nutrition exam
) Adults have approximately how much glycogen stored within their muscles? A) 200-500 g B) 100-200 g C) 400-600 g D) Muscles do not store glycogen.
A
) FITT stands for A) frequency, intensity, time, type. B) frequency, intensity, test, type. C) flexibility, intensity, time, type. D) flexibility, intensity, test, type.
A
A fat cell is called a(n) A) adipocyte. B) keratinocyte. C) myocyte. D) oocyte.
A
All of the following are benefits associated with physical fitness except A) increased insulin resistance. B) reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. C) increased bone density. D) improved sleep patterns.
A
Glycogen stores predominantly utilized by the brain are derived from A) liver glycogen. B) kidney glycogen. C) muscle glycogen. D) brain glycogen.
A
How many kilocalories are contained per gram of protein? A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10
A
RMR is approximately how much higher than the BMR? A) 6 percent B) 8 percent C) 10 percent D) 3 percent
A
The buildup of lactate during strenuous exercise can negatively affect performance due to the A) reduction of pH within the tissue. B) increase in pH within the tissue. C) reduction in blood volume within the tissue. D) increase in blood volume within the tissue.
A
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) is based on all of the following except A) sleep patterns. B) physical activity. C) basal metabolism. D) the thermic effect of food.
A
When the mitochondria lack adequate oxygen during activity, what product is formed from pyruvate? A) oxaloacetate B) lactate C) malate D) alpha-ketoglutarate
A
Which of the following is not true of very-low-kilocalorie diets? A) They require a strong support group in order to ensure compliance. B) They may cause side effects such as gallstones, constipation, and fatigue. C) They must include vitamin and mineral supplementation. D) They must be medically supervised.
A
________ can be triggered by learned behavior and emotions such as anxiety and stress. A) Appetite B) Hunger C) Satiety D) Fatigue
A
Adults have approximately how much glycogen stored within their liver? A) 200-500 g B) 60-120 g C) 150-200 g D) The liver does not store glycogen.
B
All of the following statements about obesity in men and women are true except: A) Women with body fat greater than 32% and men with body fat greater than 25% are classified as obese. B) Only women with gynoid obesity and men with android obesity are classified as truly obese. C) Women with a BMI greater than 30 and men with a BMI greater than 25 are classified as obese. D) Severe obesity is defined as 120% of normal body weight for women and 124% for men.
B
Basal metabolism is the energy required to A) fuel the body's voluntary movements. B) fuel the vital functions of the body. C) fuel the body during activity. D) none of the above
B
Ben was in the mood for a juicy hamburger and fries from his favorite fast-food joint. He was feeling guilty because he knew that he had to watch his weight, yet he was hungry. His "slimming" breakfast shake was long gone. What would be a good strategy for Ben to adopt? A) Go ahead and give in to his urge to eat a hamburger so as to remove the temptation. B) Consider eating a large salad before eating the hamburger. C) Erase all thoughts of the hamburger and focus instead on a second "slimming" shake for the next meal. D) Drink a couple of glasses of water to fill his stomach before eating his hamburger.
B
How many kilocalories are contained per gram of alcohol? A) 8 B) 7 C) 4 D) 0
B
In order for individuals to maintain their body weight, it is recommended that they engage in at least how many minutes of physical activity? A) 30 minutes most days of the week B) 60 minutes most days of the week C) 90 minutes most days of the week D) not enough information
B
In order for the body to perform the desired activity it will utilize which two nutrients predominantly? A) fat and protein B) carbohydrates and fat C) protein and carbohydrates D) protein and triglycerides E) carbohydrates and amino acids
B
Long-term weight management depends on modifying all of the following except A) diet. B) sleep patterns. C) physical activity. D) behavior.
B
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a measurement of energy expenditure when the body is A) motionless after a 12-hour fast. B) motionless after a 3- to 4-hour fast. C) sleeping. D) none of the above
B
The general guideline for rest periods between workouts is approximately A) 24 hours. B) 48 hours. C) 36 hours. D) 72 hours.
B
The human body stores about how many kilocalories of energy as glycogen? A) 1,000 B) 2,600 C) 3,600 D) 1,500
B
The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale ranges from 1 to A) 5. B) 10. C) 15. D) 20.
B
What is the result of enhanced LPL activity? A) The fat accumulation decreases. B) The fat accumulation increases. C) Changes in weight become permanent. D) There is no effect on fat cell metabolism.
B
Which of the following is not a factor that increases the risk of obesity? A) lack of time B) increased availability of fruits and vegetables throughout the year C) lack of physical activity D) abundant food supply and large portion sizes
B
Which of the following is not a situation when ghrelin levels are high? A) low-calorie diet B) after moderate exercise C) before a meal D) during sleep
B
Which statement is correct about vitamin C? A) It enhances the absorption of zinc. B) It enhances the absorption of iron. C) It prevents the absorption of calcium D) It prevents the absorption of manganese.
B
) Kelly is a 25-year-old secretary at a local law office. Her height is just under 5 feet (below average). Her BMI is 26. How would Kelly be classified? A) underweight B) normal weight C) overweight D) obese
C
BMR is measured when the cellular activity of the body is A) at equilibrium. B) at its highest. C) at its lowest. D) equal to the TEE.
C
During the first few minutes of physical activity the body relies on anaerobic energy production from ATP and what other high-energy molecule? A) adenosine phosphate B) GTP C) creatine phosphate D) GMP
C
Healthy weight can be defined as a body weight that A) enhances an individual's physical attributes. B) is generally acceptable in society. C) does not increase the risk of developing weight-related health problems or diseases. D) is the easiest to maintain by all individuals of a given height and age.
C
Hunger and satiation are controlled by the ________. A) stomach B) liver C) brain D) blood glucose
C
If you consume 55 grams of carbohydrates, how many kilocalories have been consumed? A) 250 B) 155 C) 220 D) not enough information
C
Linda weighs 210 pounds. She is currently considering a weight-loss regimen. What would be considered a reasonable goal for Linda over the next six months? A) lose 9 pounds B) lose 16 pounds C) lose 21 pounds D) lose 30 pounds
C
Once shuttled to the liver, lactate can be converted back to glucose via the A) malate-aspartate shuttle. B) pentose-phosphate shuttle. C) Cori cycle. D) TCA cycle.
C
V02 max is defined as A) the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat. B) improved ability to create force for a brief period of time. C) maximum oxygen consumption by a person per kilogram of weight per minute. D) none of the above
C
What is the recommendation for moderate physical activity to maintain weight loss? A) 15-30 minutes daily B) 30-60 minutes daily C) 60-90 minutes daily D) 90-110 minutes daily
C
Which of the following is the key to successful weight loss? A) talking to people and getting their input about the various diet plans B) buying a good book that provides guidelines for the diet C) having a commitment to adopting healthy diet and lifestyle habits and maintaining them over time D) being able to get on and off the diet with minimum effort
C
________ is the most satiating of all nutrients and has been shown to reduce food intake. A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Protein D) Fiber
C
ATP is A) produced continuously. B) produced aerobically. C) produced anaerobically. D) all of the above
D
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy spent to meet the body's basic physiological needs when it's at A) physical rest. B) emotional rest. C) digestive rest. D) all of the above
D
Cholecystokinin and peptide YY are two hormones that are released in response to nutrients reaching the small intestine. What is the resultant effect of this action? A) Hunger and satiety are increased. B) Hunger and satiety are decreased. C) Hunger increases and satiety decreases. D) Hunger decreases and satiety increases
D
How many kilocalories are contained per gram of fat? A) 7 B) 4 C) 6 D) 9
D
Lean body mass includes all of the following except A) bones. B) muscle. C) water. D) fat.
D
The gradual increase in exercise demands resulting from modifications to the FITT is referred to as the A) regressive overload principle. B) regression overload principle. C) progression overload principle. D) progressive overload principle.
D
What happens to blood and liver glycogen stores after prolonged, intense exercise? A) They increase slightly. B) They increase substantially. C) They decrease slightly. D) They decrease substantially.
D
What is the primary fuel source for muscles during high-intensity activity? A) fat B) protein C) amino acids D) carbohydrates
D
Which of the following are typical of the hype associated with some fad diets? A) Rapid weight loss can be guaranteed by some weight-loss plans. B) Naturally occurring herbs are safe and very effective for weight loss. C) It is the carbohydrate and not the kilocalorie reduction that causes weight loss. D) All of the above are examples of fad diet hype.
D
Which of the following disease risks are increased in overweight individuals? A) type II diabetes B) osteoarthritis C) sleep apnea D) all of the above
D
Which of the following is a basic component of physical fitness? A) muscular strength B) muscular endurance C) cardiorespiratory endurance D) all of the above
D
Which of the following is a hormone that influences hunger and/or satiety? A) leptin B) ghrelin C) neuropeptide Y D) all of the above
D
All of the following decrease iron absorption except A) vitamin C. B) phytates. C) oxalates. D) polyphenols.
a
Approximately how many excess kilocalories are required to gain 1 pound of body weight? A) 3,500 B) 2,500 C) 2,750 D) 3,000
a
Ceruloplasmin binds to copper in the ________. A) liver B) intestine C) blood D) skin
a
Most of bone is made of A) hydroxyapatite. B) aldosterone. C) sodium carbonate. D) calcitonin.
a
The food energy that isn't oxidized to yield carbon dioxide and water is stored as either A) glycogen or fat. B) glucagon or fat. C) glycogenin or fat. D) glycine or fat.
a
The most abundant trace mineral in the body is A) iron. B) zinc. C) copper. D) iodine.
a
What statement describes a positive energy balance? A) Intake is greater than energy expenditure. B) Energy expenditure is greater than energy intake. C) Energy intake is equal to energy expenditure. D) All of the above describe positive energy balance
a
Which of the following is a trace mineral? A) iron B) calcium C) sodium D) magnesium
a
Which of the following transports iron across the intestinal wall into the portal vein? A) ferroportin B) hemoglobin C) transferrin D) hemosiderin
a
Which vitamin supplement can significantly increase the risk of hip fractures in older individuals? A) vitamin A B) thiamin C) niacin D) vitamin B12
a
: Remembering 11) What is the function of the hormone calcitonin? A) It decreases blood calcium levels after a calcium-rich meal. B) It stimulates the uptake of calcium into the bone. C) It reduces the amount of calcium absorbed through the small intestine. D) It does all of the above.
d
Hypercalcemia may cause all of the following except A) constipation. B) interference with the absorption of other minerals. C) calcium deposits in the body tissues. D) a swollen tongue.
d
Once ferritin is saturated with iron, additional iron can be stored as ________. A) ferroportin B) hemoglobin C) transferrin D) hemosiderin
d
The best type of calcium supplement is from A) unrefined oyster shell. B) bone meal. C) dolomite. D) None of the above are recommended types
d
What is the fate of nonheme iron that remains bound to food in the gastrointestinal tract? A) It stimulates the production of specific enzymes that will break it down eventually. B) It is moved and stored as ferritin in food. C) It stays around the digestive tract until it is completely broken down. D) It is excreted with the feces.
d
Which is not a role that minerals play in the body? A) Minerals participate as cofactors. B) Minerals make up bones and teeth. C) Minerals help maintain fluid balance. D) Minerals act as enzymes.
d
Which of the following is a test to determine iron stores in the body? A) complete blood count B) hematocrit C) serum iron D) total iron-binding capacity
d
Which of the following statements is true about trace minerals? A) Trace mineral deficiencies are overlooked easily. B) Trace minerals have interactions with other nutrients. C) The bioavailability of trace minerals depends on the individual and his or her specific dietary composition. D) All of the above are true of trace minerals
d
Which of the following statements is true of trace minerals? A) They are needed by the body in smaller amounts than macronutrients. B) Overall they amount to less than 5 grams in the body. C) Their daily dietary need is less than 20 milligrams. D) All of the above are true of trace minerals.
d
) All of the following are correct about Type 1 osteoporosis except A) it is due to a decrease in estrogen levels during menopause. B) it is more common in men than women. C) is often associated with fractures of the spine, hip, wrist, or forearm. D) bones become brittle and weaken.
b
At what age does peak bone mass usually occur? A) teens B) 20s-30s C) 30s-40s D) 40s-50s
b
In addition to preventing osteoporosis, calcium may have a protective effect against which type of cancer? A) lung B) colon C) pancreatic D) leukemia
b
Negative energy balance is described as a state when A) intake exceeds expenditure. B) expenditure exceeds intake. C) intake equals expenditure. D) none of the above happens.
b
Once absorbed, copper is bound to ________ for transport. A) ceruloplasmin B) albumin C) transferrin D) metallothionein
b
The cartoon character Popeye always boasted about eating spinach to make him stronger because of its high calcium content. Why was this not accurate? A) Spinach has no calcium. B) Most of the calcium in spinach is not bioavailable. C) Most of the calcium in spinach leaches into the cooking water. D) Heating spinach destroys the calcium.
b
The values obtained from the bomb calorimeter, adjusted to reflect the kilocalories actually transformed into energy in the human body, are called A) physical fuel values. B) physiological fuel values. C) calorimetric fuel values. D) all of the above
b
What is the relationship between iron stores and the percentage of iron absorbed? A) The lower the stores, the less the absorption. B) The lower the stores, the greater the absorption. C) The level of iron stores does not affect the absorption. D) None of the above describes this relationship.
b
Which of the following contributes the most to iron loss in the body? A) sloughed-off intestinal cells B) bleeding C) hair and skin D) sweat
b
Which of the following does not affect the absorption of iron? A) molecular form of iron B) environmental temperature C) iron status of the individual D) diet composition
b
Which of the following trace minerals has an adult RDA that is higher for women than for men? A) zinc B) iron C) copper D) iodine
b
Which positive mineral does sodium work with to help transmit nerve impulses that signal muscles to contract? A) magnesium B) potassium C) chloride D) calcium
b
) Which of the following are binders that can decrease the bioavailability of some minerals? A) oxalates B) polyphenols C) phytates D) all of the above
d
1) All of the following are correct about the major minerals except A) they are also known as macrominerals. B) humans need to consume them in amounts greater than 100 milligrams per day. C) there are at least 5 grams of the mineral in the body. D) the most abundant major mineral in the body is magnesium.
d
) All of the following are trace minerals except A) selenium. B) copper. C) potassium. D) zinc.
c
) In women, bone loss accelerates after A) puberty. B) giving birth. C) menopause. D) age 65.
c
A kilocalorie as measured using a bomb calorimeter is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water A) one degree Fahrenheit. B) two degrees Fahrenheit. C) one degree Celsius. D) two degrees Celsius.
c
According to the textbook, energy balance can best be described using what five-word phrase? A) energy out versus energy in B) intake out versus energy expenditure C) energy in versus energy out D) None of these is correct.
c
All of the following are correct about minerals except A) they are very stable in food. B) they tend to be water insoluble. C) they are destroyed by heat. D) they are not destroyed by exposure to air.
c
All of the following enhance absorption of iron except A) an increased need for iron. B) the presence of vitamin C. C) reduced hydrochloric acid in the stomach. D) the presence of the heme form of iron
c
All of the following statements regarding iron are true except: A) The accidental consumption of supplements containing iron is a leading cause of poisoning deaths in children in the United States. B) High doses of iron can cause symptoms of gastrointestinal distress. C) Storing large amounts of iron is beneficial for the body and reduces the risk of infections. D) Cooking food in iron pots and pans can increase the food's iron content.
c
Functions of trace minerals include all of the following except A) maintenance of red blood cells. B) acting as cofactors. C) providing energy. D) maintenance of bones and teeth.
c
How many excess kilocalories per day are required for an average individual to gain about 10 pounds in one year? A) 240 B) 300 C) 100 D) 175
c
How many kilocalories are contained per gram of carbohydrate? A) 8 B) 7 C) 4 D) 9
c
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? A) It stimulates the kidneys to increase blood pressure. B) It activates the thirst mechanism and triggers the release of ADH from the pituitary. C) It stimulates the kidneys to convert vitamin D to calcitriol. D) It assists in the removal of CO2 from the blood.
c
Which of the following factors can decrease bioavailability? A) deficiency in a mineral B) cooking C) phytates found in grain D) cold storage
c
Which of the following increases the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium? A) phytates B) vitamin C C) vitamin D D) none of the above
c
Which of the following organs regulate water and electrolyte balance? A) pancreas and gastrointestinal tract B) liver and kidneys C) kidneys and gastrointestinal tract D) gallbladder and small intestine
c
Which of the following represents the best source of biologically available iron? A) broccoli casserole B) whole-wheat bread C) hamburger D) watermelon slices
c