Nutrition Chapter 4

If Jason consumes 300 g of carbohydrates per day in a 2,500 calorie diet, what is the percentage of calories derived from carbohydrates?

48%

Glucose

A 6-carbon monosaccharide that is the primary form of carbohydrate used to provide energy in the body. Also known as blood sugar.

Starch

A carbohydrate found in plants, made up of many glucose molecules linked in straight or branching chains.

Oligosaccharides

A carbohydrate made up of 3 to 10 sugar units.

Monosaccharide

A carbohydrate made up of a single sugar unit.

Polysaccharide

A carbohydrate made up of many sugar units linked together.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate made up of two sugar units.

Gestational Diabetes

A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels that develops during pregnancy.

Diverticulitis

A condition in which diverticula in the large intestine become inflamed.

Prediabetes

A consistent elevation of blood glucose levels to between 100 and 125 mg/100mL of blood, a level above normal but not high enough to be diagnostic of diabetes but thought to increase the risk of developing diabetes.

Sucrose

A disaccharide commonly known as table sugar that is made of glucose linked to fructose.

Lactose

A disaccharide made of glucose linked to galactose that is found in milk.

Maltose

A disaccharide made of two glucose molecules linked together.

Diabetes Mellitus

A disease characterized by elevated blood glucose due to either insufficient production of insulin or decreased sensitivity of cells to insulin.

Unrefined foods

A food eaten either just as it is found in nature or with only minimal processing.

Insulin

A hormone made in the pancreas that allows glucose to enter cells and stimulates the synthesis of protein, fat, and liver and muscle glycogen.

Glucagon

A hormone made in the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of liver glycogen and the synthesis of glucose.

Ketoacidosis

A life-threatening condition in which ketone levels in the blood are high enough to increase blood acidity.

Galactose

A monosaccharide composed of six carbon atoms arranged in a ring structure; when combined with glucose, it forms the disaccha-ride lactose.

Fructose

A monosaccharide found in fruits and honey that is composed of six carbon atoms arranged in a ring structure; commonly called fruit sugar.

Whole-grain Product

A product made from the entire kernel of a grain including the bran, endosperm, and germ.

Glycemic Index

A ranking of the effect that the consumption of a single carbohydrate-containing food has on blood glucose in relation to consumption of a reference carbohydrate such as white bread or glucose.

Sugar unit

A sugar molecule that cannot be broken down to yield other sugars.

Fiber

A type of carbohydrate that cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes.

Hypoglycemia

Abnormally low blood glucose levels.

Ketone Body

An acidic molecule formed when there is not sufficient carbohydrate to break down acetyl-CoA.

Glycolysis

An anaerobic metabolic pathway that splits glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules; the energy released from one glucose molecule is used to make two molecules of ATP.

Glycemic Load

An index of the glycemic response that occurs after eating specific foods. It is calculated by multiplying a food's glycemic index by the amount of available carbohydrate in a serving of the food.

Complex Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates composed of sugar molecules linked together in straight or branching chains. They include oligosaccharides, starches, and fibers.

Simple Carbohydrate

Carbohydrates known as sugars that include monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Soluble Fiber

Fiber that dissolves in water or absorbs water and is readily broken down by intestinal microflora. It includes pectins, gums, and some hemicelluloses.

Insoluble Fiber

Fiber that does not dissolve in water and is less readily be broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. It includes cellulose, some hemicelluloses, and lignin.

Ketosis

High levels of ketones in the blood.

Fasting Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar that is not related to food intake; often caused by an insulin-secreting tumor.

Reactive Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar that occurs an hour or so after the consumption of high-carbohydrate foods; results from an overproduction of insulin.

Anaerobic Metabolism

Metabolism in the absence of oxygen.

Aerobic Metabolism

Metabolism in the presence of oxygen. It can completely break down glucose to yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.

Refine

Refers to foods that have undergone processing that changes or removes various components of the original food.

Diverticula

Sacs or pouches that protrude from the wall of the large intestine.

Resistant Starch

Starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine of healthy people.

Enrichment

The addition of specific amounts of nutrients to replace those lost during processing.

Germ

The embryo or sprouting portion of a kernel of grain. It contains vegetable oil, vitamins, and minerals.

Type I Diabetes

The form of diabetes caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency.

Type II Diabetes

The form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency.

Lactose Intolerance

The inability to completely digest lactose due to a reduction in the levels of the enzyme lactase.

Endosperm

The largest portion of a kernel of grain. It is primarily starch and serves as a food supply for the sprouting seed.

Bran

The protective outer layers of whole grains. It is a concentrated source of dietary fiber.

Glycemic Response

The rate, magnitude, and duration of the rise in blood glucose that occurs after food is consumed.

Glycogen

The storage form of carbohydrate in animals, made up of many glucose molecules linked together in a highly branched structure.

Which of the following best describes the effects of lactose intolerance on those who consume dairy products?

The undigested lactose passes into the large intestine, where it draws in water, is metabolized by bacteria, producing gas and causing abdominal distension, gas, cramping, and diarrhea.

Which metabolic pathway yields the greatest amount of ATP via cellular respiration?

aerobic metabolism

Which of the following 3200-calorie diets is the least fattening? -high carbohydrate diet -low carbohydrate diet -high fat diet -high protein diet -all of these choices are equally "fattening"

all of these choices are equally "fattening"

What term is used to describe the process whereby bacteria on the teeth metabolize carbohydrates, producing tooth-damaging acids?

dental caries

Which of the following best represents how the typical U.S. diet represents carbohydrates consumption?

diet low in fiber, high in added sugar

Foods that contain added refined sugars contribute ______________ to the diet.

empty calories

All of the following best describe the health impact of indigestible carbohydrates as a food source for bacteria in the colon, except

enhancement of nutrient absorption in the colon.

Which of the following category of complex carbohydrates is not digestible because they cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes?

fiber

The addition of nutrients to foods is referred to as:

fortification

Which of the following hormones assists in normalizing blood glucose levels when blood sugar drops below normal?

glucagon

Which monosaccharide commonly found in all disaccharides?

glucose

Which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate?

glycogen

Which type of fiber has a laxative effect by adding bulk to fecal matter as it passes, unchanged, through the gastrointestinal tract?

insoluble fiber

Symptoms and complications of uncontrolled diabetes include all of the following except

liver damage

Besides providing energy, their main function, carbohydrates also play other roles in the body which includes all of the following except

oligosaccharides are associated with mitochondrial membrane structures.

Nonnutritive Sweeteners

or Artificial Sweetener; A substance used to sweeten food that provides few or no calories.

Which of the following is not a potential adverse health condition that may result if the body lacks sufficient dietary carbohydrate?

protein-sparing action

Most digestion of carbohydrate occurs in the

small intestine

Which type of dietary fiber blocks bile reabsorption and promotes dietary cholesterol excretion?

soluble fiber

Which of the following is an example of a refined food?

white bread