Nutrition Final
Total calorie needs peak for females at about age ____. 3 to 4 years 6 to 7 years 11 to 13 years 15 to 16 years
15 to 16 years
Alexis weighs 6.5 pounds at birth. Assuming her development proceeds normally, she should weigh about ________ pounds by her first birthday. 19.5 26.0 32.5 13.0
19.5
About 1 in _____ pregnancies results in a spontaneous abortion, often before a woman even realizes she is pregnant. 2 3 4 5
2
By the age of _____ years, body water levels are similar to those of adults. 2 to 3 5 to 6 8 to 9 11 to 13
2 to 3
Bernard weighs 7.5 pounds at birth. Assuming his development proceeds normally, he should weigh about ________ pounds by his first birthday. 20.5 24.5 22.5 18.5
22.5 (triples birth weight in a year)
Women who begin pregnancy at a normal BMI should gain about ____ pounds during pregnancy. 15 15 to 25 25 to 35 28 to 40
25 to 35
After age ____ or so, the rate of cell breakdown begins to exceed the rate of cell renewal. 25 30 35 55
30
Starting around age ___, organ size and efficiency begin to decrease. 30 40 50 70
30
During the second trimester, a pregnant woman needs an additional _______ kcal per day. 100 350 450 500
350
According to present day growth charts, an infant will double its birth weight at about ________ months of age and will triple its birth weight at about ________ months. 4 to 6; 12 2 to 3; 6 10; 12 to 18 12; 18
4 to 6; 12
What percent of calories should total fat make up in an infant's diet? 20% or less 20 to 30% 40 to 55% 50 to 75%
40 to 55%
Additional energy requirements for lactation are approximately _______ kcal per day. 100 - 200 250 - 350 400 - 500 550 - 650
400 - 500
During the first year of life, the infant increases in length by ________% over what it was at birth. 20 33 50 100
50
For the pregnant woman, the RDA for protein increases by ___ over prepregnancy needs. 10% 15% 20% 50%
50%
Which of the following vitamins does not play a direct role in energy metabolism? niacin riboflavin A thiamin
A
In adulthood, a nutritious diet can help to ________. delay onset of disease recover more quickly from disease increase mental, physical, and social well-being A nutritious diet can do all of these things
A nutritious diet can do all of these things
A characteristic of a favorable pregnancy outcome is ________. a gestation period longer than 37 weeks a live, healthy infant an infant who weighs at least 5.5 pounds All of these are characteristics of a successful pregnancy
All of these are characteristics of a successful pregnancy
Which is NOT a current hypothesis about the cause of aging? Blood concentrations of hormones change. Cells can divide about 50 times, and then they die. The immune system becomes less able to recognize and destroy foreign substances. Connective tissue stiffens and reduces flexibility. All of these are current hypotheses about the cause of aging.
All of these are current hypotheses about the cause of aging.
Maternal iron deficiency anemia can cause ________. premature birth infant death labor complications All of these are effects of iron deficiency
All of these are effects of iron deficiency
Severe zinc deficiencies during pregnancy can cause ________. premature birth fetal growth retardation birth defects All of these are effects of zinc deficiencies during pregnancy
All of these are effects of zinc deficiencies during pregnancy
A maternal practice that can be harmful to the fetus is ________. a low-carbohydrate diet fasting smoking All of these choices are accurate
All of these choices are accurate
The preschool years are characterized by ________. a slower growth rate a decreased appetite changes in eating behavior All of these choices are accurate
All of these choices are accurate
What do preschool children like to eat? Familiar foods Foods served at comfortable temperatures Mild flavors Crisp-textured foods All of these choices are accurate
All of these choices are accurate
Which determines the rate of aging? Genetics Lifestyle Environment All of these choices are accurate
All of these choices are accurate
With the possible exception(s) of _____, human milk provides all the nutrients needed during the first 6 months of life. vitamin D iron fluoride All of these choices are accurate None of these choices are accurate
All of these choices are accurate
A small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant ________. weighs less than 5.5 pounds is likely to have nutritional complications is likely to have medical complications All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
An infant's birth weight is closely related to ________. gestation length mother's prepregnancy weight weight the mother gains during pregnancy All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
Edema during late pregnancy is a problem if ________. hypertension is detected excess protein is found in the urine extreme fluid retention occurs All of these choices are correct None of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
Which foods are NOT likely to appeal to preschool children? beef stew tuna casserole spicy chicken All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
Who may not receive sufficient protein? Adults with limited budgets Adults with chewing problems Adults who are lactose intolerant All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
What is the recommended treatment for childhood obesity? Increase physical activity. Decrease intake of high-fat, high-energy foods. Modify problem behaviors, such as snacking while watching TV. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Which of these conditions indicates that a woman needs to pay particular attention to the quality of her diet during pregnancy? eating disorders phenylketonuria diabetes All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
During pregnancy, women who are ____ should take a multivitamin and mineral supplement. teenagers vegans low-income smokers All of these responses are accurate
All of these responses are accurate
A common cause of iron deficiency anemia in adulthood is ________. bleeding ulcers use of aspirin bleeding hemorrhoids All of these responses are correct
All of these responses are correct
According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, a goal for adults is to ________. limit intake of added sugars and emphasize vegetables in the diet keep body weight in a healthy range practice safe food handling All of these responses are correct
All of these responses are correct
Low fluid intake in older adults may be caused by ________. less intense feelings of thirst chronic disease certain medications reduced ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine All of these responses are correct
All of these responses are correct
The diets of adults tend to be low in ________. vitamin D zinc magnesium folate All of these responses are correct
All of these responses are correct
When serving a food for the first time to an infant, ________. the food should be a single-ingredient (not mixed) food item wait several days before serving another new food expect the baby to eat only a few bites All of these responses are correct
All of these responses are correct
Why do infants have a greater need for water than older humans? Infants have a high body surface area Infants have a greater proportion of body water Infant's kidneys are not as efficient All of these responses are correct None of these responses are correct
All of these responses are correct
Which is true about the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)? It provides nutrition education. It provides a means to purchase food-producing plants. It provides a means to buy hot meals in group homes. It supplements food budgets of low-income households. All of these responses are correct.
All of these responses are correct.
Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb vitamin B-12. B-6. A. C.
B-12
Which is a good indicator of recent nutritional status? Stature-for-age BMI-for-age Head circumference-for-age All of these are good indicators of recent nutritional status
BMI-for-age
________ is often lacking in the diets of older adults, especially elderly women. Iodine Sodium Selenium Calcium
Calcium
Which U.S. government program distributes surplus agricultural products? Commodity Supplemental Food Program Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP) Child and Adult Care Food Program Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
Commodity Supplemental Food Program
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for adults do not take into consideration aging-related changes in ________. body composition metabolism organ function DRIs take into account all of these things
DRIs take into account all of these things
Which of the following statements is true? The embryo/fetus develops most of its organs during the preconceptual period. Eight weeks after conception and until its birth, the developing human being is called a fetus. The placenta blocks toxic substances from reaching the embryo/fetus. A proper functioning placenta allows the mother's blood to mix with her fetus's blood.
Eight weeks after conception and until its birth, the developing human being is called a fetus.
infants and children who do not grow at the expected rate for several months are more than likely experiencing ________. Epiphyseal growth Failure to thrive Physical depression Poor socialization
Failure to thrive
Which is an example of usual aging? Increasing body fatness Maintenance of lean body mass Maintenance of bone mass All of these responses are correct
Increasing body fatness
Which component of weight gain accounts for the greatest amount of increased weight during pregnancy? Infant Placenta Amniotic fluid Breast tissue Maternal blood supply
Infant
Which is true about growth in height? It cannot occur after the epiphyses fuse. It cannot occur before the epiphyses fuse. The epiphyses are not related to growth in height.
It cannot occur after the epiphyses fuse.
Which is true of the Congregate Meal program? It is administered by the USDA. It is part of the Older Americans Act. Anyone age 52 or older can participate. All of these responses are accurate.
It is part of the Older Americans Act.
Which of the following is NOT true about the placenta? It provides nourishment to the zygote It synthesizes fatty acids, cholesterol, and glycogen It produces hormones that affect the mother and fetus It grows throughout pregnancy
It provides nourishment to the zygote
Why is cow's milk not recommended for infants? Its calcium content is too low. Its vitamin E content is too high. Its protein content is too high. Its vitamin C content is too high. All of these responses are accurate.
Its protein content is too high.
Which protein in human milk increases iron absorption? Casein Lactalbumin Lactoferrin Bifidus factor
Lactoferrin
If human milk or infant formula are not available, ____ can provide a safe, nutritious alternative for infants. sweetened condensed milk soy drinks evaporated milk All of these are healthy alternatives to human milk or infant formula None of these are healthy alternatives to human milk or infant formula
None of these are healthy alternatives to human milk or infant formula
To minimize nausea during pregnancy, pregnant women should ________. wear strong perfume drink a large glass of cool water before getting out of bed in the morning breathe warm, moist air None of these responses are accurate
None of these responses are accurate
Which is NOT a common mealtime challenge with preschoolers? Picky eating Food jags Refusing to eat Pica
Pica
Which of the following statements is true? The Commodity Supplemental Food program distributes high-fiber foods to low-income, middle-age adults who have American Indian ancestry. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program helps low-income Americans buy food. The School Breakfast Program offers free or reduced-cost breakfasts to children, regardless of their family incomes. Meals on Wheels provides nutritious meals for pregnant, low-income women who are too sick to leave their homes.
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program helps low-income Americans buy food.
Which is NOT a sign that an infant may be ready for solid foods? The infant can sit alone with support. The extrusion reflex is strong. The infant can make a chewing motion. The infant demands to be fed 8 to 10 times daily.
The extrusion reflex is strong.
Why is vitamin D a nutrient of particular concern in older adults? Permeability of the intestine to dietary vitamin D increases as the intestine ages, which increases risk for toxicity. Vitamin D synthesis in the skin slows. The kidneys accelerate the conversion of vitamin D to its active form, which increases the risk for toxicity. None of these responses are accurate.
Vitamin D synthesis in the skin slows.
________ are fat-soluble vitamins. Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin Vitamins K, E, and D Vitamins B-12, B-6, and E Pantothenic acid, vitamin A, and choline
Vitamins K, E, and D
Which of the following federally subsidized food programs is designed to improve the nutritional status specifically of low-income pregnant and breastfeeding women and their preschool children in the United States? UNICEF Commodity Supplemental Food Program Meals on Wheels WIC
WIC
_______ is the gradual process of shifting a baby from breastfeeding or bottle feeding to drinking from a cup and eating solid foods. Sparing Weaning Transitioning Cupping
Weaning
After the eighth week of pregnancy, the developing offspring is known as ________. a zygote an embryo a fetus an ovum
a fetus
Instead of a double cheeseburger from a fast food restaurant for lunch, the hungry adolescent could make a healthier choice by choosing ____ instead. french fries a hot dog and cola a vegetable pizza fried chicken None of these choices are correct
a vegetable pizza
Wendy is a 17-year-old world class gymnast who suffers from female athlete triad. Based on this information, she has type 1 diabetes. metabolic syndrome. abnormal menstrual cycles. high bone density.
abnormal menstrual cycles.
Maternal nutrient deficiencies or exposure to toxins can cause _____ in the fetus. toxic levels of nutrient stores high birth weight abnormal organ function longer than normal gestation period
abnormal organ function
Except for pregnancy and lactation, the total quantities of nutrients and calories needed during ____ are greater than any other stage of the life cycle. infancy childhood adolescence All of these responses are correct
adolescence
A baby should be burped ________. every 2 to 3 minutes during feeding after giving 1 to 2 ounces of formula at the beginning of the feeding when the baby begins to spit up a bit of milk
after giving 1 to 2 ounces of formula
The physiological anemia of pregnancy is a result of ________. an increase in the mother's blood volume a decrease in the mother's iron absorption a decrease in the mother's water consumption a decrease in the mother's red blood cell production
an increase in the mother's blood volume
A(n)________ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from free radicals. coenzyme antioxidant free radical intrinsic factor
antioxidant
Breastfeeding is NOT recommended when mothers ________. have colds are undergoing chemotherapy for treatment of cancer have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are undergoing chemotherapy or have HIV infection
are undergoing chemotherapy or have HIV infection
Calorie needs decline after age 30 years or so because ________. basal metabolism declines the body becomes more efficient in using energy thrifty metabolism begins All of these responses are correct
basal metabolism declines
High-protein diets are not good for infants ________. unless they are highly digestible proteins because they are hypoallergenic because the infant's kidneys cannot clear large amounts of urea every day All of these choices are accurate
because the infant's kidneys cannot clear large amounts of urea every day
A characteristic of preeclampsia is ________. blurred vision low blood pressure headaches strong feelings of thirst blurred vision and headaches
blurred vision and headaches
Michelle is considering whether she should exclusively breastfeed or formula feed her new baby. To encourage Michelle to breastfeed, you provide some factual information by telling her that many types of bacteria, some of which are healthy kinds, are in human milk as it leaves the breast. regardless of how often her baby breast feeds, the child will obtain plenty of breast milk. breastfeeding may reduce her baby's risk of type 1 diabetes in childhood. her milk will always be the same composition, regardless of her baby's age.
breastfeeding may reduce her baby's risk of type 1 diabetes in childhood.
A pregnant woman who is a vegan needs to take ______ nutrient supplements. vitamin E and riboflavin calcium and iron protein and vitamin A thiamin and vitamin C
calcium and iron
Consuming alcohol while breastfeeding ________. is recommended to help mothers relax increases milk output causes babies to have disrupted sleep patterns causes babies to drink more milk
causes babies to have disrupted sleep patterns
During the first few days after giving birth, the new mother's breasts produce pica. oxytocin. colostrum. prolactin.
colostrum.
Excessive vitamin D intakes can result in increased blood clot formation. deposition of calcium in soft tissues. no particular health problems, because the vitamin is rapidly excreted in urine. megaloblastic anemia.
deposition of calcium in soft tissues.
Franco made dinner for his roommates. The meal included a baked cut-up chicken, fruit salad, and stir-fried rice with mixed vegetables. About 8 hours after eating dinner, Franco and his roommates experienced nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and diarrhea. Based on this information, Franco probably thawed the frozen raw chicken in a covered tray on the bottom shelf of the refrigerator. did not cook the rice completely, before he added the vegetables to it. did not wash the knife that he used to cut up the chicken before using it to cut up the fruit. allowed the frozen vegetables to thaw before adding them to the rice.
did not wash the knife that he used to cut up the chicken before using it to cut up the fruit.
During pregnancy, women should try to ________ each day. drink 3 cups of milk or milk products eat 4 cups of fruits minimize intake of strong tasting vegetables to 1 serving restrict their protein intake
drink 3 cups of milk or milk products
During her 7th month of pregnancy, Sari developed a life-threatening complication of pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension and convulsions. Based on this information, Sari developed endometriosis. endocarditis. eclampsia. echolacia.
eclampsia.
The hormone oxytocin suppresses energy metabolism during pregnancy. enables the "let-down" reflex to occur when a woman breastfeeds her baby. reduces the ability of blood to clot during the birth process. increases a woman's appetite during pregnancy.
enables the "let-down" reflex to occur when a woman breastfeeds her baby.
Growth plates at the end of long bones are called ________. calcification osteoporosis rickets epiphyses
epiphyses
To keep gestational diabetes under control, recommendations for pregnant women include ________. exercise eating high glycemic load carbohydrates through the day taking chromium supplements All of these choices are correct
exercise
The diets of adults tend to be high in ________. vitamin D calcium fat zinc fiber
fat
Participation in WIC is associated with ________. fewer infant deaths lower birth weights higher medical costs after birth All of these choices are accurate
fewer infant deaths
Neural tube defects may occur when women consume too little ____ before becoming pregnant. iron calcium folate zinc
folate
Compared to pregnancy, the RDA for nutrients changes during lactation ________. only for energy only for protein and energy for many nutrients, but not proportionately None of these responses are correct; nutrient needs during lactation are the same as during pregnancy
for many nutrients, but not proportionately
For the best pregnancy outcome, overweight women (BMI > 26 to 29) should ________. not gain any weight during pregnancy gain slightly more weight than women who begin pregnancy at a healthy weight gain about 15 to 25 pounds during pregnancy lose at least 4 or 5 pounds during pregnancy
gain about 15 to 25 pounds during pregnancy
Lily is a 5′4′′, 40-year-old woman who weighs almost 200 pounds. To lose weight, she's tried calorie-restricted diets, fad diets, exercise programs, and appetite-suppressing pills without success. She would like a surgical weight loss method that can be easily reversed and does not involve stapling her stomach or cutting her small intestine. Based on this information, her physician is likely to recommend ________ as the best way to help her lose some of her excess weight. gastric banding Roux-en-Y gastric bypass sleeve gastrectomy total gastrectomy
gastric banding
Compression of morbidity can be defined as ________. having the greatest number of healthy years and the fewest number of years with illness representing a low death rate from chronic diseases having a longer life postponing illness until such time as there is an adequate treatment or cure
having the greatest number of healthy years and the fewest number of years with illness
Caregivers should not feed ________ to infants. soy-based formulas rice cereal honey formulas containing lactose or DHA
honey
The primary carbohydrate in the diet of most infants is ________. sucrose glucose lactose maltose
lactose
A low birth weight infant weighs ________. less than 7.5 pounds less than 7 pounds less than 6 pounds less than 5.5 pounds
less than 5.5 pounds
To help children develop good nutritional habits, ________. limit the number of new foods they are offered let children make some choices about the food they eat serve new foods at the end of the meal when the child is not hungry be certain children finish all the food they are served
let children make some choices about the food they eat
Inadequate intake of ____ in adults may contribute to loss of bone strength and mental confusion. magnesium zinc folate vitamin B-12
magnesium
It is recommended that honey not be given to infants because it ________. is high in energy may contain Salmonella may contain Clostridium botulinum spores is too sweet
may contain Clostridium botulinum spores
Adolescents often have smaller babies than mature women. They are advised to gain more weight during pregnancy to ________. provide calories needed for the infant to be larger than normal at birth avoid ketosis meet the mother's growth needs All of these choices are accurate
meet the mother's growth needs
Compared to foremilk, hind milk has ________. more fat more protein fewer calories All of these choices are correct
more fat
The RDA for iron during pregnancy increases greatly. To reach this level the pregnant woman may ________. need to take a low-dose iron supplement need to double or triple the number of multivitamin-mineral tablets taken every day need to do all her cooking in iron cookware need to increase her intake of iron-rich fruits and vegetables
need to take a low-dose iron supplement
Typical signs of dehydration in an infant are ________. no or few tears when crying severe drooling ear aches All of these are signs of dehydration
no or few tears when crying
Which of the following factors may deplete a woman's nutrient stores? numerous previous pregnancies preterm births pregnancies after age 35 pregnancies more than 3 years apart
numerous previous pregnancies
Adding a small amount of ________ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain. water sugar oil wine
oil
The largest group of adults at risk for nutrient deficiencies is ________.
older adults living in long-term care facilities
The largest group of adults at risk for nutrient deficiencies is ________. women pregnant women low-income people older adults living in long-term care facilities
older adults living in long-term care facilities
The let-down reflex in breastfeeding is controlled by ________. oxytocin prolactin estrogen progesterone secretin
oxytocin
The practice of eating non-food substances, such as clay or laundry starch, during pregnancy is called ________. hyperemesis pica pregnancy-induced hunger diuresis
pica
The ________ is the organ of pregnancy that transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the embryo/fetus. ovary uterus endometrium placenta
placenta
A diet rich in fiber helps adults to ________. reduce risk of osteoporosis reduce risk of heart disease raise blood cholesterol levels avoid diarrhea
reduce risk of heart disease
Exposing milk to light can reduce its ________ content. niacin vitamin D thiamin riboflavin
riboflavin
Which cereal is least likely to cause allergies in infants? rice wheat barley oats
rice
Which of the following foods is usually recommended as the first solid food for infants? egg whites rice cereal ripe apricots green beans
rice cereal
Reduced ________ is a normal physiological change associated with aging. bruising secretion of stomach acid vulnerability to cancer heartburn
secretion of stomach acid
A nursing infant is getting enough milk if the infant ________. has 3 - 4 wet diapers per day shows normal weight gain does not spit up after being fed All of these choices are accurate
shows normal weight gain
Infants born after 37 weeks' gestation and weighing less than 5½ pounds are labeled ________. usual birth weight premature typical small for gestational age
small for gestational age
Which of the following groups of minerals are major minerals? sodium, copper, and potassium calcium, zinc, and sodium selenium, calcium, and phosphorus sodium, potassium, and phosphorus
sodium, potassium, and phosphorus
An athlete who wants to replenish his or her glycogen stores quickly after performing vigorous physical activity should consume sports drinks. frozen yogurt. raw eggs. protein supplements.
sports drinks
Which of the following activities is generally classified as aerobic? stair stepping bowling doing household chores stretching
stair stepping
Introducing solid foods to an infant's diet before the infant needs them can ________. strain the young infant's organs help the child sleep through the night help the child walk at a younger age help the child achieve optimal height
strain the young infant's organs
The high metabolic rate of infants results from ________. the large surface area of its body the calories needed to digest food the physical activity of the infant All of these choices are accurate
the large surface area of its body
During adulthood, nutrients are used primarily ________. to maintain the body to support physical growth to maintain the body and support physical growth
to maintain the body
An infant's birth weight ________ during the first year of life. increases very little doubles triples quadruples
triples
The protein needs of an infant are about ___ as much per pound of body weight as adults. one-fourth half twice three times
twice
When adolescence ends, females have ____ as much lean body mass as males. one-third half two-thirds four-fifths
two-thirds
People with central-body obesity are more likely to develop ________ than people who do not have excess fat in the midsection of their bodies. beriberi iron-deficiency anemia type 2 diabetes elevated HDL cholesterol
type 2 diabetes
In the United States, newborns receive an injection of ________ to prevent ________. vitamin K; bleeding niacin; pellagra thiamin; beriberi vitamin C; collagen breakdown
vitamin K; bleeding
On average, a full-term infant at birth ________. weighs 5 to 6 pounds and is about 18 inches long weighs 7 to 8 pounds and is about 20 inches long weighs 8 to 9 pounds and is about 26 inches long weighs 9 to 10 pounds and is about 22 inches long
weighs 7 to 8 pounds and is about 20 inches long
To avoid constipation, pregnant women should increase intake of ________. milk and dairy products whole-grain bread, bran, and fruits sugars and starches lean meat, poultry, and fish
whole-grain bread, bran, and fruits