Nutrition Chapter 6

What two minerals may be more challenging for some people as they plan their diets in a Vegetarian Diet?

Iron and Zinc

When intakes of protein, carbohydrate, and calories are ____, healthy kidneys can handle the amount of urea generated without harm.

Moderate

Protein Digestion/Amino Acid Absorption are affected by: -Better absorption if cooking using _____ (water or steam) Ex: stewed meats such as beef stew or stewed chicken, poached eggs or fish, boiled crab -Poorer absorption if raw or cooked using _____ (hot hair, oils, or fats) Ex: sushi, raw eggs, fried meats such as crispy fried chicken, oven-baked roast beef, grilled steak

Moist Heat Dry Heat

Within the Small Intestine, this makes and releases the following into the small intestine tract: -Bicarbonate Ions that neutralize acidic chyme, raising the pH -Denature Pepsin which stops pepsin from working in the small intestine -Proteases (Protein Digesting Enzymes)

Pancreas

-Kwashiorkor is rapid onset and is usually the result of _______. -There is ____ especially in the abdomen -Enlarged fatty ______ -Hair is dry, brittle, easily pulled out, changes color, becomes straight -Skin develops rashes, lesions, infected sores

-Acute PEM -Edema -Liver

When human cells take amino acids apart, the cells remove the ______ groups (nitrogen containing groups) from amino acids. Cells can use the remaining parts of most amino acids as an energy source for the production of ______ production.

-Amine -ATP

Specialized ______ molecules carry out instructions for protein synthesis. Messenger RNA (mRNA) and _______ RNA (tRNA) perform very specific roles during protein synthesis.

RNA Transfer

Proteins improve ______ (feeling full) and can help with appetite control

Satiety

Excessive amounts of ammonia ct as a _____ to the brain, which could cause the person to slip into a come and then into death

Sedative

The amino acid ______ can have but are not limited to the following physical properites: -Electrical charges: positive, negative, & neutral -Hydrophilic (watter-loving) -Hydrophobic (water-fearing-often fat loving) -These cause the forming protein to fold, twist, and turn to the inside and to the outside of the forming structure as it is being made -Each "Strand" in hemoglobin's four quadrants is actually 2 identical protein strands joined and twisted together for a total of 8 proteins

Side Chains

GI tract cells ______ off into the tract at the end of their 3 - 5 days. If adequate energy (Calories) and nutrients have been consumed, digested and absorbed, then new cells are under the old cells, waiting to pop up into place once the old cells slough off into the GI tract. If the needed nutrients and energy are not present in the body, the new cells cannot be made. There will not be new GI tract cells waiting to replace the old GI tract cells that have been lost.

Slough

A _____ cycle of fewer and fewer GI tract cells would result in fewer and fewer nutrients entering into the body which in turn results in less building materials and energy sources needed to build new cells to replace those sloughing off into the tract.

Spiraling

This type of malabsorption issue with essential and/or conditionally essential amino acids blocked from absorption is seen with the use of concentrated protein & amino acid _____ because of their out of balance amino acid ratios.

Supplements

The absorption of excessive amounts of the more "favored" amino acids results in the liver converting the excess amino acids into glucose, glycogen, and/or fat for potential energy use. This is considered to be "________" amino acids.

Wasting

This is a ropelike, fibrous protein that is the most abundant protein in your body

Collagen

A situation could occur that creates a _____ which could result in absorbing excessive amounts of some amino acids while blocking essential and/or conditionally essential amino acids from absorption. This loss of essential/or conditionally amino acids could result in the _______ amino acid problems which would lead into protein malnutrition problems.

Competition for Absorption Sites Limiting

Milk Protein - PDCAAS of 100% Counts as a _____ protein source

Complete

Condition: People with Renal (kidney) failure - need the 9 essential amino acids plus cysteine & tyrosine. This is referred to as ______ Essential. Another Example: Premature infants need the 9 essential Amino Acids plus cysteine and proline.

Conditionally

These acids under conditions such as genetic "oops" (recessive genes causing metabolic disorders), growth and development, acute illness, chronic disease, and/or recovering from injury; some nonessential amino acids cannot be made in the body quickly enough to meet the body's needs; therefore, they must be consumed from the diet

Conditionally Essential Amino Acids

This is the most abundant tissue type in the body; made up primarily of collagen, it supports and connects body parts as well as provides protection and insulation

Connective Tissue

______ in the cell nucleus contains instructions for protein synthesis

DNA

This is the alteration (unfolding or uncoiling) of a protein's shape, which changes the structure and function of the protein Example: Cooking egg whites results in the clear proteins unfolding and providing a large enough surface area to reflect light changing them from clear to white

Denaturation

Small Intestine Cells make and release to the surface of their brush border (villi & microvilli) what two things?

Dipeptidases & Tripeptidases (protein digesting enzymes)

2 amino acids + 1 peptide bond = _______

Dipeptide

This is squishy wet tissues holding too much water around the outside of the cells. The kidneys cannot draw the excess water out of the body until the blood delivers the fluids to the kidneys. In this case, without sufficient albumin present in the blood, the fluids cannot return to the blood.

Edema

All _____ are basically proteins - some have minerals and/or vitamins attached to their protein structures in order to be active.

Enzyme

A healthy adult is typically in nitrogen _______.

Equilibrium

This is associated with increased saturated fat intake (naturally occurring and added fats) & possibly increased excess calories intake (fried foods & ground meats are often sources of added fats)

Heart Disease

These amino acids could be used an an amino acid & used in building proteins to be converted into other amino acids or other nitrogen-containing compounds

Intact Amino Acids

Some amino acid side chains will attract or pick up (accept) hydrogen ions to make the solution _____ acidic and more alkaline (basic)

Less

Some amino acid side chains will donate or release hydrogen ions to make the solution _____ alkaline (basic) and more acidic

Less

Protein supplements cause other needed amino unable to be absorbed which in turn causes ______ amino acid issues

Limiting

This is a DNA segment that codes for specific protein

Gene

Protein-energy Malnutrition (PEM) -Inadequate calories and/or ______ -More common in ______, because they are growing but can occur at any age in a human's life -Factors: poverty, poor food quality, insufficient food, unsanitary living conditions, ignorance, stopping lactation (nursing) too early -_______ - Acute form of PEM -_______ - Chronic form of PEM

-Protein -Children -Kwashiorkor -Marasmus

Risks of Vegetarian Diets: -Potential deficiency of _____. -Potential excessive ______ intake -Potential deficiencies of certain ______ such as essential and conditionally essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, iron, and zinc

-Calories -Fiber -Nutrients

Amino Acids are used to make: -Body _____ such as enzymes, hemoglobin, insulin, melanin -Non protein substances such as: Thyroid hormone, _______ (a brain neurotransmitter which calms the brain). and niacin (B vitamin

-Proteins -Serotonin

Amino Acids come from: -______ sources -Breakdown (degrading) of ______ in the body - cells -A limited supply is found in ______ for needed protein synthesis

-Dietary -Proteins -Amino Acid Pools

Each amino acid has: -One ______ group (COOH) -One central ______ atom holding the structure together -One _____ group (NH2) -One ______ (the part of the amino acid which makes each of the 20 amino acids unique)

-Acid -Carbon -Amine -Side Chain

Animal Products include: -Meat (muscle tissues) and organs of animals, birds, fish, and _______. -Milk and _____ products made from the milk obtained from animals -_____ from birds, fish, and reptiles -Almost all animal products are considered to be _____ protein sources; because they contain all of the 9 essential amino acids. -Almost all animal products contain all 20 of the amino acids. This means animals products are a source of the ______ essential amino acids as well.

-Reptiles -Dairy -Eggs -Complete -Conditionally

When each protein is made, the genetic code (DNA and the Genome) within each human cell determines: -_____ proteins will be made -_____ the proteins will be made -and directs which _____ goes first and then next and so forth

-Which -When -Amino Acids

Enzymes are ____; making reactions go very, very quickly

Catalysts

Proteins contribute to a healthy _______.

Immune System

What two vitamins may be more challenging for some people as they plan their diets in a Vegetarian Diet?

Vitamin D and Vitamin B12

This is a hormone made by the pancreas. Its message targets cells and tissues throughout the body.

Insulin

Factors that push the wasting of amino acids (wasting means the removal of the amine group): -The person's total _____ intake is too low (amino acids would be used for energy now) -Excessive grams of _____ are consumed. (glycogen/fat production and energy storage would occur) -Some not all amino acids are oversupplied through the intake of amino acid and/or protein _______. (blocked absorption issues, excessive intake issues, & limiting amino acid issue could occur) -Protein quality is too "______" - that is too few essential amino acids are consumed. (limiting amino acid issue would occur)

-Calorie -Protein -Supplements -Poor

-Marasmus develops slowly usually as a result of ______. -Severe weight loss -Severe ____ wasting with fat loss -Growth for children may ____ with children at less than 60% weight for age -No detectable _____ -No fatty ______ -Appetite may be _____ or impaired (will accept food offered to them) -Skin is dry, thin, and wrinkled

-Chronic PEM -Muscle -Stop -Edema -Liver -Normal

Fewer and fewer GI tract cells available result in: -Loss of digestive _____ produced -Loss of _____ sites to draw needed nutrients into the body -Less and less energy and _____ absorbed

-Enzymes -Absorption -Nutrients

After the amine groups have been removed, the side chains of the amino acids can be: -Burned as ______ for energy -Stored as ______ (short term energy supply) -Stored as ______ (long term energy supply)

-Glucose -Glycogen -Fat

Amino Acids stripped off of their nitrogen (amino group) could be: -Burned as _____ right now -Converted to energy ______ as either glycogen or fat

-Glucose -Storage

Benefits of Vegetarian Diets: -May reduce risk of _____, high blood pressure, stroke, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer, obesity -_______ food staples are often fresh or minimal processed foods rich in a variety of nutrients, fiber, and phytochemicals -Vegetarian food staples can be low in added _____, salt, saturated fat, and cholesterol

-Heart Disease -Vegetarian -Sugar

Examples of substances used with foods which commonly denature proteins are: -______ (baking, grilling, roasting, stewing, etc) -______ (vinegar, citrus fruits/juices, tomatoes) -______ (alkaline) - baking powder or soda -______ (beer, liquor, wine as ingredients are marinates to soak meats in prior to cooking)

-Heat -Acids -Bases -Alcohol

Bone growth, maintenance, and repair are examples of different types of enzymes working together: -Protein-based enzymes (_________) in the osteoclasts prepare the bone surface and the protein-based enzymes in osterblasts add the new layer of bone. -Low protein, low carbohydrate, & low ______ (energy) intakes can prevent this bone growth, maintenance, & repair from taking place

-Lysosomes -Calorie

Eating too little protein: -May lead to reduction of lean body (muscle) ______, especially in older adults -Risk of increased _____, impaired healing, decreased immune function -Low-protein diets are associated with bone mass _____.

-Mass -Frailty -Loss

Plant Products include: -Legumes and _____ such as dried beans, dried peas, soybeans, peanuts, walnuts, and pecans -Grains and ____ such as wheat, oats, barley, & rice -_____ and their juices such as green beans, tomato juice, potatoes, okra, and greens -All plant products (including soy products) are considered to be _____ protein sources; because they are missing one or more of the essential amino acids -_____ and oils are not considered to be sources of any type of protein. There are only tiny significant traces of protein in this. There is no protein at all in oils.

-Nuts -Seeds -Incomplete -Fruits

Vegetarians can meet their protein needs by consuming: -Variety of _____ foods -______ meat alternatives (soy, legumes, nuts, eggs, dairy)

-Plant -Protein-rich

Benefits of Soy: -High quality ____ source -Low in ____ fat -Contains ____ (phytoestrogens) -Lowers blood _____ levels -May reduce the risk of ____, certain cancers

-Protein -Saturated -Isoflavones -Cholesterol -Heart Disease

DRI Protein Recommendations are ______ of total daily calories from protein.

10-35%

These 11 Acids can normally be synthesized in the body from other amino acids or by adding nitrogen to carbon-containing structures. To only have 11 of these acids, the person must have completed their growth & development (is an adult), is moderately active, and is healthy

11 Nonessential Amino Acids

Gastric juice pH is normally less than _____. As we age, our stomach makes less _____. Thus the stomach pH rises which in turn makes it a little harder to digest _____.

2 Hydrochloric Acid Proteins

These 9 Acids cannot be made by the body at all or cannot be made quickly enough to meet the body's needs. It is necessary to obtain them from the diet.

9 Essential Amino Acids

When _______ occur during protein synthesis, serious medical conditions may result. Ex: Sickle-cell Anemia

Abnormalities

Protein shakes and powder made of whey (milk protein), soy protein, or rice protein may contain unwanted _____ such as these toxic metals - lead, arsenic, cadmium, & mercury

Additives

If there is too few calories and/or too little quality protein consumed, the liver's production of _____ will slow or stop.

Albumin

Lack or loss of large blood proteins in the blood such as ______ results in a drop of osmotic pressure within the blood. This drop in pressure allows too much water to leave the blood vessels and begin pooling in the tissues.

Albumin

Even after the baby's GI tract matures, _____ responses can develop in humans after exposure to a protein source

Allergy

The cells use the ______ groups from the amino acid structures to form a substance which can carry these groups to the liver

Amine

When starting with an amino acids to use protein for energy, the first step is to remove the _____ group. Once that group is removed, the structure is called a _____ acid. Depending on this, it may be converted into one of the substances in the energy pathway show,

Amine Keto

These are often sold as remedies for various health issues that may have negative effects

Amino Acid Supplements

All proteins consist of some combination of 20 unique ______.

Amino Acids

Normally only a small amount of the body's _______ or protein is used for energy. This allows amino acids and proteins to be "spared" or saved so that they can to be used for growth and development, maintenance, and repair of body tissues.

Amino Acids

Single ______ drawn across the cell membranes are the goal of successful protein digestion and absorption

Amino Acids

If protein supplements are taken they could provide an excessive amount of some _______, be stored as potential energy in the form of glycogen or _____, and they will NOT be stored in _____ for amino acids

Amino Acids Fat Muscles

If the liver is damaged and/or diseased so that it cannot do its job, excessive amounts of ______ could build up in the blood.

Ammonia

Liver cells change the amine groups (NH2) into _______ (NH3).

Ammonia

These products are easiest to digest and easiest to absorb amino acids from these foods. 90-100% amino acids are digested & absorbed 100% of amino acids are digested & absorbed from cooked egg whites and heat-treated milk

Animal Products (not the "fat" of the animal products

Specialized protein "soldiers" called ______ which assist the body in eliminating certain potentially harmful substances such as invading harmful bacteria and viruses

Antibodies

Results seen in Persons with PKU: -_____ has become a conditionally essential amino acid -Excessive amounts of this could accumulate within the cells and are associated with damage, even destruction of brain cells, irritation of nerve cells. Brain cells can be so compromised that the person's IQ (mental ability) drops - often permanently -Persons with PKU are advised to avoid concentrated sources of phenylalanine such as the sugar substitute known as ______ or Equal

Aspartame

In the small intestine, pepsin is denatured by the _______ from the pancreas

Bicarbonate Ions

The liver cells do not store urea. They release the urea back into the ______.

Blood

Proteins serve as _____ to help maintain the body's acid-base balance at the proper pH. These are substances that help maintain the proper pH in a solution. Proteins are made of a mixture of different amino acids containing unique side chains.

Buffers

In individuals with Phenylketonuria (PKU): Phenylalanine ______ be converted into Tyrosine (the enyzmes needed cannot be made in sufficient quantity to convert the phenylalanine into tyrosine fast enough to supply the body's need to tyrosine.

CANNOT

This is when more calcium salts are drawn from the bones to provide buffers to the cells resulting in the development of osterporosis

Calcium Loss from Bones

This can be caused by large amounts of red meats and processed meats may supply potential cancer-causing substances while reducing the fiber and phytochemical intake which might prevent this

Cancer

Eating too much protein may increase risks of kidney issues: -When excess protein is consumed or when carbohydrate and/or calorie intake is too low, excessive urea is generated which in turn can irritate, inflame, and even damage membranes of kidney cells. This damage to kidney cells can result in increased risk of kidney infections, kidney tumors, kidney cancers, and even kidney _______. -Kidney _____ which is referred to as excessive calcium available - possible pH changes

Failure Stones

Muscle cells use glucose for ATP production, but they prefer to use larger amounts of ______ acids as long as glucose and oxygen are present in adequate amounts.

Fatty

Soy products include: -Tofu -Edamame -Soy _____ -Soy milk -Miso -Tempeh -Soy Meat Analogs -Textured Soy Protein

Flour

This issue can occur because of immature status of the small intestine during the first 6 months after birth. When a baby is born, their GI tract is not yet mature. The small intestine cells have small gaps between them which could allow substances not yet fully digested to enter into the body's blood going to the liver. The liver could send the substances on to the heart for body wide circulation.

Food Allergy

The shape and the amino acids used to make a protein determine the protein's ______.

Function

Our personal ______ determines what proteins are made within our cells

Genetic Code (DNA)

Brain cells (and other nerve cells) prefer to use ____ as their ATP energy source. Mature red blood cells can only use this for ATP production

Glucose

The insulin "message" tells the cells to take the excess ______ out of the blood. This lowers the amount of this in the blood to a safer amount in order to better support the health of the body.

Glucose

These are chemical messengers which deliver action messages to target cells or tissues. The "messages" may start or stop activities to better support the needs of the body. Many but not all of these are proteins.

Hormones

This acid is produced by the stomach & is the acid in the gastric (stomach) juices that denatures the dietary proteins consumed.

Hydrochloric Acid

The stomach makes and releases the following into the stomach?

Hydrochloric Acid & Pepsin

Wheat - PDCAAS of 44% Counts as an ______ protein source

Icomplete

Chick Peas - PDCAAS of 87% Counts as an ______ protein source

Incomplete

These protein sources work together to supply the missing essential Amino Acids (completing each other's amino acids)

Incomplete Protein Sources

The _____ cells filter the urea out of the blood, place it into the urine, and send it to the urinary bladder to be expelled from the body.

Kidney

The excessive urea irritates, inflames, and even damages membranes of ____ cells. This damage can result in increased risk of kidney infections, kidney tumors, kidney cancers, and even kidney failure

Kidney

This may develop in a person after a short period of time in the following situations: -After large natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, tornadoes have disrupted power and food supplies -After war conflicts move into and occupy a village or town and the townspeople have fled from danger; carrying little food with them -In the early days people find themselves in one of the following situations: -Prisoner of War Concentration Camps -Refugee Camps -Regions affected by significant droughts and famines -Homeless persons

Kwashiorkor

This type of edema is also seen in the abdomen of individuals suffering from ______ - a form of protein/energy malnutrition

Kwashiorkor

The Limiting Amino Acid is the Amino Acid present in the ______ amount

Least

The _____ produces the majority of blood proteins. Albumin is roughly 60% of this production of blood proteins.

Liver

This is the chronic form of PEM. There can be a transition period as the person transitions from kwashiorkor to this. This may develop in a person after a period time in the following situations the same as kwashiorkor. It can also be cased by eating disorders such as anorexia nerves and bulimia nervosa

Marasmus

An individual who is experiencing a medical trauma or not eating a healthy diet is often in ______ nitrogen balance.

Negative

During this nitrogen imbalance more nitrogen is excreted than consumed (body proteins/amino acids are being broken down sometimes for energy use/sometimes because the muscles are not used and they deteriorate.) Ex: starvation, serious injury, or illness

Negative Nitrogen Balance

Nitrogen States are determined by the amount of _____ (protein) consumed and retained in the body as opposed to the amount of nitrogen (such as urea) excreted

Nitrogen

Unlike carbohydrates and lipids, proteins contain what?

Nitrogen

This is an amount of protein consumed is = to the amount of protein used (nitrogen excreted) Ex: healthy adults with moderate physical activity

Nitrogen Balance

Adequate ____ must be available to cells for maximum energy (ATP) production

Oxygen

In sickle cells, the 7th amino acid is wrong on one of the 2 protein strands of the heme structure. All the other amino acids are correct before and after the 7th amino acid. This 1 amino acid difference (out of almost 300 amino acids in the protein strand) makes it difficult for the sickle cells to pick up and release ______ like the normal red blood cells.

Oxygen

This pH level less than 2 activates _____ (a protein digesting enzyme) and makes it possible for this to work

Pepsin

These products are not as easy to digest and not as easy to absorb amino acids from these foods - due to fiber present and plant membrane walls. Legumes (dried beans, peas, lentils, and soy beans) = 80-90% amino acids are digested & absorbed Grains, vegetables, nuts, seeds = on average 70-90% amino acids are digested & absorbed (some of these may have less than 50% of their amino acids absorbed)

Plant Products

Examples of substances NOT used with food which commonly denature proteins are: -______ such as the Salts of Heavy Metals (such as cadmium, lead, mercury, silver, etc)

Poisons

10 or more amino acids + 9 or more peptide bonds = ______.

Polypeptide

Pregnant women, growing children, and adolescents, and some athletes tend to be in _____ nitrogen balance.

Positive

During this nitrogen imbalance more nitrogen is retained (for protein synthesis) than is excreted (this is a good thing as new tissues are being added into the body) Ex: infants, growing children, pregnant women

Positive Nitrogen Balance

This is caused by large amounts of red meats and processed meats may displace other nutrient dense and fiber-rich foods (such as whole grains, fresh fruits, and vegetables) which are associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases

Potential Nutritional Deficiencies

All amino acids needed to make a protein MUST be _____ at the time the protein is made

Present

Small Intestine Cells make _____ which are protein digesting enzymes within digestion

Proteases

This is a measure of protein quality taking into account protein digestibility and amino acid profile. The higher the score the greater the percentage of protein usually digested and absorbed from the food or beverage item. This scoring is the basis of the percent of daily value for protein on food labels. This can be found on many food labels which come from other countries

Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)

Missing just one amino acid will cause the incomplete ________ to be taken apart

Protein Fragment

These are short chains of amino acids (containing two, three, four amino acids) from partially digested proteins could slip past the baby's immature GI tract cells and slip into the blood during a food allergy issue

Protein Fragments

Varied products of these promise many benefits, but "their benefits" are not needed with adequate diet

Protein Supplements

This is a process of continuous breakdown (degrading) and synthesis of protein from its amino acids. A person is in nitrogen (protein) balance when the amount of protein being degraded is equal to the amount being synthesized

Protein Turnover

These are convenient, but expensive and often high in calories

Protein and Energy bars

These are the predominant structural and functional materials in every cell

Proteins

These provide structural support and help maintain and repair body tissues

Proteins

These type of proteins shuttle oxygen, waste products, lipids, some vitamins, and sodium and potassium through your blood and into and out of cells through cell membranes. Examples: Transport vehicles such as lipoproteins; cellular pumps; and oxygen carriers such as hemoglobin in the blood and myoglobin inside muscle cells

Transport Proteins

3 amino acids + 2 peptide bonds = _______

Tripeptide

Normal Activity within Body for two common amino acids: Phenylalanine (essential) enzymes convert into _______ (non-essential_

Tyrosine

A healthy liver will quickly convert the ammonia into _____ which is a much less harmful chemical waste product.

Urea

Healthy liver cells convert the ammonia into _____. This is released back into the blood.

Urea

When excess protein is consumed or when carbohydrate and/or calorie intake is too low, excessive _____ is generated.

Urea

Kidney cells draw the urea out of the blood and move it into the forming ______ to be released from the body.

Urine