most common type of diabetes; beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, but the hormone's target cells are insulin-resistant, leading to elevated blood glucose levels
steatorrhea
the presence of lipid in the stool, can occur if gallbladder is disease or removed
digestion
the process of breaking down large food molecules into nutrients that the body can use
carbon skeleton
the remains of an amino acid following deanimation and removal of the nitrogen-containing component of the amino acid
deanimation
the removal of the nitrogen-containing group from an amino acid
monosaccharide
the simple sugar that is the basic molecule of carbohydrates
absorption
the uptake and removal of nutrients from the digestive tract
peristalsis
the waves of muscular contractions that help move material through most of the digestive tract ex: involuntary response to swallowing
sphincters
thickened regions of circular muscle that control the flow of contents at various points in the GI tract and are essential for normal digestion and absorption
protein digestion
this begins in the stomach, hydrochloridc acid denatures food proteins and activates pepsin
phospholipids
type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus
gluten
type of protein found in many grains; provides texture and shape to baked products.
trans fats
unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond
lipoproteins
water-soluble structure that transports lipids through the bloodstream
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionin, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
what are some essential amino acids?