Nutrition Chapter 7

Vitamin A

*Carotenoids, including beta-carotene, are precursors to this vitamin. *The preformed form of this vitamin is abundant in liver and dairy products, but the provitamin form can also be found in orange vegetables like carrots and sweet potatoes.

Which of the following vitamins is linked with energy metabolism?

*Folate *Niacin *Riboflavin *Thiamin *Vitamin B6 *Vitamin B12

Dietary Supplements & Fortified Foods

*Fortified foods can increase the risk of overconsuming certain nutrients. *Dietary supplements can be beneficial for pregnant women, vegetarians and vegans, older adults, those with lactose intolerance, and anyone else who has a difficult time meeting nutrient needs through food.

Vitamin K

*Newborns are typically given shots of this vitamin to help with blood clotting until their intestinal bacteria begin to produce the vitamin. *Since this vitamin promotes blood clotting, intake needs to be monitored for those on blood-thinning medications.

Vitamin D

*This is called the "sunshine vitamin" because the body can synthesize it from exposure to ultraviolet rays. *This vitamin plays an important role in bone health, the immune system, blood pressure regulation, and cell growth.

Vitamin E

*This vitamin is a powerful antioxidant and also functions as an anticoagulant. *Avocados, wheat germ, and sunflower oil are sources of this vitamin.

Vitamin D is _____.

*a hormone *made in the body with the help of sunlight *found in fortified milk

Phytochemicals ____.

*are naturally occuring plant compounds that give fruits and vegetables their vibrant colors *function as antioxidants to stop free radicals from damaging cells *help fight diseases

Which of the following would increase vitamin E in a salad?

*avacado slices *chopped nuts *olive oil

The Vocabulary of Toxicity and Deficiency of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1. Thiamin: A deficiency of this vitamin causes beriberi, which is characterized by weakness, swelling, and tingling or numbness in the hands and feet. 2. Niacin: A severe deficiency of this vitamin causes the disease pellagra. 3. Pantothenic acid: A deficiency of this vitamin is very rare, but those with inadequate intakes can experience numbness, muscle cramps, and difficulty walking. 4. Vitamin B6: A deficiency of this vitamin can lead to sore tongue, skin inflammation, depression, confusion, or anemia. 5. Folate: Neural tube defects, like spina bifata, can occur if this nutrient is not consumed in adequate amounts during pregnancy. 6. Vitamin B12: Those who follow a vegan diet without supplementation are at increased risk of deficiency for this vitamin. 7. Vitamin C: Scurvy symptoms, caused by a deficiency of this nutrient, include rough skin rash and wounds that will not heal.

Ultraviolet rays react with _____ in the skin to begin the process of forming vitamin D.

7-dehydrocholesterol

Vitamin ___ is called the "sunshine vitamin."

D

Which of the following vitamins is responsible for red blood cell production?

Folate Vitamin B12 Vitamin K

Choose the statement below that is not correct regarding water-soluble vitamins in food.

Leafy green vegetables are rich in vitamin B12.

Patrick wants to increase his intake of vitamin E. Which of the following foods would provide him with a significant amount of vitamin E?

almonds

Vitamin E functions as a(n) ________ to protect cell membranes from being damaged.

antioxidant

A chronic deficiency of thiamin can cause _____.

beriberi

All of the following conditions are associated with a deficiency of vitamin D EXCEPT ______.

beriberi

High consumption of raw egg whites can lead to a deficiency of which vitamin?

biotin

The active form of vitamin D, also known as a hormone, is called _____.

calcitriol

The best way to be sure that you get the right balance of vitamins is to __________.

eat a healthy, balanced diet

Naturally occurring vitamin B12 is found in which of the following foods?

eggs and beef

Once absorbed into the blood, the cholecalciferol travels to the kidney for the final step in activation.

false

Which B vitamin is critical for DNA synthesis and cell division?

folate (folic acid)

Which of the following would be the best source of vitamin D?

fortified milk

Which of the following foods is considered a poor source of fat-soluble vitamins?

grains

Which of these statements is FALSE?

it is necessary for individuals to consume vitamin supplements in order to meet their daily vitamin needs

A deficiency of vitamin B12 can cause ________.

macrocytic anemia

All of the following are good sources of vitamin C EXCEPT ________.

milk

A deficiency of vitamin B12 can cause __________.

nerve damage

Consuming too much vitamin B6 can result in __________.

nerve damage

Folic acid, if consumed prior to and during the first several weeks of pregnancy, can help reduce the risk of _____ .

neural tube defects

A deficiency of which vitamin causes signs and symptoms characterized by the four Ds: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death?

niacin

Vitamin E functions to __________.

protect cell membranes by serving as an antioxidant

The most usable form of vitamin A in the body is _____.

retinol

Which nutrient is involved in collagen formation and immune and antioxidant defenses?

vitamin C

Which of the following foods are not significant sources of vitamin A?

whole grains and enriched grain products

Susan had a salad made of dark, leafy greens, oil and vinegar dressing, and cheese. Which of the following vitamins would not be found in adequate quantities from this lunch?

vitamin D

Which of the following is/are considered antioxidants?

vitamin E and beta-carotene

Which vitamin is essential for blood to clot?

vitamin K

Adam is 65 years old. Which of the following nutrients might his body have difficulty absorbing?

vitamin b12 in a sirloin steak

Which of the following vitamins is fat soluble?

vitamin k

Which of the following nutrients can accumulate to the point of toxicity if intake is excessive?

vitamins A, D, E, and K

The USP seal on the vitamin label means that the dietary supplement has been tested and shown to the U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP). Which of the following statements regarding the USP organization is FALSE?

USP validates health claims made by supplement manufacturers

Which of the following vitamins might accumulate to toxic levels in the body?

Vitamin A

Which of the following vitamins is linked with antioxidant function?

Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin E

Which of the following vitamins is linked with the immune system?

Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin E

Which of the following vitamins is linked with bone health?

Vitamin K

The primary role of the B vitamins is to ____.

act as coenzymes in energy metabolism and many other metabolic reactions

In a vegan breakfast consisting of raisin bran cereal with soy milk and a glass of orange juice, the vitamin C in the orange juice will enhance the absorption of _____.

the iron and calcium in the cereal

Which of the following can be destroyed by exposure to water or heat?

the water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C)

A deficiency of vitamin A can result in _______.

vision problems