nutrition final

for people who need to lower their blood cholesterol levels, the American Heart Association recommends limiting saturated fat intake to _____ of total calories

5% to 6%

by definition, a low-brith-weight infant weighs less than ______ pounds at birth

5.5

about _____ percent of older adults regularly take several medications every day

50

the typical american diet supplies approximately what percentage of protein as essential amino acids

50%

Restricting food and beverage intake by _____ kcal per day below calorie needs typically leads to a weight loss of about 1 pound per week

500

After an intense workout, Christa's weight was down 3 pounds. To rehydrate adequately, Christa should drink ______ cups of water over the next hour or two.

6 to 9

the use of sports drinks is most helpful for continuous activities lasting

60 minutes or longer

life expectancy in North America is about _____ years for men and _____ for women

76; 81

When starting a reduced-salt diet, how long before you can sense salt at a lower taste threshold?

8 weeks

breast milk production requires approximately ______ kilocalories per day

800

Among the older population, the fastest growing age group is

85 and older

saturated fatty acid

A fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds

indirect calorimetry

A method of measuring a body's energy use by measuring its oxygen uptake and then using formulas to convert that gas exchange into energy use

ultratrace mineral

A mineral present in the human diet in trace amounts but that has not been shown to be essential to human health

protein equilibrium

A physical state in which protein intake is equal to related protein losses

overnutrition

A state in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs

blood doping

A technique by which red blood cells, in a blood sample, are concentrated by removing fluid, and later are injected into an athlete

upper-body obesity

Also called android obesity; associated with a high risk of heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes

very-low-calorie diet

Also known as protein-sparing modified fast; calories generally are consumed in liquid form

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

An enzyme used in ethanol metabolism that eventually converts acetaldehyde into carbon dioxide and water.

what is the name of the recently FDA-approved obesity treatment device that uses a surgically implanted tube placed into the stomach to drain the stomach contents after every meal

AspireAssist

which of the following is true about protein

It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.

which of the following is true about selenium

It participates in antioxidant reactions.

______ is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because higher levels of this lipoprotein are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease

LDL

chylomicron

Lipoprotein made in the intestine after fat absorption

VLDL

Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol and lipids newly synthesized by the liver

thrifty metabolism

Metabolism that characteristically conserves more energy than normal so that it increases the risk of weight gain and obesity

major mineral

Mineral required in the diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams per day

complementary proteins

Two food protein sources that make up for each other's inadequate supply of specific essential amino acid

muscular power

Type of muscular fitness that combines strength with speed

trans fatty acid

Unsaturated fatty acid with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of a carbon-carbon double bond

biological pest management

Use of natural predators, parasites, or pathogens to control agricultural pests

Toxicity of ______ is linked to birth defects.

Vitamin A

formation and maintenance of collagen require

Vitamin C

scurvy can be prevented with adequate intakes of

Vitamin C

One serving of Raisin Bran cereal contains 50 percent of the 18 mg Daily Value for iron. How much iron will one serving of your cereal provide? a) 9 mg b) 5 mg c) 36 mg d) 15 mg

a) 9 mg

A food label states that a serving of a particular product provides 20 percent of the Daily Value for fat. This means that a) a serving of this product provides about 15.6 grams of fat b) this product is not a good choice to achieve your nutritional needs c) fat makes up 20% of the weight of the food product d) when you eat a serving of this product, you will be getting 1/5 of the RDA for fat

a) a serving of this product provides 15.6 grams of fat

which of the following most accurately describes the term epidemiology? a) a study of how disease rates vary among different population groups b) an explanation for a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence to support it c) a test made to examine the validity of an educated guess d) an educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon

a) a study of how disease rates vary among different population groups

the freshman 15 is the term used to describe the a) amount of weight (in pounds) typically gained during the freshman year of college b) typical body fat percentage of college students after their freshman year c) typical waist circumference of college students after their freshman year d) typical BMI of college students after their freshman year

a) amount of weight (in pounds) typically gained during the freshman year of college

fiber belongs to the class of nutrients known as a) carbohydrates b) protein c) minerals d) lipids

a) carbohydrates

which of the following is true about the energy content of nutrients? a) carbohydrates and proteins supply 4 kcal per gram b) lipids supply 7 kcal per gram c) alcohol supplies 9 kcal per gram d) lipids and alcohol supply 9 kcal per gram

a) carbohydrates and proteins supply 4 kcal per gram

the constant turnover of body tissues requires the ________ supplied by carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids a) chemical energy b) structural components c) hormones d) vitamins

a) chemical energy

Mrs. Mitchell was hospitalized after being found unconscious in her home. A dietitian conducted a nutritional assessment, noting the general appearance of Mrs. Mitchell's skin, eyes, and tongue. Which part of the assessment is this? a) clinical examination b) diet history c) biochemical evaluation d) medical history

a) clinical examination

lower-body obesity

also called gynoid obesity; a pattern of body fat distribution in which estrogen and progesterone encourage body fat storage in the buttocks and thighs

stimulus control

altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating, such as removing foods from sight

during endurance exercise, _______ can supply as much as 10% of energy for exercising muscles

amino acids

Zelda is a marathon runner. She completes the marathon in 2 hours and 30 minutes. Which of the following is true regarding her fuel use during the marathon?

amino acids may supply up to 10% of energy needs

nonessential amino acids

amino acids that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts

essential amino acids

amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and therefore must be included in the diet

the two forms of starch found in food are

amylose and amylopectin

which of the following individuals is most likely to need a calcium supplement

an adolescent girl with a milk allergy

which of the following individuals would benefit most from choosing a sports drink instead of water

an athlete who competes in a marathon

alcohol dehydrogenase

an enzyme used in alcohol (ethanol) metabolism that converts alcohol into acetaldehyde

omega-3 fatty acid

an unsaturated fatty acid with its first carbon-carbon double bond at the third carbon atom from the methyl end

omega-6 fatty acid

an unsaturated fatty acid with its first carbon-carbon double bone at the sixth carbon atom from the methyl end

_______________ obesity is a pattern of body fat distribution that is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.

android

zoochemical

animal chemical that has health protective actions

______ is an eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, which leads to significantly low body weight

anorexia nervosa

a 16 year old girl who severely restricts her food intake because she is fearful of becoming obese, even though her BMI is less than expected for her age, may be diagnosed with

anorexia nervosa

individuals with _____ may present with clinical signs of semistarvation, such as decreased metabolism rate

anorexia nervosa

which therapy is appropriate for treatment of occasional heartburn

antacids

Gary takes a diuretic to control his blood pressure, aspirin to prevent his blood clots, and an antibiotic for a recent sinus infection. which of these may affect his vitamin K needs?

antibiotic

Proteins that bind to foreign proteins in the body are

antibodies

studies have shown that behaviors of night eating syndrome are significantly improved with use of

antidepressants

heavy drinking

any pattern of alcohol consumption in excess of 4 drinks in 1 day or 14 drinks per week for men or 3 drinks in 1 day or 7 drinks per week for women

Food proteins are used most efficiently when we

are consuming enough carbohydrates and fats to meet our kilocalorie needs.

triglycerides in food are said to have satiety value primarily because they

are high in calories

diastolic pressure refers to the pressure in the

arteries when the heart is relaxed.

____ involves separately and simultaneously sterilizing food and its container before packaging the food

aseptic processing

A person who severely restricts food intake, has a distorted body image, fears weight gain, and has a BMI of 19 may be diagnosed with

atypical anorexia nervosa

biotin absorption is inhibited by

avidin

which of the following is a natural substance found in raw egg whites that can inhibit the absorption of biotin

avidin

which government agency is responsible for most U.S. food labeling? a) NAS b) FDA c) AND d) USPS

b) FDA

the term Daily Value on a food label refers to a) minimum requirements b) a generic standard set at or close to the highest RDA value or related nutrient standard c) AIs d) RDAs

b) a generic standard set at or close to the highest RDA value or related nutrient standard

a serving of bleu cheese dressing containing 23 grams of fat would yield _____ kcal from fat a) 255 b) 161 c) 207 d) 92

c) 207 (23 g of fat x 9 kcal/g = 207 kcal from fat)

carbohydrates provide _____ kcal per gram a) 7 b) 0 c) 4 d) 9

c) 4

According to the Food & Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences, _______ of calories should come from carbohydrates a) 20% to 35% b) 10% to 35% c) 45% to 65%

c) 45% to 65%

When in Europe, you are told that you are eating a steak weighing 140 grams. This is equivalent to how many ounces? a) 1.4 ounces b) 8.75 ounces c) 5 ounces d) 3920 ounces

c) 5 ounces (140 g / 28 g per oz = 5 oz)

when there is insufficient research to determine the RDA for a nutrient, the _______, based on estimates of intakes that appear to maintain a defined nutritional state in a specific life stage, is the nutrient standard. a) tolerable upper intake level (UL) b) daily value (DV) c) adequate intake (AI) d) estimated average requirement (EAR)

c) adequate intake (AI)

The number of servings to consume from each MyPlate food group depends on a person's a) frame size b) taste preferences c) age, sex, height, and weight d) height, weight, and waist circumference

c) age, sex, height, and weight

minerals can a) be destroyed during cooking b) be degraded by the body c) become part of body structures d) provide energy

c) become part of the body structures

By law, which of the following food items must display a nutrition facts label? a) fresh catfish filet b) navel oranges c) box of granola bars d) fresh spinach

c) box of granola bars

the 2015 food and health survey indicated that after taste, _________ is now the number 2 reason why people choose the food they do a) nutrition b) convenience c) cost

c) cost

which of the following nutrient standards is referenced on the Nutrition Facts panel of a box of Cheetos a) estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake b) adequate intake c) daily value d) recommended dietary allowance

c) daily value

over the past 50 years, rates of _______ have declined among American adults a) obesity b) cardiovascular disease c) death from cardiovascular disease d) diabetes

c) death from cardiovascular disease

which of the following is true about the way we should eat to achieve good nutritional status? a) do the best we can but take supplements to fill in the deficient areas b) eat fruits and vegetables because we can get all the nutrients we need from these c) eat a wide variety of foods because no single natural food meets all human nutrient needs d) eat only plant products because animal products are bad and generally filled with hormones for animal growth

c) eat a wide variety of foods because no single natural food meets all human nutrient needs

according to the Dietary Guidelines, Americans should adjust their dietary patterns to include more a) grains, beans, and solid fats b) milk, meat and beans c) fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk, and whole grains d) fruit juice, beans, and meat

c) fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk, and whole grains

a kilocalorie is a measure of a) fat in food b) nutrients in food c) heat energy d) sugar and fat in food

c) heat energy

the RDAs are considered to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of a) all persons except pregnant and lactating women b) all persons except the very young and very old c) nearly all healthy persons d) all persons, diseased and healthy

c) nearly all healthy persons

an evaluation of work by professionals of similar competence to the producers of the work to maintain standards of quality and credibility is called a) independent critique b) competency check c) peer review d) performance review

c) peer review

Which meal contains foods from all food groups represented in MyPlate? a) pasta, marinara (tomato) sauce with clams, house salad with vegetables, italian bread with butter, and wine b) chef's salad containing ham, lettuce, an egg, thousand island dressing, and croutons; bagel; apple; and soft drink c) refried beans, onions, tomatoes, and cheddar cheese wrapped in a tortilla; orange; and water d) steak, baked potato with margarine, broccoli, salad with oil and vinegar dressing, and milk

c) refried beans, onions, tomatoes, and cheddar cheese wrapped in a tortilla; orange; and water

a warning sign or symptom of alcohol poisoning is a) insomnia b) skin that is hot to the touch c) semiconsciousness or unconsciousness d) rapid breathing

c) semiconsciousness or unconsciousness

cooking an egg alters its appearance due to

denaturation

one feature of anorexia nervosa that significantly reduces treatment success is

denial of the problem

which of the following is not part of the DETERMINE acronym

depression

vitamin C intake over 2 grams per day may cause

diarrhea

pellagra is characterized by

diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis

incomplete protein

dietary proteins that are low in or lack one or more essential amino acids

complete protein

dietary proteins that contain ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids

Orlistat (Xenical) is a medication approved by the FDA for weight loss that reduces fat

digestion by inhibiting lipase enzyme action in the small intestine

The method for determining energy expenditure that involves the measurement of heat given off by the body during a select period of time in an insulated chamber is

direct calorimetry

maltose

disaccharide

mild and short term change in eating patterns that occur in response to a stressful event or a desire to modify diet for health or personal appearance reasons

disordered eating

_______ are pouches that protrude through the exterior wall of the large intestine

diverticula

good practices to keep well hydrated during endurance events include

drink freely during the 24 hours before an event and consuming fluid to replace losses during the workout

Patricia's physician tells her she needs more folate in her diet during pregnancy. She should do which of the following?

drink orange juice

binge drinking

drinking sufficient alcohol within a 2-hour period to increase blood alcohol content to 0.08 grams per deciliter or higher; for men, consuming 5 or more drinks in a row; for women, consuming 4 or more drinks in a row

If an athlete's body fat level is too high, what is the best weight-loss approach?

eat 200-500 kcal less than one's EER per day

recommendations from the american institute for cancer research encourages americans to

eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes limit consumption of salty foods and foods processed with salt avoid sugary drinks

Barb wants to make sure she gets adequate folate during her pregnancy. She should do which of the following?

eat more ready-to-eat breakfast cereals

which is an important dietary recommendation for avoiding heartburn

eat smaller meals that are lower in fat

during pregnancy, symptoms such as high blood pressure, excess protein in the urine, edema, changes in blood clotting, and seizures are associated with a condition called

eclampsia

which of the following conditions would describe a child with kwashiorkor

edema in the abdomen and legs

Fatty fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of which omega-3 fatty acid?

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

fertility can be impaired by

either too little or too much body fat.

which of the following is true about thirst among the elderly

elderly individuals can easily become dehydrated and this can cause confusion

an adequate sports drink contains

electrolyte minerals

Sometimes phospholipids are used in commercial salad dressings to suspend vegetable oil in water. In this case, phospholipids are serving as _______________.

emulsifiers

In milling grains to make refined products, seeds are crushed and the germ, bran, and husk layers are discarded, leaving just the starch-containing _________________ in the refined grains.

endosperm

the main function of glucose is to supply ______ for the body

energy

which of the following does not contribute to total energy expenditure?

energy content of food

which of the following would benefit an Alzheimer's patient

engaging in regular physical activity

what is a breakfast option highest in carbohydrate

english muffin with jelly, 8 ounces orange juice, 2 cups cream of wheat w/ 2 tablespoons sugar, 1 cup whole milk

what structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow

epiglottis

during pregnancy, it is particularly important to make sure to consume adequate

essential fatty acids

EER

estimate of energy needs based on weight, height, age, sex, and physical activity level

which is a function of the urinary system?

excretion of excess water-soluble vitamins

interstitial fluid, lymph, gastrointestinal fluid, spinal fluid, plasma, and synovial fluid are part of ______ fluid

extracellular

which of the following is one of the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa

extreme dietary restriction that leads to significantly low body weight

the most important predictor of an eating disorder is

extreme dieting

the B vitamins

facilitate chemical reactions that yield energy from the macronutrients.

malnutrition

failing health that results from long-standing dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs

which of the following combinations of monosaccharides is true?

glucose and galactose form lactose

a measure of both the quality (GI value) and quantity (grams per serving) of a carbohydrate in a meal is called

glycemic load

the three-carbon structure that forms the "backbone" of a triglyceride is called

glycerol

which of the following is true about fatty acid usage for energy

gram for gram, fatty acids provide more than twice as much energy as glucose

organ

group of tissues designed to perform a specific function

most strains of escherichia coli are

harmless

to prevent iron deficiency, a female athlete should

have her blood hemoglobin level checked to determine if a deficiency exists that may require iron supplementation

a _______ is usually a more accurate tool for estimating the number of calories you burn during a workout than internal calorie estimators on cardio machines

heart rate monitor

the low blood potassium levels seen among people with eating disorders may cause

heart rhythm disturbances

the first stage of heat-related illness that occurs because of depletion of blood volume is called

heat exhaustion

heat exhaustion

heat-related condition caused by fluid loss; characterized by headaches, dizziness, muscle weakness, and visual disturbances

most stomach ulcers are caused by _________ infection

helicobacter pylori

______ is a genetic disorder characterized by increased iron absorption, which may lead to organ toxicity

hemochromatosis

Ethan is a middle-aged man. His waist circumference measurement of 45 inches places him at a ______ risk for chronic, obesity-related diseases

high

which of the following is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease

high blood pressure

Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion?

high-density lipoprotein

which of the following meals would be suitable for a person following a low-sodium diet

homemade oven-baked chicken, buttered rice, and steamed fresh green beans

Vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 are required for the metabolism of

homocysteine

What sphincter separates the small intestine from the large intestine?

ileocecal

the ________ system is assisted by the lymphatic system and the physical barriers of the skin and gastrointestinal tract

immune

a suboptimal intake of chromium in individuals in the united states may be linked to

impaired glucose tolerance

which of the following is a benefit of regular physical activity

improved sleep

which of the following traits is common among people with bulimia nervosa

impulsiveness

carbohydrate digestion begins in the

in the mouth with salivary amylase

diets high in trans fatty acids tend to _______ the level of LDL in the blood

increase

when eating a high-fiber diet, one should ____ fluid intake

increase

Mindy has been following a weight-loss plan for the past five months, but she has reached a plateau. It seems like she cannot lose any more weight. A good strategy to stimulate further weight loss is to

increase physical activity

progression

increase the frequency, intensity and duration of activities in a fitness program over time

The method for determining energy expenditure in which the amount of oxygen a person uses is measured is called

indirect calorimetry

which of the following accurately describes the relationship between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa may exhibit behaviors of bulimia nervosa

a difference between anorexia and bulimia is that

individuals with anorexia nervosa turn away from food during a crisis, whereas individuals with bulimia nervosa turn toward food

High protein diets may be harmful for

individuals with kidney disease

When bacteria, such as Salmonella, produce their disease-causing effects by directly assaulting the intestinal tract, this is called a foodborne _______________.

infection

Lorcaserin hydrochloride (Belviq) is a weight loss medication that works by

influencing appetite signals in the brain

a protein that acts as a hormone is

insulin

Regarding use of calcium supplements, which of the following is true?

intakes over 500 milligrams of calcium per dose may interfere with absorption of iron and zinc

People who eat large amounts of seaweed can consume toxic levels of which trace mineral?

iodine

For most pregnancies, women need to consume supplemental

iron

which of the following food preservation methods best maintains the water content of a food product

irradiation

a condition characterized by abdominal pain and bloating, diarrhea, and/or constipation is known as

irritable bowel syndrome

dietary avoidance of poorly digested carbohydrates known as fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyola (FODMAPs) may be a useful treatment to prevent

irritable bowel syndrome

Up to one or two alcoholic drinks per day

is a reasonable alcohol intake for an adult with hypertension, may reduce the risk for ischemic stroke, is a reasonable alcohol intake for adults of legal drinking age.

the first trimester of pregnancy

is a time of particular importance to avoid nutritional deficiencies and insults to prevent harm to the fetus

a child with marasmus

is very susceptible to infections

Acquiring sufficient vitamin B-12 from the diet may be a problem for vegans because

it is only found in animal products

which is a feature of the lymphatic system?

it picks up and transports dietary lipids

which of the following is true about basal metabolism

it represents about 60% to 75% of total calories used by a sedentary person during each day

Because elderly individuals need similar amounts of nutrients as their younger counterparts but less kcalories, they should focus on diet plans that emphasize

nutrient density

AI

nutrient intake level that appears to maintain nutritional health; set when insufficient research evidence is available to determine precise nutrient needs

The study of the ways nutrients and food influence gene expression is called

nutrigenomics

the Supplement Facts panel on dietary supplements resembles the ______ and is required on all dietary supplements

nutrition facts panel on foods

For one to be diagnosed as bulimic, he or she must average _______ binge(s) per week for at least three months.

one

a monounsaturated fatty acid contains

one double bond

monoglyceride

one fatty acid attached to a glycerol backbone

Meals provided by congregate or home-delivered meal programs are designed to provide ______ of the RDA or AI for nutrients.

one-third

excessive sugar intake is related to development of dental caries because

oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars

vitamin

organic compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body

the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane (e.g. the cell membrane) is known as

osmosis

which of the following naturally occurring substances limits the absorption of calcium and iron

oxalic acid

The hormone that triggers "let down" or milk release is

oxytocin

which is both an endocrine (secretes hormones into the blood) and exocrine gland (secretes substances through a duct into the GI tract)?

pancreas

which lipase enzymes digests the majority of dietary fat

pancreatic lipase

which is categorized as soluble fiber?

pectin

what enzyme is released by the stomach to digest protein

pepsin

the two main intracellular ions are

phosphate and potassium

which of the following is a high-energy compound that resupplies ATP for quick bursts of activity lasting up to 10 seconds

phosphocreatine

the process that plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the sun's heat and light is called

photosynthesis

which of the following is true in relation to the components of energy expenditure

physical activity accounts for 15% to 35% of total energy expenditure

withdrawal

physical symptoms related to cessation of substance use, such as sweating, rapid pulse, shakiness, insomnia, nausea and vomiting, anxiety, and even seizures

hunger

physiological (internal) drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by innate cues to eating

Consumption of non-food items such as laundry starch, ice, and dirt is known as

pica

The practice of eating nonfood substances is called

pica

carotenoids

pigment materials in fruits and vegetables that can be turned into vitamin A in the body

The organ that nourishes the fetus in the mother's womb is called the

placenta

phytochemical

plant chemical that has health protective actions

In general, the richest sources of vitamin E are _______________.

plant oils

when comparing plant sources of protein to animal sources, we could say

plant sources tend to be higher in dietary fiber

which of the following is a true statement about the digestion and absorption of proteins

polypeptide chains are digested to yield individual amino acids, which can be absorbed into the blood

one of the physiological changes of aging that often results in decreases in nutrient utilization is

poor dentition

how would you interpret the body mass index for a woman who is 1.63 meters tall and weighs 72 kilograms

she slightly exceeds the value at which health risks are increased

a hereditary condition caused by an incorrect amino acid in a protein chain is

sickle cell anemia

which type of anemia results from an error in the dna code

sickle cell anemia

the process of aging is most likely the result of

slow cell death

most chemical digestion takes place in the

small intestine

The major source of ______ in the American diet is processed foods.

sodium

transmission of nerve impulses relies on the concentrations of ______ in the neuron

sodium and potassium

which of the following is not an example of an intentional food additive

solanine

If a fat contains mostly saturated fatty acids, it is likely to be ________ at room temperature.

solid

which of the following nondairy milk beverages has the highest protein content

soy milk

A meal representative of what an endurance athlete should eat before an event is

spaghetti with marinara sauce, green beans, and low-fat milk

which of the following is a federal program for reducing infant mortality by providing nutritional support and counseling

special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC)

the processes by which certain white blood cells identify and destroy pathogens are part of the _______ immune response

specific (adaptive)

the ringlike muscles that prevent the backflow of partially digested food within the gastrointestinal tract are called

sphincters

trained professionals that can help you set reasonable physical activity goals based upon your current level of fitness are called

sports dietitians

which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense source of potassium

squash

one of the best ways to get a person with anorexia nervosa into treatment is to

stage an intervention

Covering cuts or sores on hands and avoiding sneezing when handling food are important to prevent foodborne illness from

staphylococcus aureus

which of the following bacteria can produce a foodborne intoxication (as opposed to foodborne infection)

staphylococcus aureus

amylose

starch

which describes the process of starch digestion

starch to maltose to glucose

satiety

state in which there is no longer a desire to eat; a feeling of satisfaction

aseptic processing involves

sterilizing the package and food separately and then packaging the food.

Altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating is called

stimulus control

the intrinsic factor is produced by cells in the

stomach

omega-3 fatty acids

substance found in high amounts in fish that may enhance mental function and reduce depression

rich sources of pantothenic acid are

sunflower seeds, mushrooms, peanuts, and eggs

the main function of glucose is to

supply energy

epithelial tissue

surface cells that line the outside of the body and all external passages within it

which of the following is a function of protein

synthesis of enzymes and hormones

which of the following is a role of choline in human health

synthesis of neurotransmitters transport of lipids structure of cell membranes

which of the following is the best treatment approach for binge eating disorder

teaching a person to eat in response to internal hunger cues

of the following groups, which have the lowest risk of becoming ill from foodborne illness

teens

individuals with anorexia nervosa

tend to be adolescent and early adult girls

life expectancy

the average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year

the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis is

the bone loss of patients with osteopenia is not as severe as that of patients with osteoporosis

self-monitoring

tracking foods eaten and conditions affecting eating

the body stores excess protein as

triglycerides

lipoproteins are composed of

triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and proteins

the only proven treatment for celiac disease is dietary avoidance of

wheat, barley, and rye

Obesity during pregnancy is associated with:

- high blood pressure - diabetes - surgical complications

what is the minimum number of grams of carbohydrate, per day, humans must consume to avoid ketosis?

130

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, an average of ______ extra kilocalories per day are needed.

350-450

Concerning the infant, two major indicators of a successful pregnancy are: 1) gestation period longer than ______ weeks and 2) birth weight greater than ______ pounds.

37; 5.5

an 80-proof alcoholic beverage contains _____% alcohol

40

studies suggest about ______ of a person's risk for developing alcohol-related disorders is genetic

40%

the U.S. public health service and the March of Dimes recommend that all women of childbearing age should take a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement that contains

400 micrograms of folic acid

the ratio by weight of sodium to chloride in table salt is

40:60

Protein supplies approximately __________ percent of a human's typical energy needs.

5

what is magnesium's primary function

It is important for nerve and heart function

which of the following has been linked with pesticide use

- birth defects and cancer - creation of new and resistant species of pests - unintentional distribution of pesticides in groundwater

manganese is important for

- energy metabolism - antioxidant enzyme function - bone health

which of the following is a useful approach in psychological therapy for a person with anorexia nervosa

- family-based therapy - joining a support group - cognitive behavioral therapy

trabecular bone

- has a porous structure - is the site of blood cell synthesis - is more rapidly remodeled than cortical bone

the training effect, in which individuals experience improvements in physical fitness as they continue a regular exercise regimen, is a product of

- increased number of mitochondria in muscle cells - increased number of capillaries in muscles - increased efficiency of the heart

which of the following is true about the let-down relfex

- it is needed to make milk available to the infant - it can be inhibited by anxiety or nervous tension - after a few weeks or breastfeeding, it becomes automatic

which of the following food trends increases the risk of foodborne illness

- more foods prepared in kitchens outside the home - consumption of more imported ready-to-eat foods - greater consumer interest in eating raw or undercooked animal products

listeriosis is of particular concern for pregnant women because

- pregnant women are more likely than other populations groups to get listeriosis - listeria bacteria can cross the placenta and infect the fetus - listeriosis can cause fetal death

which of the following is a situation in which a person should consider vitamin D supplementation

- strict vegan diet - allergy to milk protein - kidney disease

Bill consumes 2500 kcal per day. What would be his approximate energy expenditure from the thermic effect of food?

125 to 250 kcal

the Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein for nearly all adults is ______ g/kg/day

0.8

According to the 3500-kcal rule, a daily deficit of 500 kcal should result in an approximate weight loss of about how many pounds per week?

1

during the second and third trimesters, pregnant women should gain approximately ____ pound(s) per week

1

5 grams

1 teaspoon

according to most sports nutrition experts, the daily protein intake for an athlete should fall within the range of

1.2 to 2.0 grams per kilogram

the Dietary Guidelines recommend limiting added sugar intake to less than ______ of total calories

10%

Triathletes and marathoners may need up to ______ grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of weight per day to prevent chronic fatigue.

10-12

Shelby weighs 70 kilograms, which is _____ pounds.

154 (70 kg x 2.2 lb/kg = 154 lb)

successful treatment for bulimia nervosa usually lasts at least

16 weeks

Mary wishes to lose 5 pounds before her vacation in approximately 5 weeks. Her average consumption is 2100 kcal per day. Assuming her physical activity levels remain unchanged, she should reduce her energy intake to ______ kcal per day

1600 to 1700

Ground pork should be cooked to an internal temperature of _______________ to destroy the parasite Trichinella spiralis.

160F (71C)

Underweight is defined as a body mass index below _______________kg/m2.

18.5

A weight reduction regimen calls for a daily intake of 1400 kcalories, which includes 30 g of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat?

19.29 (30 g fat x 9 kcal/g = 270 kcal fat 270 kcal fat / 1400 total kcal = 0.19)

Martha is maintaining her current weight by eating 2,500 kcalories per day. To lose 1 pound of fat per week, she would have to decrease her intake to how many kcalories per day?

1900 to 2000

the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that those who choose to drink alcoholic beverages should do so in moderation, defined as the consumption of up to ________ drink(s) per day for women and older adults and up to ______ drink(s) per day for men

1;2

to promote gains in muscle mass, a strength-trained athlete could consume ______ within the first 1 or 2 hours after a weight-lifting workout

2 cups of plain yogurt with 1 cup of fresh blueberries

aerobic glucose breakdown provides most of the energy for sports activities lasting

2 minutes to 4 hours

Megadoses are defined as vitamin intakes ________ times the estimated human needs to prevent a deficiency.

2 to 10

For every pound lost during a workout, ______ cup(s) of water should be consumed during or after exercise.

2 to 3

We need to consume only about 5% of our total calories per day from essential fatty acids, that corresponds to about _____________________ of plant oil each day

2-4 tablespoons

1 kilogram

2.2 pounds

1 kilogram = ___ pounds

2.2 pounds

1 inch

2.54 centimeters

A desirable total serum cholesterol level is less than ____ milligrams per deciliter.

200

The typical American diet contains approximately ___ milligrams of sodium.

2300-4700

1 fluid cup

240 millileters

the MyPlate calorie guideline for a 19-30 year old active woman is

2400 kcal per day

the RDA for protein increases by an additional _____ grams per day during pregnancy

25

the adequate intake (AI) for fiber for an adult woman who consumes about 1800 kcal per day is

25 grams per day

when attempting to use body fat percentage to define obesity, body fat above _______ for men results in an obesity diagnosis

25%

For a woman with a prepregnancy BMI of 22, total pregnancy weight gain should fall within the range of ______ pounds.

25-35

For a woman who is 1.63 meters tall and weighs 72 kilograms, the body mass index would be

27

1 ounce

28 grams

1 oz = ___ grams

28 grams

it takes approximately _____ kilograms of grain to produce 1 kilogram of animal protein in cereal-fed animals

3

anaerobic glucose breakdown provides most of the energy for sports activities lasting

30 seconds to 2 minutes

John weighs 80 kilograms and is 1.6 meters tall. His body mass index is _______________ kg/m2.

31

chain-breaking

Breaking the link between two or more behaviors that encourage overeating, such as snacking while watching television.

cognitive restructuring

Changing one's frame of mind regarding eating; for example, instead of using a difficult day as an excuse to overeat, substituting other pleasures for rewards, such as a relaxing walk with a friend.

heatstroke

Condition that occurs when internal body temperature reaches 104°F; skin is hot and dry

which of the following is stored within the nucleus of the cell and acts as a code book for synthesizing specific proteins?

DNA

the _______ was a landmark, multisite study designed to improve glucose control and prevent the onset of diabetes. most impressive is that individuals that followed a healthy dietary and physical activity pattern had better glucose control than individuals treated by medication

Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)

undernutrition

Failing health that results from a long-standing dietary intake that is not enough to meet nutritional needs

moderate drinking

For men, consuming no more than 4 drinks in 1 day AND no more than 14 drinks per week; for women, consuming no more than 3 drinks in 1 day AND no more than 7 drinks per week.

contingency management

Forming a plan of action to respond to a situation in which overeating is likely, such as when snacks are within arm's reach at a party.

nutritional state

Nutritional health as determined by ABCDE assessments

heat cramps

Painful skeletal muscle contractions occurring in people who have experienced large sweat losses from exercising for several hours in a hot climate and who have consumed a large volume of unsalted water

where are most digestive enzymes produced?

Pancreas and small intestine

community supported agriculture

Partnership between local food producers and local consumers

alcohol use disorder

Psychiatric disorder characterized by a problematic pattern of alcohol use that leads to significant impairment or distress

choose an activity to avoid during pregnancy

SCUBA diving

______ is the federal agency that enforces standards for wholesomeness and quality of meat, poultry, milk, and eggs

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

which of the following is true about lactation?

The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

edema

a buildup of fluids in extracellular spaces

lean body mass

a component of body composition, calculated by subtracting body fat weight from total body weight

enzyme

a compound that speeds the rate of chemical processes but is not altered by the process

underweight

a condition characterized by a body mass index below 18.5

obesity

a condition characterized by excess body fat

marasmus

a disease that results from consuming an insufficient amount of protein and energy

kwashiorkor

a disease that results from consuming marginal energy and considerably insufficient protein despite high needs

If you wanted to add significant quantities of vitamins and minerals to your diet from the food you eat, a good choice would be

a fortified breakfast cereal such as Total Raisin Bran

anabolic steroids

a general term for hormones that stimulate development in male sex organs

glycogen is

a highly branched polysaccharide

insulin is one example of a protein that acts as

a hormone

amylose is

a long, straight glucose chain

cirrhosis

a loss of functioning liver cells, which are replaced by non functioning connective tissue

trace mineral

a mineral that is required in the diet in amounts less than 100 milligrams per day

chyme

a mixture of stomach secretions and partially digested food

esophageal sphincter

a muscular valve that controls the flow of food matter into the stomach

locavore

a person who eats food that is grown and produced locally

growth hormone

a pituitary hormone that produces body growth and fat release from storage, among other effects

carbohydrate loading

a process by which a very-high-carbohydrate diet is consumed for about 3 days before an athletic event while tapering exercise duration to try to increase muscle glycogen stores

carbohydrate loading involves

a reduction in the intensity of workout with a corresponding increase in the percentage of carbohydrate intake over several days before a competition

bile

a substance released into the small intestine to aid fat absorption

antioxidant

a substance that has the ability to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidation

Escheria coli 0157:H7 produces _____ that can cause severe illness, including severe bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome

a toxin

what is a description of chyme?

a watery mixture of partially digested food released by the stomach into the intestines

One cup of chocolate milk contains 15 grams of carbohydrates, 8 grams of fat, and 8 grams of protein. How many calories does it provide? a) 164 b) 124 c) 279 d) 31

a) 164 (15 g carbs x 4 kcal/g = 60 kcal carbs 8 g protein x 4 kcal/g = 32 kcal protein 8 g fat x 9 kcal/g = 72 kcal fat 60+32+72 = 164 kcal)

An adult who follows a 2000-kcal Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern should consume ______ ounce-equivalents from the Protein Food group per day. a) 5.5 b) 10 c) 2 to 3 d) 4

a) 5.5

A large hamburger (e.g., Whopper) sandwich contains 628 kilocalories and 36 grams of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat? a) 52% b) 23% c) 19% d) 41%

a) 52% (36g fat x 9kcal/g = 324 kcal from fat 324 kcal from fat / 628 total kcal = .052 = 52% of kcal from fat)

which statement best describes nutrient density? a) consume foods that have the most nutrients when compared to their calories b) plan your entire day's dietary intake so that you do not over consume nutrient sources c) choose a number of different foods within any given food group rather than the same old thing d) consume a variety of foods from MyPlate's five major food groups every day

a) consume foods that have the most nutrients when compared to their calories

the RDAs for nutrients generally are a) designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people b) the minimum amounts the average adult male requires c) designed to prevent deficiency disease in half the population d) more than twice the actual requirements

a) designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people

In order to ensure adequate intake of nutrients, choose vegetables a) from all vegetable subgroups b) that are organic c) that have no preservatives d) from local farms

a) from all vegetable subgroups

according to the Dietary Guidelines, adults should ______ intake of fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products a) increase b) decrease c) maintain current

a) increase

the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend which of the following? a) limit calories from saturated fats and added sugars b) consume two alcoholic beverages per day c) decrease vegetable and fruit intake d) eliminate oils and solid fats from the diet

a) limit calories from saturated fats and added sugars

which of the following yield greater than 4 kcal per gram? a) plant fats b) animal proteins c) plant carbohydrates d) plant proteins

a) plant fats

which of the following is not a key component of a basic nutritional assessment a) psychoanalysis b) anthropometrics c) clinical evaluation d) biochemical tests

a) psychoanalysis

the Dietary Guidelines emphasize a) reduction of total calories, sugar-sweetened beverages, saturated fat and sodium b) reduction of both total calories and physical activity c) increase in animal protein and refined grains d) increase in all types of dairy products

a) reduction of total calories, sugar-sweetened beverages, saturated fat, and sodium

which of the following is a complex carbohydrate a) starch b) glucose c) sucrose d) fruit sugar

a) starch

Thermogenesis refers to all of the following except a) the energy you require during sleep at night b) the ability to regulate body temperature c) shivering when cold and fidgeting d) brown adipose tissue, especially in hibernating animals

a) the energy you require during sleep at night

the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid represents the dietary patterns of people from parts of the Mediterranean region that enjoy a) the lowest recorded rates of chronic diseases b) the highest intake of saturated fat c) the lowest adult life expectancy d) the lowest intake of carbohydrates

a) the lowest recorded rates of chronic diseases

nutrition is a) the science that links food to health and disease b) the use of dietary supplements to cure diseases c) the practice of eating only healthy foods d) the study of diet and disease patterns among various populations

a) the science that links food to health and disease

looking at the ingredients list on a jar of spaghetti sauce, you see that olive oil is the second ingredient. this means that olive oil is a) the second most abundant ingredient by weight b) the second ingredient by alphabetical listing c) just one of the ingredients present in the sauce d) the second most abundant ingredient by volume

a) the second most abundant ingredient by weight

which of the following statements about popular diets is not true? a) they help people make permanent changes in eating habits and behavior b) they often use personal testimonials from famous people to promote their product c) they promote quick weight loss that ends up being primarily water and lean muscle tissue d) they often recommend expensive supplements or meals

a) they help people make permanent changes in eating habits and behaviors

which of the following is a function of water? a) transports nutrients and wastes b) structural component of bone c) provides energy d) prevents oxidative damage to cell membranes

a) transports nutrients and wastes

which term describes failing health that results from a dietary pattern that is chronically inadequate? a) undernutrition b) inferior nutrition c) desirable nutrition d) balanced nutrition

a) undernutrition

the amount of iron in the body is mostly regulated by

absorption in the small intestine

which of the following is not a component of the mediterranean diet

abstinence from alcohol

which of the following are functions of phosphorus

activation of enzymes, components of cell membranes, and maintenance of fluid balance

amino acids are absorbed via

active absorption

a good weight-loss program should

adapt to personal and cultural preferences

the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting intake of

added sugars

athletes who consume adequate carbohydrates experience

adequate liver and muscle glycogen stores

a fitness program the includes 30 minutes of moderate jogging for 5 days per week is primarily designed to improve

aerobic fitness

brisk walking, running, cycling, swimming, basketball, tennis, and soccer

aerobic fitness

which of the following is true about purging behaviors related to bulimia

after vomiting, many calories from the food eaten are still absorbed

sustainable agriculture

agricultural system that respects the environment, community, livestock, farm workers, and consumers

________ is an essential omega-3 fatty acid

alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

which of the following accurately describes the term hypothesis? a) a test made to examine the validity of an educated guess b) an educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon c) a study of how disease rates vary among different population groups d) an explanation for a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence to support it

b) an educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon

which of the following statements is consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans? a) choose a dietary pattern with plenty of animal products, including milk and meats b) balance the calories you eat with physical activity c) choose a dietary pattern very low in total fat and cholesterol d) eat an abundance of saturated fats

b) balance the calories you eat with physical activity

which of the following is an essential nutrient? a) zoochemicals b) carbohydrates c) phytochemicals d) alcohol

b) carbohydrates

Margaret, an elderly woman, needs to limit her kilocalorie intake without sacrificing needed nutrients. Keeping in mind MyPlate, which of the following could she do? a) eliminate dairy foods b) carefully select foods rich in nutrients but low in calories c) eliminate carbohydrates d) count calories and not worry about the food groups

b) carefully select foods rich in nutrients but low in calories

for hydration, sports drinks are superior to water for athletes who participate in a) outdoor athletic events b) continuous workouts lasting more than 60 minutes c) strength training d) workouts in cold weather

b) continuous workouts lasting more than 60 minutes

added sugars a) are no longer limited in the Dietary Guidelines b) include sugars and other sweeteners that are added during food processing or cooking c) are not included on the new food label d) should be limited to less than 25% of total calories per day

b) include sugars and other sweeteners that are added during food processing or cooking

protein a) supplies 9 kcal per gram b) is a major component of body structures c) is a significant energy source for humans d) functions as a solvent

b) is a major component of body structures

the prevalence of obesity has a) not changed for men or women b) not changed in men but increased in women c) not changed in women but increased in men d) increased for both men and women

b) not changed in men but increased in women

Kate consumes 1900 kcal each day. She requires 1750 kcal to meet daily energy needs. Over time, Kate's calorie consumption could lead to a) undernutrition b) overnutrition c) balanced nutrition

b) overnutrition

the main function of carbohydrates is to a) prevent cancer b) provide energy c) promote growth and development d) regulate body processes

b) provide energy

the acronym RDA stands for a) required daily allowance b) recommended dietary allowance c) recommended daily allowance d) required dietary allowance

b) recommended dietary allowance

when the cells of the _________ are stimulated, the desire to eat subsides a) feeding center of the brain b) satiety center of the brain c) tastebuds of the tongue d) pancreas

b) satiety center of the brain

to reduce their risk for many chronic diseases, Americans should limit their intakes of a) phytochemicals b) solid fats c) water d) whole grains

b) solid fats

RDAs are not used in food labeling because a) their values are set too high b) they are age and sex specific c) they are too generic d) there are too many of them

b) they are age and sex specific

which of the following is true about the use of MyPlate? a) milk and meat are essential to good nutrition b) variety is key to the plan c) the guide applies to infants d) the guide does not permit use of fats, oils, and sweets

b) variety is the key to the plan

Lack of role models, widespread misinformation, and the fear of social judgment are all

barriers to breastfeeding

a pre-event meal should

be high in carbohydrates without providing large amounts of fiber

When food enters the small intestine, a hormone stimulates the release of ______ from the pancreas

bicarbonate

a(n) ______ often consists of high-carbohydrate, convenience foods and may be triggered by stress, boredom, loneliness, or depression

binge

which of the following is not an example of a compensatory behavior used by people with eating disorders

bingeing on high-energy snack foods

the glycemic index (GI) is a measurement of how a carbohydrate-containing food raises

blood glucose

Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because

blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces

which of the following is a true statement about body proteins

body proteins are in a constant state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair

during the first stage of iron deficiency

body stores of iron are depleted

which of the following is not true about bulimia

body weight is often below 85% of normal weight

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and fluoride mainly serve as structural components of

bones and teeth

Vitamin D and vitamin K share which of the following characteristics?

both can be synthesized to some extent in the body

Low levels of body fat decrease ______ fertility.

both male or female

Food diaries and a regular meal plan are commonly part of the treatment for

bulimia nervosa

according to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, ______ of calories should come from fat a) 10% to 35% b) 45% to 65% c) 20% to 35%

c) 20% to 35%

the RDA for iron is 18 milligrams per day for adult women. Tina usually consumes about 15 milligrams of iron per day. She is a healthy young woman with no condition that significantly increases her needs for iron. Which of the following statements is true about her consumption of this nutrient? a) she could not possibly be getting enough iron for her needs b) she will need to consume significantly more iron, above the RDA, to make up for her intake c) she would only be at great risk of nutritional deficiency if her intake is consistently below 70% of the RDA d) she is likely to be deficient in iron

c) she would only be at great risk of nutritional deficiency if her intake is consistently below 70% of the RDA

In order to make healthful and logical nutrition decisions, beware of a) registered dietitian nutritionists b) evidence from a variety of scientific studies c) testimonials about personal experience d) reputable publication sources

c) testimonials about personal experience

The RDAs for nutrients are set a) based on the dietary intakes of people who appear to be maintaining nutritional health b) based on a person's height and weight c) to cover the needs of 97% of the population d) by the FDA for food labeling purposes

c) to cover the needs of 97% of the population

which of the following contain no calories? a) alcohol b) carbohydrates c) vitamins d) proteins

c) vitamins

which of the following ergogenic aids may cause anxiety and insomnia

caffeine

for a person who engages in binge eating, typical binge foods include

cakes, cookies, doughnuts, and ice cream

target zone

calculated range of percentage of age-predicted maximum heart rate to achieve during a workout

the red blood cells and brain are two body tissues that derive most of their energy from

carbohydrate

which is true about carbohydrate digestion

carbohydrate digestion is assisted by cooking, which softens tough skins

most lipids are composed of

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

plant-based dietary patterns are associated with lower risk of

cardiovascular disease, colorectal cancer, and diabetes

hypertension can lead to

cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and declines in brain function.

which describes type 1 diabetes mellitus

caused by lack of insulin production

an autoimmune condition that results in damage to the small intestine upon exposure to gluten-containing foods is called

celiac disease

phospholipids are the main components of

cell membranes

fiber

cellulose

In the case of sickle cell anemia, the slight alterations in the DNA code lead to

changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin

which foods are commonly associated with salmonella intoxication

chicken and eggs

Kwashiorkor appears in children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. The reason is that

children have been weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels

which is the best strategy to limit trans fat in the diet?

choose natural peanut butter instead of peanut butter made with hydrogenated vegetable oils

the disease characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver and replacement of functioning liver cells with fibrous connective tissue is known as

cirrhosis

in its public health campaign, the United States Department of Agriculture promotes food safety with four simple actions

clean, separate, chill and cook

for those over 40 years of age, a physical activity routine should include

clearance by a primary care provider

which of the following is not one of the three components of the female athlete triad

clinical depression

If you buy food in a can that is bulging or spurts liquid, the food is likely to contain toxins produced by a type of bacterium called

clostridium botulinum

Increasing the acid content of a food is especially effective in preventing the growth of

clostridium botulinum

_______, which causes abdominal pain and diarrhea, multiplies rapidly in prepared foods (e.g. beef, poultry, and gravy) left at room temperature for extended periods of time

clostridium perfringens

tissue

collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function

Dietary fiber may play a key role in the prevention of which cancer?

colon

the digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and accessory organs. which is one of the organs part of the GI tract?

colon

Rich in immune factors, the milk made by the mother's breast during the first few days after birth is

colostrum

hormone

compound secreted into the bloodstream that acts to control the function of distant cells

striving to live the greatest number of healthy years and the fewest number of ill years is referred to as

compression of morbidity

After absorption, galactose is converted to ________ in the liver.

glucose

regular physical activity along with adequate intakes of fluid and fiber are lifestyle strategies to prevent or treat

constipation

prenatal dietary supplements containing iron may cause ______ in some women

constipation and nausea

if a woman athlete is not menstruating regularly, she should

consult her primary care provider to determine the cause

Sara is a middle-aged woman of Northern European descent and is quite small in stature. She eats plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and lean meats. What else could she do to live a more health-promoting lifestyle?

consume plenty of low-fat milk and dairy products

which of the following would be included in a basic plan for health promotion and disease prevention

consuming a plant-based dietary pattern

constipation can best be prevented by

consuming adequate dietary fiber

which of the following is a sign or symptom of night eating syndrome

consuming more than 25% of daily food intake after dinner

What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?

controls the passage of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine

The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is

converted to urea

the best way to prevent the foodborne illness caused by E.coli is to

cook all meat thoroughly

the bioavailability of carotenoids is affected by

cooking

which of the following is a hypothesis on the causes of aging

copy errors in the cell cycle can lead to genetic mutations that cause protein dysfunction, resulting in cell death

the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, released in 2008, advise a minimum of _____ minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity for adults a) 30 b) 90 c) 60 d) 150

d) 150

on average, Americans consume approximately _______% of total calories as fat a) 50 b) 28 c) 20 d) 33

d) 33

a meal consisting of a cheeseburger, large fries, and a chocolate shake provides a total of 1120 kcal. 48% of the energy in the meal is from carbohydrate and 13% is from protein. how many calories of fat does the meal contain? a) 137 b) 313 c) 287 d) 437

d) 437 (100% - 48% kcal from carbs - 13% kcal from protein = 39% kcal from fat 1120 kcal x 0.39 = 437 kcal from fat)

which of the following is true about the north american diet? a) most of our fats come from plant sources b) most of our carbohydrates come from fibers c) most of our protein comes from plant sources d) approximately half of our carbohydrates come from simple sugars

d) approximately half of our carbohydrates come from simple sugars

EER refers to a) the level of dietary intake that is likely to meet the needs of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular life stage and sex b) a person's actual calorie needs, as measured by calorimetry c) a set of nutrient recommendations that includes RDAs, AIs, and ULs d) estimated calorie needs for the average person in a specific life stage

d) estimated calorie needs for the average person in a specific life stage

which statement best describes the healthful dietary principle of moderation? a) consume a variety of foods from MyPlate's five major food groups every day b) consume foods that have the most nutrition for their calories c) choose a number of different foods within any given food group rather than the same old thing d) pay attention to portion size and plan your entire day's dietary pattern so that you do not over consume nutrient sources

d) pay attention to portion size and plan your entire day's dietary pattern so that you do not over consume nutrient sources

a nutrition-related objective from Healthy People 2020 is to reduce a) the contribution of whole grains to the diet b) the proportion of adults who are at the healthy weight c) the contribution of fruits to the diet d) the proportion of adults who are obese

d) the proportion of adults who are obese

recent surveys from the USDA indicate that Americans consume most of their calories from a) dairy products (milk, ice cream), beverages (sugar-sweetened soft drinks, coffee) and vegetables (french fries) b) meat products (fried chicken and hamburgers), beverages (beer and soda pop), and fried products (donuts and french fries) c) beverages (bottled water and energy drinks), fruits (apples and bananas), and dairy (cheese and yogurt) d) grain products (bread, pizza crust, macaroni, spaghetti), fats and oils (soybean)

d)grain products (bread, pizza crust, macaroni, spaghetti), fats and oils (soybean)

salmonella, listeria, escherichia coli O157:H7, and campylobacter are bacterial foodborne illnesses of a particular interest since they are the ones most often associated with

death

omega-3 fatty acids are involved in biochemical pathways that _____ inflammation and are associated with a reduction in depression

decrease

which of the following is a physiological change often associated with anorexia nervosa

decreased heart rate

food processing

decreases vitamin E content of foods.

compression of morbidity

delay of the onset of disabilities caused by chronic disease

starch consists of hundred and perhaps thousands of which molecule?

glucose

organic farming

farming practice that supports a healthy ecosystem and does not permit the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, and hormones; antibiotics; sewage sludge; genetic engineering; or irradiation

when considering physical activity for weight control, keep in mind that sustained aerobic activity, including brisk walking, jogging, or cycling, burns more ______ than resistance activity

fat

the process of manipulating the macronutrient content of the diet during athletic training to enhance the cell's ability to use fat for fuel is called

fat adaption

"hidden" fat includes

fat in crackers and other grain products

monounsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid with one carbon-carbon double bond

polyunsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid with two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

which is true about the fate of fatty acids after their absorption

fatty acids of less than 12 carbons enter the blood and then the liver via the hepatic portal vein

which of the following is not a trigger for anorexia?

feeling too thin in one's clothes

Women suffering from chronic alcoholism produce children with a recognizable pattern of malformations called

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

common symptoms of foodborne illness include

fever, diarrhea, vomiting

compared to formula-fed infants, breastfed infants tend to have _____ gastrointestinal infections (e.g. diarrhea)

fewer

villi

fingerlike projections in the small intestine that participate in digestion and absorption of nutrients

Adequate folate intake for neural tube development is especially important in the ______ trimester.

first

which trimester is an especially critical period when poor nutrition or drug use can result in birth defects

first

studies of the Greenlandic Inuit population have demonstrated a relationship between the consumption of fish and the risk for heart disease. What is the most likely mechanism for the reduction of heart disease risk when fish is consumed?

fish supplies fatty acids that decrease blood clotting

hamstring stretch, shoulder reach, and side bend

flexibility

If the intracellular concentration of ions is greater than the extracellular concentration of ions, which will happen in order to maintain balance?

fluid will move into the cell

too much ______ can cause discoloration (mottling) of the teeth

fluoride

____________ are lipid-loaded white blood cells that form plaque in blood vessels

foam cells

requirements for ____ increase by 50% during pregnancy

folate

choose the statements that are true about folate and pregnancy

folate deficiency in pregnancy is associated with birth defects such as spina bifida the RDA for folate increases by 50% fortified breakfast cereal is a nutrient-dense source of folate for pregnant women

Anemia can result from a deficiency of

folate, vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6

_______________ is a food preservation process that exposes food to radiation energy, preventing microbial growth.

food irradiation

calcium absorption is increased by

foods that contain vitamin D and lactose

functional foods

foods that have health benefits beyond basic nutrition

Excessive acid production in the stomach or upper small intestine could result in

formation of an ulcer

the most reliable source of vitamin b-12 for the vegan would be

fortified soybean milk

Escheria coli 0157:H7 infection has been associated with consumption of

fresh spinach or spinach-containing products

the aseptic processing of food preservation method is especially useful for

fruit juices

potassium is found in the largest quantities in

fruits and vegetables

the volumetrics approach to weight management promotes food choices that are high in nutrients and fill the stomach, but are low in calories _____ are the best example of foods that fit this description

fruits and vegetables

which of the following is a goal for a person with anorexia nervosa?

gain enough weight to raise the metabolic rate to normal

the monosaccharides important in nutrition are fructose, glucose, and

galactose

the major symptoms of lactose intolerance is

gas, abdominal pain, and bloating

an increasingly common and effective surgical procedure for morbid obesity is

gastric bypass

when there is a need for increased dietary protein during pregnancy or lactation, which of the following foods would be least desirable?

gelatin

When too little dietary carbohydrate is available to meet energy needs, ______ arise as byproducts of partial fat metabolism.

ketones

which food is the best source of soluble fiber

kidney beans

As a result of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection, individuals have been hospitalized with

kidney failure

Chronic dehydration increases a man's risk of developing

kidney stones

a characteristic shared by individuals with anorexia and individuals with bulimia is that they

lack appropriate coping strategies

female athlete triad

lack of menstrual periods, disordered eating behaviors, low bone mineral density

downy hair that grows on the body to protect against heat loss is called

lanugo

which is a food source of cholesterol

lard

intensity

level of exertion

the maximum number of years a human can live is called

life span

which of the following is a key recommendation by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans

limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake

If a food does not contain the necessary amounts of a certain amino acid to meet a body need, that amino acid is referred to as a(n)

limiting amino acid

which is an essential fatty acid

linoleic acid

The major fat-digesting enzyme is

lipase

Most lipids are transported in the blood as part of a structure called a(n) _______________.

lipoprotein

HDL

lipoprotein that picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources and transfers it to the other lipoproteins, as well as directly to the liver

_____ can cause spontaneous abortion or stillbirth because the bacteria can cross the placenta and infect the fetus

listeria monocytogenes

nutrient-rich blood leaving the intestine goes by way of a blood vessel directly to the

liver

which organ produces bile?

liver

glucose can be stored as glycogen in the

liver and muscles

when blood glucose levels drop below normal, hormones signal the breakdown of _______, which releases glucose into the blood

liver glycogen

which of the following is an example of a medication that affects nutritional status

long-term use of antibiotics can decrease the population of bacteria that synthesizes vitamin K

sarcopenia

loss of muscle mass

hyponatremia

low blood sodium that can result from consuming a large volume of water without also replacing electrolytes

nutrient-dense and bioavailable sources of calcium for a pregnant woman include

low-fat milk and cheese

Bud has trouble with his dentures and problems chewing. Which of the following foods would be best to help meet his nutritional needs?

low-fat yogurt

to which body part does blood travel to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide?

lungs

After chylomicrons leave the intestinal cells, they are transported via what system?

lymphatic

immediately after lipids are absorbed from the small intestine, they are transported through the _________ system to a duct that empties into the bloodstream near the heart

lymphatic

a mineral that is often deficient in the diet of US adults and is linked to bone health, muscle function, mental health, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes is

magnesium

low levels of _____, as mineral found especially in plant foods, may be associated with poor cardiovascular health

magnesium

for which of the following activities would carbohydrate loading be most useful

marathon

UL

maximum daily chronic intake level that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects

direct calorimetry

measurement of the amount of heat produced by a subject enclosed within a small chamber

foods commonly associated with illness caused by staphylococcus aureus include

meat, poultry, and eggs

the _____ dietary pattern features an abundant intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds

mediterranean

Many legumes are deficient in the essential amino-acid ______, while grains are limited in lysine.

methionine

RPE scale

method of estimating the intensity of a workout in which ratings of 1 to 10 correspond to a subjective feeling of exertion

an omega-9 fatty acid has its first double bond starting at the ninth carbon from the

methyl end

which is a major source of lactose

milk

which of the following is a food that provides ample amounts of all of the essential amino acids

milk

which of the following is the best food source of riboflavin

milk

what will most likely cause symptoms in a person with lactose intolerance

milk shakes made with skim milk

basal metabolism

minimal energy the body requires to support itself when resting, awake, and in a fasted state

the organelles that are known as the power plants or the powerhouse of the cell are the

mitochondria

which of the following snacks provide the most vitamin C

mixed berries, including strawberries and blueberries

galactose

monosaccharide

the term simple carbohydrates refers to

monosaccharides and disaccharides

olive oil contains mostly ______ fatty acids

monounsaturated

Compared to individuals aged 19 to 50, adults over the age of 70 need _____ vitamin D.

more

recent research shows that older adults need _____ the current RDA for protein for adults

more than

research suggests that older adults require _____ the current RDA for protein for adults

more than

which of the following is true about the protein intake of athletes

most athletes eating an adequate dietary pattern will easily meet their protein needs

which of the following is true about the vitamin and mineral intake of athletes

most athletes obtain ample vitamins and minerals through whole foods if they meet their caloric needs

where does digestion begin

mouth

individuals who perceive themselves as being too thin and who engage in disordered eating behaviors to achieve weight gain may have

muscle dysmorphia

the major storage sites for glycogen are the

muscles and liver

a free-weight workout that includes 8 to 10 different exercises performed for many repetitions with low resistance is designed mainly to enhance

muscular endurance

bench press, squat, biceps curl, and abdominal crunch

muscular fitness

avoiding greasy or fried foods, eating saltine crackers or dry cereal before getting out of bed, avoiding large fluid intake in the mornings, and eating smaller, more frequent meals help to control _______ during pregnancy

nausea

tolerance

needing more of a substance to achieve the desired effect (e.g. intoxication) or experiencing diminished effects of a given amount of a substance after repeated use

Maggie has anorexia nervosa and regularly starves herself. She is likely to be in a state of

negative protein balance

Megadoses of _______________ may be used to lower cholesterol, but they can cause flushing of the skin.

nicotinic acid

the chemical element found in all amino acids but not found in either carbohydrates or fats is

nitrogen

a saturated fatty acid contains

no double bonds

the physical barriers of the skin and GI tract support the _______ immune response

nonspecific (innate)

______ are hardy and survive freezing and relatively high temperatures and chlorination up to 10 parts per million (ppm)

noroviruses

frequency

number of times (e.g. per week) physical activity is performed

Donovan has been consuming large quantities of food and in violation of safe rules of athletic training is injecting testosterone. He has been seeing large temporary gains in muscle mass. He is in a state of

positive protein balance

Low blood levels of ______ can lead to disturbances in heart rhythm, a leading cause of death among people with eating disorders.

potassium

which of the following groups is at highest risk for negative consequences of marginal vitamin E status?

preterm infants

Vitamin E is thought to be helpful in the prevention of heart disease because it

prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol

the Delany Clause

prevents the intentional use as food additive of compounds shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals or humans

glycosylation

process by which glucose attaches to and damages proteins

LDL

product of VLDL metabolism that contains primarily cholesterol

the hormone that stimulates milk synthesis is

prolactin

the function of the thick mucus in the stomach to

protect stomach cells from acid and enzymes

Which section of MyPlate is the least significant source of carbohydrate?

protein

when an essential amino acid is lacking in the diet

protein synthesis will be limited

high-quality proteins

provide ample amounts of all of the essential amino acids

appetite

psychological (external) influences that encourage us to find and eat food

anorexia nervosa is characterized by

psychological denial of appetite.

individuals who induce vomiting to rid the body of calories even in the absence of a binge may be diagnosed with

purging disorder

RDA

recommended nutrient intake that meets the needs of almost all healthy people of similar age and sex

the DASH diet for the reduction of hypertension

recommends 2 - 3 servings per day of low-fat dairy products.

Sugar acts as a food preservative by

reducing the amount of free water in food.

the most qualified expert to assist individuals with their weight-loss goals is a

registered dietitian nutritionist

which of the following consumer behaviors increases the risk of a foodborne illness

reheating leftover meatballs to an internal temperature of 140F

which of the following is true about lifestyle habits and pregnancy

repeated intake of four or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting is harmful to the fetus

An example of cognitive restructuring for weight control is

replacing stressful eating situations with relaxing alternatives

throughout the aging process, optimal function of body organs decreases, but it may be years before organ decline is noticeable. this phenomena is referred to as

reserve capacity

taking large supplemental doses of vitamins A and E can

result in vitamin toxicity

which is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids

salmon

loss of lean body mass is called

sarcopenia

Extra kilocalories for pregnancy are needed mostly during which trimester(s)?

second and third

which of the following is not an early warning sign of anorexia nervosa

sedentary behavior, no interest in exercise

as she ages, Maude begins losing her senses of taste and smell. which of the following is true about her situation

she can vary her dietary patterns to include more herbs and spices to help enhance the flavors and odors of foods

Jackie is an alcoholic. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition called edema, which is

the buildup of fluids in extracellular spaces

which of the following criteria qualifies a compound as a vitamin?

the compound is necessary for health, but the body is unable to synthesize enough of the compound to maintain health

bioavailability

the degree to which the amount of an ingested nutrient is absorbed and is available to the body

the difference between aerobic and anaerobic glucose breakdown is

the end products of aerobic glucose breakdown are carbon dioxide and water, while the end product of anaerobic glucose breakdown is lactic acid

limiting amino acid

the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food relative to body needs

reserve capacity

the extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity

If a person does not eat enough carbohydrate to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen?

the liver will convert amino acids to glucose

life span

the potential oldest age a person can reach

which of the following is associated with aging

the risk of developing gallstones increases

the Danger Zone refers to

the temperature range at which bacteria grow quickly

which of the following is true about protein as an energy source

the use of protein as an energy source is greater for endurance athletes than for those who body build or lift weights

the energy expended to digest, absorb, and further process the nutrients in food is called the _______ of food. this equals approximately 5% to 10% of energy intake

thermic effect

Sterols are similar to triglycerides in which of the following ways?

they do not dissolve in water

What is the fate of disaccharides not digested in the small intestine?

they pass into the colon and are fermented by bacteria

the nutrient that prevents beriberi is

thiamin

which of the following is not true about the regulation of fluid in the body

thirst is a reliable indicator of how much water should be consumed to replenish body fluids during illness

testosterone

this hormone circulates at high concentrations in young men but falls during aging

triglyceride

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone

Xenical is a weight loss drug that works in the digestive system

to block digestion of about 30% of the fat in the food we eat

lycopene is found in

tomatoes

negative health effects of frequent, self-induced vomiting include

tooth damage

diglyceride

two fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone

which of the following is a likely long-term consequence of binge eating disorder

type 2 diabetes

stretching

type of activity that increases flexibility in major muscle groups

muscular strength

type of muscular fitness achieved by performing just a few repetitions with heavy weights

muscular endurance

type of muscular fitness achieved by performing many repetitions with light weights

muscle tissue

type of tissue adapted to contract, to cause movement

nervous tissue

type of tissue composed of highly branched, elongated cells that transport nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

connective tissue

type of tissue that holds different structures in the body together

aerobic

types of activity that uses large muscle groups in a rhythmic fashion

cis fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid with hydrogen atoms on the same side of a carbon-carbon double bone

free radical

unstable atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell

how could you lower the fat content of the following breakfast menu? omelet (made with 2 whole eggs, 1/4 cup of swiss cheese, 1/4 cup of mushrooms) 2 links of turkey sausage 1 slice of whole-wheat toast with 1 teaspoon of butter 1 cup of orange juice

use egg whites instead of whole eggs in the omelet

DV

used as a reference for expressing nutrient content on nutrition labels

the greatest health risk from food today is contamination via

viruses and bacteria

declining production of stomach acid and intrinsic factor increases the risk for deficiency of _____ among older adults

vitamin B-12

Vitamins involved in red blood cell synthesis are

vitamin B-12 and folate

deposition of calcium and phosphorus in the bones is regulated by

vitamin D

low maternal levels of _____ during gestation may increase the risk for type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, allergies, asthma, and mental disorders in the offspring

vitamin D

some researchers believe that damage to cells by free radicals may contribute to the aging process. which of the following nutrients serves as an antioxidant that protects cells from these compounds?

vitamin E

which of the following vitamins serves as an antioxidant in cell membranes?

vitamin E

newborns are routinely given an injection of ______ shortly after birth to prevent life-threatening hemorrhage

vitamin K

which of the following is an antioxidant?

vitaminn C

one of the richest plan sources of omega-3 fatty acids is

walnuts

to decrease risk of developing heat-related injuries

watch for rapid body-weight changes of 2% or more of body weight

One of the major goals of using preservation methods such as smoking, salting, and drying is decreasing the _______________ in a food. This decreases the potential for bacterial growth.

water

a major function of the large intestine is to absorb

water

the best way to determine how much fluid to consume after a workout is to

weigh yourself before and after the workout

Peg's parents are both obese. She has dieted at least six times, each time losing a considerable amount of weight and subsequently regaining it. Peg does not exercise. Which of the following is true about Peg's situation? Her frequent yo-yo dieting have likely led to greater amounts of lean body mass. Her problem is genetic and there is no reason for her to attempt to lose weight. When she ends a diet, she likely regains additional body fat. Her problem results from poor habits, but genetics will prevent her from ever losing weight.

when she ends a diet, she likely regains additional body fat

which of the following food-handling practices increases risk for foodborne illness

when shopping, select meat, poultry or fish first

ergogenic aid

work-producing; a mechanical, nutritional, psychological, pharmacological, or physiological substance or treatment that is intended to improve performance

cycles of loss and regain of weight are called

yo-yo dieting

_______ is needed for DNA synthesis, protein metabolism, wound healing, growth, development of sexual organs, and white blood cell formation

zinc

protein- rich diets, especially those that include many animal sources of protein are high in

zinc

functional foods can be placed into two categories: _____ and _______

zoochemicals; phytochemicals