Nutrition Chapter 7: Vitamins

Vitamin D is

found in fortified milk

Which of the following diseases is NOT associated with a deficiency in thiamin? wet beri beri glossitis Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome polyneuritis

glossitis

bioavailability

the degree to which a nutrient is absorbed from foods and used in the body

provitamin A carotenoids

the family of compounds that includes beta-carotene that can be used to make vitamin A in the body

retinoids

the family or group of substances that include, retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid

folic acid

the form of folate often used in vitamin supplements and fortification of foods

preformed vitamin A

the form of vitamin A that is readily used by the body

phylloquinone

the form of vitamin K found in green plants

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

the hormone secreted from the parathyroid glands that activates vitamin D formation in the kidney

night blindness

the inability to see in dim light or at night due to a deficiency of vitamin A

In a vegan breakfast consisting of raisin bran cereal with soy milk and a glass of orange juice, the vitamin C in the orange juice will enhance the absorption of _____.

the iron and calcium in the cereal The vitamin C in the orange juice will enhance the absorption of the iron and calcium in the cereal. Vitamin C does not affect the absorption of vitamin D. However, the vitamin D in the soy milk will help you absorb the calcium that is also in the cereal. Bran is a form of dietary fiber and is not absorbed by the body.

You are enjoying a breakfast of raisin bran cereal in skim milk accompanied by a glass of orange juice. The vitamin C in the orange juice will enhance the absorption of

the iron in the cereal

toxicity

the level at which exposure to a substance becomes harmful

pyridoxine

the major form of vitamin B6 found in plant foods, supplements, and fortified foods

retinol

the most usable form of preformed vitamin A

carotenodermia

the presence of excess carotene in the blood resulting in an orange skin color, due to excessive intake of carotene-rich vegetables

oxidation

the process during which oxygen combines with other molecules

cell differentiation

the processes that determine what a cell becomes in your body

osteocalcin

the protein in bone that binds with bone-strengthening calcium

ultraviolet (UV) rays

the rays from sunlight that cause the production of vitamin D in the skin

hypervitaminosis A

the serious condition in which the liver accumulates toxic levels of vitamin A

Which of the following can be destroyed by exposure to water or heat? the water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) the fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K) major minerals trace minerals

the water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) The water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) can be destroyed by exposure to water or heat. When foods such as vegetables are soaked in water or cooked in large amounts of water, water-soluble vitamins leach into the water. To reduce vitamin loss, cook vegetables in a minimal amount of liquid. Cooking vegetables until "just tender" is best, as it reduces the cooking time and heat exposure and preserves the vitamins. Although the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) tend to be more stable than water-soluble vitamins, some food preparation techniques can cause the loss of these vitamins as well. Minerals cannot be destroyed by exposure to water or heat.

When foods have ____, they often are also a good source of niacin.

tryptophan

free radicals

unstable oxygen-containing molecules that can damage the cells of the body and possibly contribute to increased risk of chronic diseases

What vitamin might be low in strict vegetarians that avoid all foods from animal sources?

vitamin B12

A deficiency of vitamin A can result in _______.

vision problems A deficiency of vitamin A can result in vision problems. A chronic vitamin A deficiency can lead to an inability to regenerate the light-sensitive protein rhodopsin, causing night blindness. A prolonged vitamin A deficiency can also lead to dryness and permanent damage to the cornea. Vitamin A deficiency is the number-one cause of preventable blindness in children. A deficiency of folate during pregnancy can result in birth defects called neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. A deficiency of niacin results in pellagra, which can result in dermatitis, dementia, depression, and even death. Vitamin K plays a major role in blood coagulation, or clotting. Without vitamin K, the body would lack the ability to clot blood.

pernicious anemia

A form of anemia characterized by large, immature red blood cells, due to a lack of intrinsic factor

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin? Vitamin A Vitamin K Niacin Vitamin E

niacin

hypervitaminosis D

A condition resulting from excessive amounts of vitamin D in the body

macrocytic anemia

A form of anemia characterized by large, immature red blood cells, due to Vitamin B12 deficiency

anencephaly

A neural tube defect that results in the absence of major parts of the brain and spinal cord

U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP)

A nonprofit organization that sets purity and quality standards for dietary supplements

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A progressively damaging brain disorder due to chronic thiamin deficiency

intrinsic factor (IF)

A protein secreted by the stomach that helps in the absorption of vitamin B12

spina bifida

A serious birth defect in which the spinal cord is malformed and lacks the protective membrane coat

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A variety of symptoms such as moodiness, irritability, bloating, and anxiety that some women may experience during the menstrual cycle.

choline

A vitamin-like substance needed for healthy cells and nerves.

inositol

A vitamin-like substance synthesized in your body that helps to keep your cells and their membranes healthy.

macrocytes

Abnormally large cells such as red blood cells

What are the B vitamins as a group most known for in the body?

Acting as coenzymes that enable reactions to occur more quickly in the cells

Which of the following would increase vitamin E in a salad? olive oil chopped nuts avocado slices

All options are correct. All options are correct. Olive oil, chopped nuts, and avocado slices are good sources of fat-soluble vitamin E. Vegetable oils, seeds, green leafy vegetables, and fortified cereals also contribute to an individual's daily intake of vitamin E.

Phytochemicals ____. function as antioxidants to stop free radicals from damaging cells help fight diseases are naturally occurring plant compounds that give fruits and vegetables their vibrant colors

All options are correct. All options are correct. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring plant compounds that give fruits and vegetables their vibrant colors. They have many beneficial functions in the body. Phytochemicals function as antioxidants to stop free radicals (harmful oxygen containing molecules) from damaging cells. Phytochemicals also help fight diseases. Eating a variety of colorful plant-based foods rich in antioxidants and phytochemicals is one of the best-known strategies to fight chronic diseases.

Vitamin D is _____. a hormone made in the body with the help of sunlight found in fortified milk

All options are correct. All options are correct. Vitamin D is a hormone that plays multiple roles in the body, including in calcium regulation. A deficiency of vitamin D can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults. Although vitamin D can be made in the body with the help of sunlight, many individuals are not exposed to enough sunlight to meet their needs. Fortified milk and soymilk are excellent sources of vitamin D.

Which word is incorrectly associated with vitamin E? Anticoagulant Antioxidant Alpha-tocopherol Anencephaly

Anencephaly

neural tube defects

Any major birth defect of the central nervous system, including the brain, caused by failure of the neural tube to properly close during fetal development.

A chronic deficiency of thiamin can cause _____.

Beriberi A chronic deficiency of thiamin can cause beriberi. This disease can affect the nervous system and result in weakness and even paralysis. The main dietary source of thiamin is enriched grains (which have many B vitamins and iron added to them), which Americans consume frequently. However, in poor nations with limited access to food, reliance on non-enriched grains increases the risk for beriberi. Additionally, alcohol intake interferes with thiamin absorption in the body. Therefore, those who chronically abuse alcohol are susceptible to a thiamin deficiency and the side effects of beriberi. A vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Scurvy is the result of a vitamin C deficiency.

antioxidants

substances that neutralize free radicals. Vitamins A, C, and E and beta-carotene are antioxidants

What is the best way to meet your vitamin needs?

Consume a variety of foods every day because of the additional benefits from foods

Fortified foods are a safe way to get your daily vitamins. True or False?

False Fortified foods are not always a safe way to meet your vitamin needs.

Vitamin ___ is called the "sunshine vitamin."

D Vitamin D is called the "sunshine vitamin" because it is made in the body with the help of ultraviolet rays from sunlight. Many individuals do not obtain enough sun exposure, so they must meet their needs through their diet. However, naturally occurring vitamin D sources in food are scarce, and many Americans fall short of their daily requirement of vitamin D. The best ways to obtain vitamin D from food is to consume fatty fish (such as sardines and salmon) and fortified foods and beverages such as milk or soymilk, breakfast cereals, and yogurt. Vitamin E's nutritional claim to fame is its role as a powerful antioxidant. This role is extremely important in protecting cell membranes and preventing oxidation of the "bad" LDL cholesterol carrier. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, assists in the formation of collagen. It is also an antioxidant and has many other functions. Vitamin K helps blood to clot and helps synthesize proteins that keep bones healthy.

Because your body makes vitamin D with the help of sunlight, you don't have to worry about getting it from your diet. True or False?

False Many people are unable to meet their vitamin D needs through sunlight exposure alone.

Consuming too much beta-carotene from foods such as carrots, winter squash, and broccoli can cause vitamin A toxicity. True or False?

False Deep orange vegetables and some green vegetables are good sources of the vitamin A precursor beta-carotene, which is converted to vitamin A in your body. While an excess of beta-carotene will not cause vitamin A toxicity, it could make your skin change color.

Vitamins provide your body with energy or the fuel that it needs to function. True or False?

False Although vitamins perform numerous functions in your body, they don't provide energy, as do carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Taking water-soluble vitamin supplements is never harmful because your body eliminates any excesses that you don't need. True or False?

False Routinely taking an excess of many vitamins, including many water-soluble vitamins, can be harmful.

Taking vitamin C supplements can help you ward off the common cold. True or False?

False There is no clear evidence that taking megadoses of vitamin C, such as from supplements, protects you from the common cold.

Everyone can meet their vitamin needs through food, so taking supplements is never necessary. True or False?

False While foods are an excellent source of vitamins, some individuals may need extra vitamin support from a supplement.

What color of food is most often associated with foods rich in vitamin K?

Green, as in broccoli and spinach

Which of these factors would NOT affect the vitamin D levels in the body? Excessive use of sunscreen Inadequate phosphorus levels High levels of melanin production Inadequate time outside in the sun

Inadequate phosphorus levels

Which of the following phrases is NOT true about vitamin A? Sweet potatoes contain a lot of beta-carotene It is involved in red blood cell formation Following bleaching, visual messages transmit to the brain By maintaining skin, it helps to prevent infection

It is involved in red blood cell formation

Which of these statements is FALSE? - It is necessary for individuals to consume vitamin supplements in order to meet their daily vitamin needs. - Dietary supplements, a category that includes vitamins, minerals, and herbs, are regulated less stringently by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) than are drugs. - The U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) sets standards for the identity, strength, quality, and purity of dietary supplements. - Supplement manufacturers can voluntarily submit their products to the U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) to verify their supplement meets current standards.

It is necessary for individuals to consume vitamin supplements in order to meet their daily vitamin needs. It is NOT necessary for individuals to consume vitamin supplements in order to meet their daily vitamin needs. Fortified foods and vitamin supplements can help individuals with inadequate diets or certain diseases to meet their nutrient needs; however, supplements should never replace a nutrient-dense diet. Dietary supplements, a category that includes vitamin and mineral supplements, are regulated less stringently by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) than are drugs. The U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) sets standards for the identity, strength, quality, and purity of dietary supplements. Supplement manufacturers can voluntarily submit their products to the USP to verify their supplement meets current standards.

Which answer best describes how vitamin E helps to prevent atherosclerosis? It protects the LDL cholesterol carrier from oxidation and reduces LDL buildup It neutralizes free radicals before they can harm cell membranes It has an anticoagulant effect that reduces clotting in the blood It reduces the effects of oils and their negative effect on heart health

It protects the LDL cholesterol carrier from oxidation and reduces LDL buildup

retinol activity equivalents (RAE)

The unit of measure used to describe the total amount of all forms of preformed vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids in food

What is the correct sequence that results in lowered cancer and disease development risk? Antioxidants; free radical development; phytochemical uptake Free radicals; oxidation; phytochemical breakdown Free radical damage; oxidation; antioxidant release Phytochemicals; antioxidants; reduced free radical damage

Phytochemicals; antioxidants; reduced free radical damage

provitamins

Substances found in foods that can be converted into an active vitamin form once they are absorbed

folate

The naturally occurring vitamin found in foods

Adam Craig is 55 years old. Which of the following might his body have difficulty absorbing? The vitamin B12 in a piece of steak The folate in spinach The riboflavin in milk The vitamin B6 in liver

The vitamin B12 in a piece of steak

Too much vitamin E can interfere with blood clotting. True or False?

True Consuming excessive amounts of vitamin E supplements can interfere with blood clotting.

Folate reduces the risk of certain birth defects. True or False?

True Folate can lower the risk of some birth defects during pregnancy. However, timing is everything.

Vitamin K helps keep your bones healthy. True or False?

True Vitamin K helps a protein in your bones bind with the bone-strengthening mineral calcium.

The USP seal on the vitamin label means that the dietary supplement has been tested and shown to the U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP). Which of the following statements regarding the USP organization is FALSE? USP validates health claims made by supplement manufacturers USP sets standards for dietary supplements USP awards its USP Verified Mark to supplements following rigorous testing supplement manufacturers can voluntarily submit products to USP for review

USP validates health claims made by supplement manufacturers The U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) is a nonprofit organization that sets purity and reliability standards for dietary supplements to help consumers choose among dietary supplements. USP does NOT validate health claims made by supplement manufacturers. Rather, it sets standards for the strength, quality, purity, and consistency of dietary supplements. Manufacturers can voluntarily submit their products for review by USP. USP then takes the product through vigorous audits, testing, and reviews. If deemed acceptable, the product receives the USP Verified Mark, which lets consumers know the product is of good quality.

Which of the following vitamins is needed in order for your blood to clot?

Vitamin K

Which vitamin is essential for blood to clot?

Vitamin K Vitamin K is essential for blood to clot. Vitamin K helps synthesize four clotting factors that are involved in the complex chain of events that causes blood clotting. Without vitamin K, a simple cut on the finger would cause uncontrollable bleeding. Vitamin B6 is a coenzyme and is part of over 100 chemical reactions in the body. Vitamin D is necessary for regulation of calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin A refers to a family of retinoids that are needed for strong vision, reproduction, and healthy fetal development.

Which two vitamins can be produced in the body?

Vitamins K and D

Which of the following conditions is not due to an excess of vitamin A? Xerophthalmia Hypervitaminosis A Osteoporosis Birth defects

Xerophthalmia

hemochromatosis

a blood disorder characterized by the retention of an excessive amount of iron

hypercalcemia

a chronically high amount of calcium in the blood

cataract

a common eye disorder that occurs when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy

rhodopsin

a compound found in the rods of the eye that is needed for night vision

osteoporosis

a condition in which the bones are less dense, increasing the risk of fractures

anemia

a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells than it should to be healthy

scurvy

a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C, characterized by bleeding gums and a skin rash

age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

a disease that affects the macula of the retina, causing blurry vision

niacin equivalents (NE)

a measurement that reflects the amount of niacin and tryptophan in foods that can be used to synthesize niacin

dietary folate equivalents (DFE)

a measurement used to express the amount of folate in a food or supplement

flushing

a reddish coloring of the face, arms, and chest

anticoagulant

a substance that interferes with blood coagulation

international units (IU)

a system of measurement of a biologically active ingredient such as a vitamin

beriberi

a thiamin deficiency that can affect the cardiovascular and nervous systems and results in weakness in the body

megadose

a very large dose or amount

rickets

a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones

carnitine

a vitamin-like substance needed to properly utilize fat

lipoic acid

a vitamin-like substance that your body needs for energy production

The primary role of the B vitamins is to ____.

act as coenzymes in energy metabolism and many other metabolic reactions The primary role of the B vitamins is to act as coenzymes in energy metabolism and many other metabolic reactions. Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, and biotin are known collectively as the B vitamins. Although vitamins are not a source of energy, the body needs many of the B vitamins to convert the three energy-yielding nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fat) to energy (ATP). Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps synthesize collagen. Collagen is the key component of the connective tissue, so this protein is needed to build and maintain healthy bones, teeth, skin, and blood vessels.

ascorbic acid

active form of vitamin C

tryptophan

an amino acid that can be converted to niacin in the body

warfarin

an anticoagulant drug given to prevent blood from clotting

Vitamin E functions as a(n) ________ to protect cell membranes from being damaged.

antioxidant Vitamin E functions as an antioxidant to protect cell membranes from being damaged. Vitamin E neutralizes free radicals before they can harm phospholipids in cell membranes. Many phospholipids contain unsaturated fatty acids, which are vulnerable to the damaging effects of free radicals.

Substances like vitamin C that neutralize free radicals and promote health are called ________.

antioxidants

A deficiency of thiamin can cause

beriberi

pellagra

disease caused by a deficiency of niacin in the body

All of the following conditions are associated with a deficiency of vitamin D EXCEPT ______. beriberi osteoporosis osteomalacia rickets

beriberi Beriberi is not associated with a deficiency in vitamin D. It is a disease that occurs in humans who are deficient in thiamin. Osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and rickets are all bone disorders associated with a deficiency of vitamin D. Lack of vitamin D leads to inadequate absorption of calcium and phosphorus. The bones of children with rickets aren't adequately mineralized and thus are weak, knock knees and bow- shaped. Osteomalacia is the adult equivalent of rickets. Osteoporosis is a disorder characterized by low bone density, which causes the bones to become brittle and prone to fracture.

In addition to vitamin K, what other vitamin is produced by bacteria in the intestines?

biotin

High consumption of raw egg whites can lead to a deficiency of which vitamin?

biotin High consumption of raw egg whites can lead to a deficiency in the B vitamin biotin. Raw egg whites contain the protein avidin, which binds with biotin and blocks it from absorption in the intestine. Cooked eggs are not a problem because heat breaks down and inactivates the protein, allowing biotin to be absorbed. Biotin deficiency can cause hair loss, depression, fatigue, nausea, and skin rashes. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness and damage to the cornea, known as xerophthalmia. Niacin deficiency causes pellagra, which can result in dermatitis, dementia, depression, and even death. Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy, which leads to tissue breakdown and bleeding and can also be fatal.

In which location are fat-soluble vitamins NOT stored? Blood Fat The liver Muscle tissues

blood

The _______ of the vitamin is what helps define whether its fat or water soluble.

chemical structure

Which of these vitamin-like substances can NOT be synthesized in adequate amounts by the body? inositol carnitine choline lipoic acid

choline

Which of the following is NOT caused by a deficiency of folate in the diet? spina bifida anencephaly macrocytic anemia dementia

dementia

Naturally occurring vitamin B12 is found in which of the following foods? eggs and beef watermelon and strawberries whole-grain bread and pasta olive oil and peanuts

eggs and beef Naturally occurring vitamin B12 is found only in foods from animal sources, including eggs and beef and other meats, fish, poultry, and dairy products. Individuals who consume a varied diet that includes the minimum recommended servings of these food groups will easily meet daily B12 requirements. Though lacking naturally occurring B12, colorful fruits (including watermelon and strawberries) and vegetables provide valuable vitamins, minerals, fiber, and disease-fighting phytochemicals. Whole-grain bread and pasta provide phytochemicals, thiamin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, and riboflavin. Vegetable oils (including olive oil), foods that contain these oils, nuts (including peanuts), and seeds are good sources of fat-soluble vitamin E.

hemorrhage

excessive loss of blood or bleeding

Vitamins A, D, E and K are _______.

fat soluble

_______ vitamins are absorbed at the beginning of your small intestine.

fat soluble

________ vitamins can be toxic in high doses.

fat soluble

Which B vitamin is critical to consume early in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects from occurring in the developing baby?

folate

Which B vitamin is critical for DNA synthesis and cell division?

folate (folic acid) Folate (folic acid) is critical for DNA synthesis and cell division. Folate is naturally found in foods, especially leafy green vegetables, but is more easily absorbed in its synthetic form, folic acid. Folic acid is found mostly in fortified foods such as breads and breakfast cereals and in supplements. Pyridoxine, the major form of vitamin B6, acts as a coenzyme for over 100 enzymes. Vitamin B6 is also a key player in red blood cell synthesis and in keeping the immune and nervous systems healthy. Pantothenic acid and biotin are both B vitamins that aid in metabolism.

fortified foods

foods with added nutrients

menaquinone

form of vitamin K produced by bacteria in the colon

polyneuritis

inflammation of the peripheral nerves

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

megaloblasts

large, immature red blood cells

rods

light-absorbing cells responsible for black and white vision and night vision

cones

light-absorbing cells responsible for color vision

dementia

loss of memory along with confusion and disorientation

hypotension

low blood pressure

osteomalacia

the adult equivalent of rickets, causing muscle and bone weakness, and pain

iodopsin

the compound found in the cones of the eye that is needed for color vision

A deficiency of vitamin B12 can cause ________.

macrocytic anemia A deficiency of vitamin B12 can cause macrocytic anemia. This form of anemia is characterized by large, immature red blood cells. When there isn't enough vitamin B12 available, folate can't be utilized properly to help red blood cells divide. A folate deficiency can also cause macrocytic anemia. Microcytic anemia is a form of anemia in which the red blood cells are smaller than normal, resulting from a deficiency of iron or vitamin B6. Scurvy is a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. This deficiency impairs collagen synthesis. The signs and symptoms of scurvy include wounds that fail to heal, bleeding gums, fractures, and other signs of tissue breakdown, as well as diarrhea, weakness, and depression. A deficiency of niacin results in pellagra, which can result in dermatitis, dementia, depression, and even death.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? The USP seal on the vitamin label means that the dietary supplement has been tested and shown to be free of any contaminants meet your daily needs of that vitamin contain the amount of the substance that is stated on the label be of good quality

meet your daily needs of that vitamin

Fat soluble vitamins are transported in the body through ________.

micelles and chylomicrons in lymph tissue

All of the following are good sources of vitamin C EXCEPT ________. milk strawberries citrus fruit (oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit) broccoli

milk Milk is not a good source of Vitamin C. However, it is a good source of riboflavin, B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Fortified milk is a good source of vitamin D and preformed vitamin A; however milk does not contain vitamin C. Strawberries, citrus fruit (oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit), and broccoli are good sources of vitamin C. Most Americans can meet their vitamin C needs by consuming fruits and vegetables. One serving of either orange juice or grapefruit juice will just about meet an adult's daily needs.

alpha-tocopherol (α-tocopherol)

most active form of vitamin E in the body

Folic acid can help reduce the risk of

neural tube defects

Folic acid, if consumed prior to and during the first several weeks of pregnancy, can help reduce the risk of _____ .

neural tube defects If consumed prior to and during the first several weeks of pregnancy, adequate amounts of folic acid can help reduce the risk of neural tube defects, including spina bifida and anencephaly, which result in birth defects of the brain or spinal cord. Medication that contains Vitamin A may be used to treat acne. Vitamin A can also help prevent night blindness. Consuming adequate amounts of niacin prevents pellagra.

A deficiency of which vitamin causes signs and symptoms characterized by the four Ds: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death?

niacin A deficiency of niacin causes pellagra, which is characterized by the four Ds: dermatitis (skin inflammation), dementia (confusion and memory loss), diarrhea, and death. Niacin, or vitamin B3, is needed to metabolize the energy-yielding macronutrients—carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Niacin is found in enriched grains, which are consumed abundantly in America, so pellagra is rare in the United States. However, pellagra can occur with alcohol abuse or a very poor diet. Thiamin, or vitamin B1, deficiency is known as beriberi and causes weakness and paralysis. Deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy, and deficiency of cobalamin, or vitamin B12, causes macrocytic anemia and impairs the nervous system.

vitamins

non-energy providing organic essential nutrients that your body needs in small amounts to grow, reproduce, and maintain good health

phytochemicals

nonnutritive compounds in plant foods that may play a role in fighting chronic diseases

You are enjoying a salad bar lunch (good choice!). You want to top your greens with vitamin E-rich foods. You could choose olive oil vinegar pickles tomatoes

olive oil

nicotinamide

one of the two active forms of niacin that are derived from foods

nicotinic acid

one of the two active forms of niacin that are derived from foods

xerophthalmia

permanent damage to the cornea causing blindness due to a prolonged vitamin A deficiency

________ can function as antioxidants within the body and help give produce their vibrant colors.

phytochemicals

coagulation

process of blood clotting

The most usable form of vitamin A in your body is

retinol

The most usable form of vitamin A in the body is _____.

retinol Retinol is the most usable form of vitamin A in the body and can be converted to both retinal and retinoic acid. Vitamin A refers to a family of retinoids, which are needed for strong vision, reproduction, and healthy fetal development. Retinoids include all three forms of preformed vitamin A: retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid.

Which diseases are incorrectly paired with B-vitamins? riboflavin and glossitis thiamin and dry beri beri niacin and pellagra riboflavin and flushing

riboflavin and flushing

What disease is most associated with swollen and bleeding gums and wounds that do not heal?

scurvy

clotting factors

substances involved in the process of blood clotting

coenzymes

substances needed by enzymes to perform many chemical reactions in your body. Many vitamins act as coenzymes

Adam is 65 years old. Which of the following nutrients might his body have difficulty absorbing? vitamin B12 in a sirloin steak thiamin in bread folate in spinach riboflavin in milk

vitamin B12 in a sirloin steak At 65 years old, Adam might have difficulty absorbing vitamin B12 in a sirloin steak. Acidic juices of the stomach are needed to release vitamin B12 from the proteins in food to make it available for absorption. Approximately 10 to 30 percent of adults over the age of 50 have reduced secretions of acidic stomach juices, which decreases the absorption of the vitamin B12 that is found naturally in food. Synthetic Vitamin B12, the vitamin form that is found in fortified food and supplements, is not bound to protein. Therefore, its absorption is not affected by acid secretions. Those over 50 years of age can best meet their vitamin B12 needs from fortified foods and/or supplements.

Which nutrient is involved in collagen formation and immune and antioxidant defenses?

vitamin C Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is involved in collagen formation and and immune and antioxidant defenses. Collagen, the most abundant protein in the body, is necessary for healthy bones, teeth, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, and blood vessels. As an antioxidant, vitamin C reduces free radical damage. It also helps with the production of white blood cells, key players in a healthy immune system. Vitamin C also enhances absorption of dietary iron and calcium. Pantothenic acid aids in the metabolism of the nutrients that provide energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Thiamin is needed for nerve function and energy metabolism. Riboflavin is important for energy metabolism and healthy cells.

Which of the following is/are considered antioxidants? vitamin E and beta-carotene vitamin A and vitamin D vitamin D and vitamin K vitamin B12 and beta-carotene

vitamin E and beta-carotene Vitamin E and beta-carotene are considered antioxidants. Vitamin E donates an electron to free radicals, thereby stabilizing them. Beta-carotene is a weaker antioxidant. Free radicals can contribute to chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease and accelerate the aging process. They also contribute to age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. Diets abundant in antioxidant-rich fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are associated with a lower incidence of many diseases. Vitamin C is also an antioxidant. Vitamin K helps synthesize proteins important to blood clotting and bone health. Vitamin A is involved in vision, reproduction, and cell differentiation, and may have a weak antioxidant role. Vitamin D is involved in in calcium balance and bone health. Vitamin B12 is involved in DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation.

Which of the following vitamins is fat soluble? vitamin K vitamin C vitamin B6 folic acid

vitamin K Vitamin K is fat soluble. A vitamin is either fat soluble or water soluble, depending on how it is absorbed and handled in the body. The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the body and require dietary fat for absorption. They can accumulate to the point of toxicity if intake is excessive. The water-soluble B vitamins (including vitamin B6 and folic acid) and vitamin C are absorbed with water and typically aren't stored in the body for extended periods. Excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins do not accumulate to toxic levels, but they can be harmful if routinely over-consumed in large doses.

Which of the following nutrients can accumulate to the point of toxicity if intake is excessive? vitamins A, D, E, and K thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and pyridoxine folate, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 vitamins E, C, and D and biotin

vitamins A, D, E, and K Because they are fat-soluble, vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the body and can accumulate to the point of toxicity if intake is excessive. Water-soluble vitamins—including vitamin C and the B vitamins—are typically not stored in the body for long periods of time, and excess amounts are excreted in urine. previous

What vitamins act as antioxidants in the body?

vitamins C and E

preformed vitamins

vitamins that are found in active form in foods

________ vitamins are absorbed with water and enter your body directly.

water soluble

bleaching

when light enters the eye and interacts with and changes rhodopsin