Nutrition Chapter Five

Is a condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is too low to provide enough energy for cells. May be diagnosed with a blood glucose level is less than 70 mg/dL

Hypoglycemia

Overtime, _______________ damages nerves, organs, and blood vessels. In fact, poorly controlled diabetes is a major cause of heart disease, kidney failure, blindness, and lower limb amputations.

hyperglycemia

Peaches, canned and natural juice

43

Carbohydrates

45 to 65% of total energy

Fat free milk

46

Spaghetti, cooked

64

orange juice

71

Banana

73

On average Americans consumed about ___ pounds of added calorie sweeteners, and 2018. Search sweeteners include honey and refined sugars, such as paper to sponsor it and people sugar.

73

Popcorn, microwave plain

79

White rice, basmati, boiled

83

Is a sugar composed of two monosaccharides. By combining monosaccharides, plants and animals can form complex carbohydrates.

A disaccharide (di=two)

Which of the following substances is a disaccharide A. Maltose B. Start C. Galactose D. Glycogen

A. Maltose

Why does oat cereal lower cholesterol

Because it binds to the used bile components in the intestinal tract and prevents them from being absorbed. Thus, the used bile components are eliminated during bowl movements. As a result, blood cholesterol levels drop as the liver removes cholesterol from the blood to make new bile.

____________ is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells A. Protein B. Cholesterol C. Glucose D. HFCS

C. Glucose

Insoluble fiber A. Is in beef and pork B. Dissolves or swells in water C. Is in whole grain products, including brown rice D. Increases the risk of heart disease

C. Is in whole grain products, including brown rice

Ben often experiences abdominal discomfort, bloating, and diarrhea after consuming milk. Which intestinal enzyme could Ben be deficient in? A. Galactose B. Salivary amylase C. Lactase D. Lactic acid

C. Lactase

In the United States and throughout the world, many people are unable to digest lactose, fructose, and/or other kinds of carbohydrates completely. This condition is called

Carbohydrate intolerance or carbohydrate maldigestion or malabsorption

The simplest type of sugar, is the basic chemical unit of carbohydrates.

Monosaccharide (mono= one; saccharide)

How can you estimate the grams of starch in a serving of food

Total sugar+fiber= x Total carbohydrate-x= estimated grams of starch

True or false 30 to 40% of adult Americans have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

True

True or false A tablespoon of honey contains more proteins and micro nutrients than a tablespoon of white sugar, but the amounts are insignificant

True

True or false A tablespoon of white table sugar is almost 100% sucrose

True

True or false Milk allergy is most likely to occur during infancy; lactose intolerance is more likely to occur during adolescence or in adulthood

True

Which of the following signs is associated with metabolic syndrome A. Low blood pressure B. High fasting blood glucose C. Low hemoglobin D. High fasting HDL cholesterol

b. high fasting blood glucose

Which of the following foods is the best source of soluble fiber A. Raw fruit B. Whole grain oat cereal C. Sports drinks D. Cooked meat

b. whole-grain oat cereal

Starches and most kinds of fiber are _________ ________________ because they contain many simple carbohydrate molecules

complex carbohydrates

Beta cells usually produce insulin, but the hormones target cells are in Flinn resistant, which means they do not respond properly to the core mode and do not allow glucose to enter them. As a result, the level of glucose in the bloodstream becomes abnormally elevated and the typical signs and symptoms of diabetes occur.

Type two diabetes

The primary sign of diabetes is

hyperglycemia

Potatoes, russet, baked

158

Diets rich in fiber, particularly soulable types of fiber, can reduce the risk of

Cardiovascular disease by reducing blood cholesterol levels

True or false The CDC estimates about 9% of American children have ADHD

True

____________Are a primary source of added sugars in American diets A. Cured deli meats B. Sugar sweetened soft drinks C. Refined cereals D. Canned fruits

B. Sugar sweetened soft drinks

In 2017 the average American concerned about ____ teaspoons of added sugars per day, which is almost 18% of the energy in a diet that supplies 2000 cal a day

22

Apple, raw

56

Ice cream, vanilla, low fat

71

Which of the following conditions is clearly associated with eating certain dietary carbohydrates, especially sticky sugars A. Tooth decay B. Type one diabetes C. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder D. Hypertension

A. tooth decay

Which of the following foods has a high glycemic index A. Non-fat milk B. Cornflakes cereal C. Salted peanuts D. Raw carrots

B. Cornflakes cereal

True or false An infant can be lactose intolerant

False, most infants produce lactase but by the time they are 2 years old the small intestine begins to produce less of the enzyme

True or false Table sugar is a source of empty calories but honey is not

False, they both are empty calories

True or false Lots of foods naturally contain maltose

False: few foods do

True or false All children outgrow ADHD by the time they reach adulthood

False; many do not

Large waist circumference. 40 inches or more for men and 35 inches or more for women. Chronically elevated blood pressure 130 systolic or 85 diastolic Chronically elevated fasting blood fats 150 or drug treatment for elevated triglycerides Low fasting high density lipoprotein cholesterol 40 or less for men and 50 or less for women High fasting blood glucose 100 or higher

Signs of metabolic syndrome

The FDA has also approved the use of commercially purified extracts from the leaves of the Stevia plant, and the use of extracts from

Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle fruit.

Made from a molecule of sucrose that has been chemically modified to escape digestion and absorption. As a result, sweetens food and beverages without increasing their caloric value.

Sucralose

True or false alternative nutritive sweeteners Sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol and promote dental decay

False

Forms when a galactose molecule bonds to glucose molecule.

Lactose

Do not produce enough lactase, the enzyme that breaks lactose into glucose and galactose..

Lactose intolerance

A1c Level 4.5-5.7%

Normal

Bagel, white plain

103

Jelly beans

114

Corn flake cereal

130

About ___% of pregnant American women develop a form of diabetes, usually after the fifth month of pregnancy

9

Peanuts

19

Carrots, raw

23

Consists of phenylalanine and aspartic acid, two amino acids, and the molecules that comprise proteins

Aspartame

Carbohydrates are generally grouped into simple or

Complex forms.

Which of the following conditions is a common sign or symptom of untreated type one diabetes A. Migraine headaches B. Obesity C. Diverticula D. Hyperglycemia

D. Hyperglycemia

A1c 6.5% to above

Diabetes

Is a group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism.

Diabetes mellitus

After a woman gives birth, special glands in her breast convert glucose into ___________ which is necessary for production of lactose, the form of carbohydrate in breastmilk.

Galactose

Pregnant women who have a family history of type two diabetes, are overweight, or have high blood pressure are more likely to experience

Gestational diabetes than pregnant women who do not have these characteristics

Is the most important monosaccharide in the human body because it is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells. In fact, red blood and nervous system cells, including brain cells, must use this for energy under normal conditions.

Glucose

A tablespoon of honey has

Glucose, fructose, water, and a small amount of sucrose

Fruits and vegetables, especially berries, grapes, corn, and carrots are good food sources of

Glucose.

Reasons the G.I. and GL standards have limited usefulness

Glycemic index and glycemic load values may vary significantly, depending on where the food was grown, it's degree of ripeness, or the extent of its processing. People can experience different blood glucose levels after they eat the same carbohydrate rich food. The effect may be reduced when the food is eaten as part of a meal that contains a mixture of macronutrients

Or a group of non-nutritive sweeteners that have an extremely sweet taste when compared to the same amount of table sugar. Thus, a very small amount is needed to sweeten a food, and such sweetener supply little or no energy per serving

High intensity sweeteners

The rare inherited disorder where the person cannot metabolize phenylalanine properly

Phenylketonuria

A1c Level 5.7-6.4%

Pre-diabetes

Fasting blood glucose levels that are 100 to 125 ML/dl

Pre-diabetes

The FDA has approved the use of six high intensity sweeteners

Saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, Neotame, and Advantame.

In response to rapidly declining blood glucose levels, the adrenal gland secrete epinephrine. Like glucagon, epinephrine increases the supply of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream, but the hormone can also make a person with hypoglycemia feel irritable, restless, shaky, hungry, and sweaty. If the blood glucose level drops too low, the affected person can develop

Seizures and may lose consciousness and die

Elevated blood glucose levels Excessive thirst Frequent urination Blurry vision Vaginal yeast infection (female) Foot pain, abdominal pain Numbness, especially in the feet Impotence (males) Sores that do not heal Increased appetite with weight loss Breath that smells like fruit Fatigues easily Confusion

Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus

Plants make sugars, starches, and fiber by using the suns energy to combine the carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms from _________ __________

carbon dioxide

Another name for glucose

dextrose

The three most important dietary monosaccharides are

glucose, galactose, fructose

Commonly prescribed medication's decrease the amount of glucose the liver releases into the bloodstream and reduces _________ ___________, allowing increased glucose uptake by cells. Some people with type two diabetes do not produce enough insulin and may require insulin injections.

insulin resistance

In 2018, diabetes was the ____________ Leading cause of death in the United States

seventh

Glucose is a very important _________ _____________ because it is a primary energy source for human cells.

simple carbohydrate

Disaccharides include

sucrose, maltose, lactose

The grams of carbohydrates in a serving of food multiplied by the foods GI(glycemic index).; this figure is then divided by 100.

The glycemic load (GL)

True or false Americans who have Hispanic, Native American, Asian, African, or Pacific islander ancestry are more likely to develop type two diabetes the Americans who are not members of these racial, ethnic groups

True

True or false An estimated 3 to 12% of Americans have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

True

True or false An estimated one and three Americans has metabolic syndrome

True

True or false The body has little need for fructose, but it can convert the monosaccharide to fat or glucose

True

Dietary fiber A. Supplies more energy, gram per gram, than fat B. Is not digested by the human intestinal tract C. Promotes tooth decay D. Is only in animal sources of food

b. is not digested by the human intestinal tract

Marble size sacks that form in the lining of the colon. In most people, they do not produce symptoms, but they can bleed or become painfully inflamed when bacteria or feces are trapped within them.

Diverticula

Individuals who have a fasting blood glucose levels of 126 mg/dL

Diabetes

Major signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia include

Excessive thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, and wound healing

Include obesity, insulin resistance, elevated blood buffets, and excessive carbohydrate and fat intake. Although there is no specific treatment, losing excess body fat, avoiding alcohol, and eating a healthy diet may allow the liver to heal and avoid information

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Aspartame brand name

NutraSweet and Equal

Eating high-fiber foods may reduce your risk of

Obesity, diabetes, certain intestinal tract disorders, and cardiovascular disease, which include heart disease and stroke

True or false Compared to the GI, the GL may be a more realistic way of rating foods because the value indicates the relative rise in blood glucose levels after eating a typical serving of carbohydrate containing food

True

True or false Foods with low glycemic loads have values below 10; high glycemic load foods have values of more than 20

True

True or false The simple sugars in honey are not superior to those that comprise sucrose, and your body does not distinguish whether glucose or fructose came from honey or table sugar

True

French fries

107

Cola, sugar sweetened drink

90

Snickers candy bar

97

Which of the following substances is a polysaccharide A. Glucose B. Glycogen C. Glucagon D. Galactose

B. Glycogen

After he eats a meal, Kyle's pancreas secretes __________, which lowers his blood glucose levels A. Glucagon B. Insulin C. HFCS D. Maltase

B. Insulin

It's naturally found in fruit, honey, and a few vegetables, particularly cabbage, green beans, and asparagus. Because it is much sweeter than glucose and is easily made from corn, food manufacturers use large amounts of high fructose corn syrup as a food additive to satisfy Americans demand for regular soft drinks, candy, and baked goods.

Fructose

People with undiagnosed or poorly managed type one diabetes usually develop

Ketoacidosis

Sucralose brand name

Splenda

Consists of one molecule of glucose and one of fructose

Sucrose

Although sucrose occurs naturally in honey, maple syrup, carrots, and pineapples, much of the sucrose in the American diet is refined from

Sugarcane in Sugarbeets

When this condition occurs an affected person may need surgery for the damage section of the large intestine. The causes of diverticula are unknown, but facts are more likely to form in

Older adults

Is a way of classifying foods by comparing the rise in blood glucose that occurs after eating a portion of a food that's a place 50 g of digestible carbohydrate to the rise that occurs after eating a standard source of carbohydrate, such as 50 g of glucose.

The glycemic index

True or false Hypoglycemia is a major concern for people who give himself insulin injections or take medication to raise the amount of insulin made by their bodies. Having too much insulin in the bloodstream contributes to hypoglycemia

True

True or false If a woman with diabetes lacks good control of her blood glucose level, her embryo can develop birth defects as a result

True

True or false Many older children and adults, particularly those with African, Asian, and eastern European ancestry, are lactose intolerant and experienced some degree of abdominal discomfort after drinking milk

True

True or false Normal fasting glucose levels are 70 to 99 mg/dl

True

True or false Pregnant women with poorly controlled diabetes or gestational diabetes are more likely to have miscarriages, stillbirths, and premature deliveries

True

True or false Studies suggest genetics is also a factor of diverticular disease. People from Western countries tend to have diverticula in their left colon, whereas those from Asian countries are more likely to have diverticula in their right colon

True

True or false Sugar alcohols are not fully absorbed by the intestinal tract and can cause diarrhea when consumed

True

True or false Sugar serves as a preservative buying everything the growth of mold and bacteria that would otherwise has food spoilage

True

True or false Technically, fiber is not an essential nutrient because the body can live without it

True

True or false Under normal conditions, the liver does not store fat, but the organ can accumulate the lipid in response to alcohol consumption and about starting over.

True

True or false Women who have gestational diabetes have a increased risk of developing type two diabetes later

True

An auto immune disease that occurs when certain immune system cells malfunction and do not recognize the bodies own beta cells. As a result, the immune system cells attack and destroy many of the beta cells, and the affected person must obtain influence, usually by injecting a hormone into his or her body regularly.

Type one diabetes