nutrition class ch 7, 8, 9

The compound that provides a reserve phosphate to regenerate ADP to ATP is ________.

creatine phosphate

A compound called __________ provides a reserve of phosphate to regenerate ADP to ATP.

creatine phosphate (PCr)

Substances that damage the liver cells and lead to scarring are called ________.

cytokines

The harmful and toxic effects of alcohol are caused by ____, the product of metabolism.

acetaldehyde

Fatty acids enter the metabolic pathway as a/an ________ molecule.

acetyl CoA

In the body, fat soluble vitamins are typically stored in the __________.

adipocyte

The first step in the metabolism of ethanol requires the enzyme __________.

alcohol dehydrogenase

Alcohol is metabolized in the stomach by the enzyme ______

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

The term to describe when the body adjusts to long term alcohol use by becoming less sensitive to alcohol is known as (a/an) ________.

alcohol tolerance

The main role of vitamin E is as a/an __________.

antioxidant

Energy is stored in the body for future use as ________.

triglycerides

In order to prevent developmental abnormalities in utero, studies support that ________ alcoholic drink(s) can be safely consumed daily by pregnant women.

zero

A genetic disorder characterized by high levels of galactose in the blood due to the inability to convert galactose to glucose is called __________.

galactosemia

Chronic inflammation of the stomach due to chronic alcohol consumption is called ________.

gastritis

Molecules that can be transformed into glucose

glucogenic

Molecules that can be transformed into glucose are called __________.

glucogenic

Glycolysis is the conversion of ________.

glucose to pyruvate

Anabolic and catabolic reactions are regulated by __________.

hormones

A condition resulting from excess amounts of vitamins in the body is ________.

hypervitaminosis

Genetic disorders due to an enzyme deficiency that can disrupt one or more metabolic pathways are called ________.

inborn errors of metabolisms

If there is insufficient oxygen present during glucose metabolism, pyruvate is converted to __________.

lactate

A majority of alcohol is metabolized by the ________.

liver

Alcohol is primarily metabolized in the ________.

liver

The organ that can store excess intakes of fat soluble vitamins is the __________.

liver

A vitamin D deficiency disease in adults is known as __________.

osteomalacia

Excessive intakes of vitamin D may cause ________.

overabsorption of calcium from the intestines

Substances found in food in a form that is not directly usable by the body, but that can be converted into an active form once they are absorbed, are __________.

provitamins

The end product of glycolysis is ________.

pyruvate

When glucose is split in half, it produces two molecules of ________.

pyruvate

The vitamin D deficiency disease in children is ________.

rickets

A great food source of vitamin D is ________.

salmon

Alcohol contains ________ calories per gram.

seven

Most alcohol is absorbed in the ________.

small instestine

Drinking more than ______ alcoholic drinks per day may increase one's risk for hypertension.

2

Approximately ________ of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach.

20%

The main function of vitamin K is to ________.

synthesize proteins involved in blood clotting

During the metabolism of glucose, carbon dioxide is produced in ________.

the TCA cycle

Chronic alcohol use may lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, a condition that includes memory loss and uncontrolled muscle movement, due to a ________ deficiency.

thiamin

People who consume more than ________ of their calories from alcohol tend to consume less protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals.

30%

Alcohol contains _______ calories per gram.

7

Vitamin __________ is important for keeping epithelial cells moist and structurally sound.

A

Enzyme that converts ethanol to acetaldehyde

ADH

High energy molecule that cells use as fuel

ATP

__________ is the only source of energy that can be used by cells.

ATP

Which enzyme, present in the stomach and liver, converts ethanol to acetaldehyde?

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Stage 2 of alcoholic liver disease, the liver becomes inflamed

Alcoholic hepatitis

Alcohol dependence

Alcoholism

Alternate name for Vitamin D

Calciferol

An end product of the metabolism of glucose

Carbon dioxide

Vitamins require pancreatic enzyme digestion in order to be absorbed by the GI tract.

FALSE--Vitamins require pancreatic enzyme digestion in order to be absorbed by the GI tract.

Moderate alcohol consumption for a woman is considered two alcoholic drinks per day.

FALSE-Moderate alcohol consumption for a woman is considered two alcoholic drinks per day.

A child exposed to alcohol in utero may be born with _________ and may display physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities.

FAS

Alcohol exposure in utero that can cause physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Molecules that can be transformed into glucose

Glucogenic

Producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Gluconeogenesis

Which of the following is a catabolic reaction?

Glucose to pyruvate

What part of the triglyceride molecule can be made into glucose?

Glycerol backbone

Metabolism of glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules

Glycolysis

A provitamin A compound that gives foods their characteristic yellow-red pigment is ________.

beta-carotene

The degree to which a nutrient is absorbed from food and used by the body is known as __________.

bioavailability

The degree to which a nutrient is absorbed from foods and used in the body is known as ________.

bioavailability

All of the following foods may increase one's cancer risk, EXCEPT:

broccoli

The metabolism of vitamin D is influenced by blood __________ levels.

calcium

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells is known as __________.

cancer

Fasting or starvation accelerates all the processes below, EXCEPT:

carbohydrate loading

Glycolysis is an example of a __________ reaction.

catabolic

Alcoholic liver disease can lead to _________ of the liver, resulting in damaged liver cells and scar tissue formation.

cirrhosis

Alcoholic liver disease is a liver condition that occurs in three states: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and ____________

cirrhosis

A fermentation by-product in alcohol that may contribute to hangover symptoms is a/an ________.

congener

When glucose consumption is in excess of body needs and glycogen stores are full, the excess glucose is ________.

converted to fat and stored in fat cells

In the United States, a blood alcohol concentration of ________ or higher while driving is illegal.

0.08

Alternate name for Vitamin E

Alpha- tocopherol

What term describes the reaction in which small molecules are combined into larger molecules?

Anabolism

The amount of alcohol in the blood

BAC

Which of the following does NOT affect the rate of absorption and metabolism of alcohol in the body?

Body temperature

The family name of Vitamin A compounds

Retinoids

Final state of alcoholic liver disease, scar tissue damage and chronic inflammation

Cirrhosis

Fermentation by-products of alcohol that contribute to hangover symptoms

Congeners

Pyruvate is converted to glucose through the __________ cycle and released back into the blood.

Cori cycle

Which of the following is NOT considered one standard alcoholic drink?

Eight ounces of red wine

During the metabolism of a glucose molecule, what portion of the metabolic pathway produces the most ATP?

Electron transport chain

These allow the chemical reactions of metabolism to occur

Enzymes

Fatty liver can develop with excessive alcohol intake due to increased rate of fat metabolism.

FALSE-- Fatty liver can develop with excessive alcohol intake due to increased rate of fat metabolism.

Alcohol is considered an essential nutrient.

FALSE----Alcohol is considered an essential nutrient.

Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed directly in the bloodstream from the small intestine.

FALSE---Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed directly in the bloodstream from the small intestine.

Fatty acids can be converted to glucose for energy.

FALSE---Fatty acids can be converted to glucose for energy.

Phytochemicals are a group of vitamins that protect against certain chronic diseases.

FALSE---Phytochemicals are a group of vitamins that protect against certain chronic diseases.

When alcohol is consumed it is converted into glucose to be used for energy.

FALSE---When alcohol is consumed it is converted into glucose to be used for energy.

Fatty acid molecules are considered glucogenic.

FALSE--Fatty acid molecules are considered glucogenic.

Molecules that can be transformed into ketone bodies

Ketogenic

Synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides

Lipogenesis

The second major enzyme system in the liver that metabolizes alcohol

MEOS

Which enzyme system takes over alcohol metabolism when the liver enzymes cannot keep up?

MEOS

A sign of vitamin A deficiency

Night blindness

The starting molecule of the TCA cycle

Oxaloacetate

What molecule is present at the beginning of the TCA cycle that picks up the carbons from the acetyl CoA molecule?

Oxaloacetate

Genetic disorder characterized by the inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

PKU

Substances in fruits, vegetables, and grains that protect against certain diseases

Phytochemicals

The electron transport chain is a series of ________ molecules that serve as "electron carriers" in the mitochondria.

Protein

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamins?

Provides energy

A vitamin precursor that is converted to a vitamin in the body

Provitamin

Alcohol may interact with the body's ability to regulate the hormone glucagon, which can cause irregularities in blood glucose levels.

TRUE--- Alcohol may interact with the body's ability to regulate the hormone glucagon, which can cause irregularities in blood glucose levels.

Red wine seems to reduce LDL oxidation, therefore, decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

TRUE--- Red wine seems to reduce LDL oxidation, therefore, decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Some amino acids are considered glucogenic.

TRUE--- Some amino acids are considered glucogenic.

Genetics plays a role in increasing the risk for developing alcoholism.

TRUE----Genetics plays a role in increasing the risk for developing alcoholism.

Glucose is the preferred fuel for cells of the brain and nervous system.

TRUE----Glucose is the preferred fuel for cells of the brain and nervous system.

A person with a higher percentage of body fat will have a higher blood alcohol concentration than a person of a lower percentage of body fat, assuming they weigh the same.

TRUE---A person with a higher percentage of body fat will have a higher blood alcohol concentration than a person of a lower percentage of body fat, assuming they weigh the same.

Amino acids have the ability to be converted to glucose.

TRUE---Amino acids have the ability to be converted to glucose.

Anabolic reactions require ATP.

TRUE---Anabolic reactions require ATP.

Fruits and vegetables begin to lose their vitamins immediately after being harvested.

TRUE---Fruits and vegetables begin to lose their vitamins immediately after being harvested.

Glycolysis is a reversible process?

TRUE---Glycolysis is a reversible process.

Malabsorption diseases can lead to fat soluble vitamin deficiencies.

TRUE---Malabsorption diseases can lead to fat soluble vitamin deficiencies.

Secondary malnutrition may occur with alcohol use due to the alcohol interfering with nutrient metabolism.

TRUE---Secondary malnutrition may occur with alcohol use due to the alcohol interfering with nutrient metabolism.

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occurs in the mitochondria and is irreversible.

TRUE---The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occurs in the mitochondria and is irreversible.

The final state of metabolism is the electron transport chain.

TRUE---The final state of metabolism is the electron transport chain.

Vitamin D is a prohormone and is activated inside the body.

TRUE---Vitamin D is a prohormone and is activated inside the body.

Vitamin K plays an essential role in bone formation.

TRUE---Vitamin K plays an essential role in bone formation.

Vitamin and mineral supplements are tightly regulated by the FDA.

TRUE---Vitamin and mineral supplements are tightly regulated by the FDA.

A characteristic of fat soluble vitamins is that the excess amounts are stored in the liver and fatty tissue.

TRUE--A characteristic of fat soluble vitamins is that the excess amounts are stored in the liver and fatty tissue.

Vitamins are essential nutrients.

TRUE--Vitamins are essential nutrients.

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, what happens to the lone carbons?

They combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.

Alcohol is absorbed through the stomach mucosa.

True, alcohol is absorbed thru the stomach mucosa

Which nonprofit organization sets reliability and purity standards for dietary supplements?

U.S. Pharmacopeia

Which of the following is NOT a fat soluble vitamin?

Vitamin C

Fat soluble vitamin that is involved with the regulation of blood calcium

Vitamin D

Which of the following is considered the "sunshine vitamin," due to the ability to be made by the body with sunlight exposure?

Vitamin D

Vitamin acts as an antioxidant

Vitamin E

A person who has taken antibiotics for several weeks due to an infection may develop a deficiency of which vitamin?

Vitamin K

Vitamin responsible for blood clotting

Vitamin K

What vitamin is made by the bacteria in the GI tract?

Vitamin K

In addition to energy, what are the principle end products of glucose metabolism?

Water and carbon dioxide

A brain disorder associated with chronic excessive alcohol consumption

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A vitamin that is an antioxidant works to fight free radicals by ________.

donating electrons to stabilize them

The type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages is known as ________.

ethanol

Excess alcohol is converted and stored as ________.

fatty acids

The first stage of alcoholic liver disease in which fat deposits itself within the liver is known as ________.

fatty liver

A range of conditions that occur in children who are exposed to alcohol in utero are known as ________.

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Binge drinking is considered more than ________ alcoholic drinks for men and ________ for women in a short period of time.

five; four

Adding nutrients to food to enhance quality and to prevent or correct dietary deficiencies is called ________.

fortification

The small vesicles in the cytoplasm of liver cells, where alcohol is metabolized, is called the ________.

microsome

The electron transport chain takes place within the __________ of the cell.

mitochondria

An early sign of vitamin A deficiency is ________.

night blindness

A great source of Vitamin E would be ________.

nuts and seeds

Naturally occurring substances in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains that protect against certain chronic diseases are called __________.

phytochemicals

Cutting nutritious foods from the diet leading to a lack of essential nutrients, results in the state of malnutrition known as ________.

primary malnutrition

A measure of the amount of ethanol contained in alcoholic beverages

proof

Women have less gastric alcohol dehydrogenase than men, so more alcohol will enter a woman's bloodstream more quickly, increasing the blood alcohol concentration.

true--Women have less gastric alcohol dehydrogenase than men, so more alcohol will enter a woman's bloodstream more quickly, increasing the blood alcohol concentration.

Moderate alcohol intake for a man is considered ________ alcoholic drinks per day.

two

Carotenoids are a precursor form of ________.

vitamin A

Vitamin plays a primary role in vision and the development of body cells

vitamin A

Individuals taking anticoagulant medications need to keep a consistent intake of ________.

vitamin K