Nutrition - Chapter 9: Water and Minerals
The functions of manganese include
- Free-radical metabolism - Energy metabolism - Bone formation
Rank the following lifestyle factors in order of their contribution to the development of hypertension (most influential at the top of the list).
1. obesity 2. inactivity 3. excessive alcohol intake 4. excessive salt intake
Rank the following food sources from highest (at the top) to lowest (at the bottom) magnesium content.
1. spinach, 1 cup 2. plain yogurt, 1 cup 3. banana, 1 medium 4. whole-wheat bread 1 slice
The Upper Level for calcium is ______ milligrams per day.
2500
Select the Upper Level for selenium.
400 mcg/day
The UL for phosphorus is ______.
4000 mg/day
Which of the following is the Upper Level for iron?
45 mg
The RDA for selenium for adult males and nonpregnant females is ___ micrograms.
55
Evaporation of 1 quart of perspiration releases about ______ kilocalories of heat energy from the body.
600
The main function of molybdenum is
As a part of several human enzymes
How can you control the amount of sodium you get from your diet?
Consume more unprocessed and home-cooked meals.
What is the most nutrient-dense source of calcium?
Fat-free milk, because of its high bioavailability and low calorie content.
What are secondary functions of iron within the human body?
Immune function Part of many enzymes Brain function
Which of following are functions of chloride in the human body?
Immune response Nerve impulse conduction Stomach acid production
Considering what you know about minerals so far, which of the following represents safe advice for use of iron supplements?
Iron supplements should be taken to correct iron-deficiency anemia.
Which of the following are potential consequences of copper toxicity?
Liver damage Gastrointestinal disturbances Kidney damage
Which of the following minerals are involved in antioxidant reactions in the body?
Manganese Selenium Zinc
Which of the following are dietary sources of chromium?
Nuts Beer Organ meats
Which of the following minerals are involved in bone health?
Phosphorus Copper Calcium
Which of the following are good food sources of potassium?
Plain yogurt, 1 cup Acorn squash, 1 cup Baked potato with skin, 1 medium
Which of the following are major minerals?
Potassium Sodium Calcium
Which of the following minerals are involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission?
Sodium Potassium Calcium
Which of the following statements about the safety of water is true?
Some bottled water actually comes from a municipal tap water supply.
Which of the following scenarios put a person at risk for potassium deficiency?
a deficient food intake, as may be the case with alcoholism an endurance athlete who sweats profusely during a training run in hot weather a person with bulimia nervosa who habitually purges excess calories by vomiting
Symptoms of an adult zinc deficiency include
acnelike rash. reduced sense of taste and smell. diarrhea.
The majority of salt present in the American food supply is
added during food processing
The primary function of iron is to
aid in oxygen transportation
The fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus during development is called ______ fluid.
amniotic
How is iron absorbed?
as needed
Sodium ions ______ water.
attract
Which of the following is the best food source of magnesium?
beans
If a person's diet is low in sodium and then they develop persistent vomiting or diarrhea, what may happen to this individual?
become depleted in sodium
For a normal blood calcium value to be maintained despite an inadequate calcium intake, what "pays the price"?
bone
Where is 85% of the phosphorus in the body found?
bone
FDA is responsible for
bottled water
Choose foods that are good sources of phosphorus.
bran nuts fish eggs
The active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral?
calcium
Which mineral may decrease zinc's absorption if present during the same meal?
calcium
The major minerals are
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium
Choose examples of how water is used as a lubricant.
cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the spine and brain mucus lining the lungs saliva in the esophagus
The copper-containing protein that transports iron in the blood is called
ceruloplasmin
Prolonged vomiting may lead to significant loss of ______ because it is a key component of stomach acid.
chloride
Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should
choose more fruits and vegetables.
Glucose intolerance may be a sign of ______ deficiency.
chromium
Many food composition databases lack information regarding ______ content of foods.
chromium
The Upper Level for magnesium intake is 350 milligrams per day, based on the risk of developing
diarrhea
Patients who take ______ may be at risk for potassium deficiency.
diuretics
As perspiration ______, heat is removed from the body.
evaporates
The body loses water through
excretion. respiration. perspiration.
The fluid contained outside the cell is called what type of fluid?
extracellular fluid
True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.
false
True or false: Natural food sources of minerals put people at significant risk for mineral toxicities.
false
True or false: Plant-based dairy alternatives are legally required to be fortified with calcium and vitamin D.
false
True or false: The low absorption, plus the limited availability of phosphorus in foods, makes this mineral more important than calcium in diet planning.
false
ceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, still joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.
fluoride
Choose the reasons a person might choose to go dairy-free.
following a vegan dietary pattern to decrease digestive problems having lactose intolerance
Which of the following is a function of chromium?
glucose uptake
Following a vegan dietary pattern, having digestive irritability, and wanting to speed up weight loss are all reasons a person may ______.
go dairy-free
An enlarged thyroid gland, also known as a ______, is one possible consequence of an Inadequate dietary iodine intake.
goiter
Most adults in the United States have sodium intakes that are
higher than the recommendation
Chromium deficiency may lead to
hyperglycemia
A high intake of chloride, usually in the form of sodium chloride, is linked to
hypertension
Consuming too much sodium can increase a person's risk for
hypertension. obesity.
Copper toxicity is most likely to occur from
improper use of dietary supplements
When children have fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased perspiration, they are at ______ risk for dehydration.
increased
Most of the body's potassium is found
inside cells
The thyroid gland uses ______ to synthesize thyroid hormones.
iodine
Which of the following food items provides the most iodine?
iodized salt, 1/2 tsp
Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?
iron
Which of the following minerals is the most common deficiency in the world?
iron
A magnesium deficiency can cause
irregular heartbeat
The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from
laxatives. supplements. antacids.
Which of the following are good sources of iron?
legumes, peas
Iron overload is ______ than iron deficiency.
less common
Potassium does what to blood pressure?
lowers
Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.
magnesium
Which mineral participates in bone formation, antioxidant reactions, and metabolism of glucose and amino acids?
manganese
The functions of fluoride include
mineralizing tooth enamel. blocking growth of bacteria. helping teeth resist acids.
Found mostly in bone, ______ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.
phosphorus
Milk, cheese, meat, and bread are all rich sources of
phosphorus
Of the following bone-building nutrients, which is LEAST likely to be deficient in the diets of typical Americans?
phosphorus
Choose the minerals that are stored in bones and teeth.
phosphorus magnesium fluoride calcium
Which of the following MyPlate food groups provides the richest sources of absorbable iron?
protein
Which of the following are the functions of zinc in the human body?
protein metabolism and wound healing cell membrane structure and function DNA synthesis and function
As perspiration evaporates, heat energy is
released from body
What is the primary food source of chloride in the American diet?
salt
Select the sources of fluoride.
seaweed tea fluoridated water
Most adults meet the RDA for ______, consuming an average of 105 micrograms each day, which is almost twice the RDA of 55 micrograms.
selenium
Which of the following minerals participates in antioxidant reactions?
selenium
Which of the following population groups should be monitored closely for dehydration?
sick children, endurance athletes, older adults
Hip fracture is associated with _____ mortality.
significant
Which plant-based dairy alternative most closely matches the high-quality protein content of cow's milk?
soy
High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to
tooth mottling and skeletal damage
Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by
toothpaste. fluoride tablets. topical fluoride treatments.
What type of nutrient is fluoride?
trace mineral
Iron, zinc, copper, iodide, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, and chromium are all identified as
trace minerals
True or false: A copper deficiency will present itself as anemia.
true
True or false: A diet low in sodium, coupled with excessive perspiration, persistent vomiting, or diarrhea, has the ability to deplete the body of sodium. This can lead to muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and, later, shock and coma.
true
True or false: Daily consumption of Brazil nuts is not advised because they contain such a high level of selenium.
true
True or false: Drinking too much water is just as dangerous as drinking too little water.
true
True or false: People should avoid taking individual mineral supplements unless a dietary deficiency or medical condition specifically warrants it because an excess of one mineral may decrease the absorption and metabolism of other minerals.
true
True or false: There is no Upper Level for potassium.
true
Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of
type 2 diabetes. cardiovascular disease.
The primary route of chloride excretion is via _____.
urine
Which fluid compartment contains the most fluid?
water found inside the cell membrane or intracellular fluid
Which of the following are rich sources of iodine?
yogurt fat-free milk eggs
Select the primary function of iodine.
Thyroid hormone synthesis
True or false: Sodium is an electrolyte.
True
For a healthy 24-year-old female, the ______ for calcium is 2500 mg/day.
UL
Which vitamin aids in the absorption of iron?
Vitamin C
Select the best food source of copper.
beef liver
Sodium, potassium, and ______ help to regulate fluid balance.
chloride
______ ions are a component of the acid produced in the stomach and are also used during immune responses as white blood cells attack foreign cells.
chloride
Ceruloplasmin is a ______-containing protein in the blood that functions in the transport of iron.
copper
Choose the mineral that assists in the transport of iron out of intestinal cells, through the blood, and to the bone marrow, where iron is incorporated into hemoglobin.
copper
Supplements of ______ compete with zinc for absorption.
copper, iron
Which of the following is not a good food source of copper?
cottage cheese
Incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits
demineralization by acid-producing bacteria.
It is estimated that 20% to 30% of the 300,000 Americans 65 or older who fracture a hip each year will _____ within 12 months.
die
The following are the functions of chromium.
involves in the metabolism of lipids and proteins enhances the function of insulin
Lack of ______ in the diet may lead to enlargement of the thyroid gland.
iodine
Choose the mineral that is replaced by manufacturers when lost in the refinement process.
iron
Selenium deficiency symptoms include
muscle pain and wasting, heart damage
A selenium deficiency may lead to which of the following conditions?
muscle wasting heart damage muscle pain
If a person chronically consumes more than the UL for zinc, he or she may experience which of the following?
nausea and vomiting decreased HDL immune dysfunction
With the highest milligrams of calcium per kcal, fat-free milk is the most ______ source of calcium.
nutrient-dense
An altered sense of taste and smell may be related to a ______ deficiency.
zinc
Intakes of ______ that are either too high or too low could impair immune function.
zinc
Approximately 200 enzymes require ______ as a cofactor for activity.
zinc
Which of the following minerals are involved in bone health?
Copper Phosphorus Calcium
What are the side effects of too much iodine (amounts at or above the Upper Level)?
Decrease in thyroid hormone synthesis
Serving as a coolant, lubricant, and solvent are all functions of ______.
water
Table salt is chemically known as
sodium chloride
Salt is 40% ______ and 60% ______.
sodium; chloride
A ______ is a liquid substance in which other substances dissolve.
solvent
EPA water agency is responsible for
tap water
What mechanisms are monitored to maintain the appropriate fluid balance in the body?
the concentration of solutes in the body fluids blood pressure
Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in the body is used for ______.
the maintenance of bones the growth and development of bones
True or false: Selenium functions as part of an antioxidant enzyme system.
true
Hyponatremia occurs when too much ______ is consumed.
water