Nutrition Final

Which of the following statements is true? -Most people are born with the ability to choose a nutritious diet. -In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death. -A person's diet is influenced by his or her blood type and birth order. -Nutrients are life-sustaining phytochemicals in food.

In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.

______ is the study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person's genome. -Nutrigenetics -Nutrigenomics -Genetics -Personalized nutrition

Nutrigenomics

What vitamin is necessary as part of the coenzyme that facilitates transamination and deamination reactions? -Vitamin B-6 -Vitamin B-12 -Niacin -Riboflavin

Vitamin B-6

Isaac is an 8-year-old child who has African ancestry. He lives in Chicago and does not spend much time outdoors. He does not like to consume dairy foods because he has lactose intolerance. His diet consists primarily of enriched white bread, peanut butter, chicken, pork, apples, bananas, and green vegetables. Based on this information, Isaac has a high risk of ________. -pellagra -rickets -scurvy -beriberi

rickets

A medical researcher reads an article in Today's Health-Conscious Woman magazine about the benefits of using the phytochemical capsaicin to treat knee pain. She asks 10 people with arthritic knees to rub a cream that contains the phytochemical on their knee joints for 2 weeks. At the end of the 2 weeks, the researcher asks the subjects whether their knee pain improved, stayed about the same, or worsened during the treatment period. After collecting responses from the people, the researcher reports the results of her study during a popular TV show that is hosted by a doctor. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true? -The researcher subjected the results of her study to peer review. -The researcher did not divide the subjects of her study into control and treatment groups. -The researcher used a standard scientific design for research involving human subjects. -The researcher reviewed scientific literature regarding the use of capsaicin to treat knee pain.

The researcher did not divide the subjects of her study into control and treatment groups.

The label on a bag of salt-free pretzels indicates that the chips are "low-fat." This means the pretzels provide ________ gram(s) of fat or less per serving. -5 -7 -1 -3

3

A pound of body fat provides about ________ kcal. -1500 -2500 -3500 -4500

3500

Thirty-year-old Laney is concerned about her risk for osteoporosis as both her grandmother and mother have experienced broken bones as a result of osteoporosis. To reduce her risk for osteoporosis, Laney should ________. -All of the choices are correct. -limit her consumption of alcohol -eat a diet rich in both calcium and vitamin D - exercise regularly

All of the choices are correct

Which of the following forms of metabolism releases the lower amount of energy in the cell?-Aerobic metabolism -Aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism release about the same amount of energy. -Anaerobic metabolism

Anaerobic metabolism

Which of the following are functions of cuproenzymes? -Collagen formation -All of the choices are correct. -Antioxidant activity -Iron storage and transportation -Formation of myelin

Antioxidant activity

All of the following are common ingredients in sports drinks EXCEPT ________. -Caffeine -water -simple carbohydrates -electrolytes

Caffeine

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following minerals is a nutrient of public health concern? -Selenium - Calcium -Manganese -Copper

Calcium

Which of the following statements is true? -All hormones are proteins. -Protein is the primary energy source for the human body. -Proteins are a major component of starch molecules. -Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream.

Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream

Jeanette is a vegan concerned about her iron intake. Which of the following practices would you recommend to Jeanette to increase her iron intake from plant foods? -Cooking vegetables in a cast iron skillet with tomatoes or lemon juice -Taking zinc, calcium, and selenium supplements daily -Adding cheese to salads and sandwiches -Drinking more milk and avoiding in-between-meal snacks

Cooking vegetables in a cast iron skillet with tomatoes or lemon juice

During her 7th month of pregnancy, Sari developed a life-threatening complication of pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension and convulsions. Based on this information, Sari developed ________. -Echolalia -endometriosis -Eclampsia -endocarditis

Eclampsia

Which of the following conditions is a major cause of pregnancy-related deaths in the United States? -Physiological anemia -Pica -Eclampsia -Morning sickness

Eclampsia

Which of the following compounds is secreted by the human stomach? -Chyme -Bile salts -Gastric juice -Saliva

Gastric juice

Which of the following behaviors is typical of someone who has disordered eating but not an eating disorder? -Binge eating daily for two months -Skipping breakfast when late for an exam -Frequently making oneself vomit after meals -Regularly using laxatives lose to weight

Skipping breakfast when late for an exam

____ fat insulates the body and protects muscles and bones from bumps and bruises. -Subcutaneous -Cellulite -Visceral -Intracellular

Subcutaneous

Alicia has PKU. She would like to sweeten her coffee with a substance that provides 0 kcal/g. Based on this information, which of the following sweeteners supplies 0 kcal/g and is safe for her to use? -Xylitol -Aspartame -Invert sugar -Sucralose

Sucralose

Which of the following factors has a negative effect on a school-age child's diet? -Caregivers setting limits on consumption of chips and soft drinks -Eating meals at home -Viewing television advertisements for sugar-sweetened soft drinks -Parents serving fresh fruit with meals and snacks

Viewing television advertisements for sugar-sweetened soft drinks

Anna would like to offer a high-fiber, nutrient-dense snack to her healthy 4-year-old son. Based on this information, she should serve ________. -2 slices of baked ham on a toasted English muffin -1 cup of French fries from a fast-food restaurant that has been salted with iodized salt -½ of a chocolate doughnut that has the frosting removed -a small unpeeled apple that has been cut into wedges

a small unpeeled apple that has been cut into wedges

Julian ate a baked potato as a side with his dinner. The starch in the baked potato will begin to be digested. -in the stomach. -in the small intestine. -in the mouth. -in the large intestine.

in the mouth

During beta-oxidation, fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon molecules that are converted into ________. -pyruvate -acetyl CoA -oxaloacetate -glycerol

acetyl CoA

Humans need vitamin B-6 for ________.-carbohydrate excretion -vitamin C synthesis -magnesium absorption -amino acid metabolism

amino acid metabolism

Andrea, a 22-year-old college student, has been rushed to the hospital after collapsing at the gym. After performing some clinical tests, the doctor determines Andrea's BMI is 16.8; she is dehydrated; and she has very low bone mineral density. Based on this information, Andrea probably has ________. -menarche -anorexia nervosa -muscle dysmorphia -binge-eating disorder

anorexia nervosa

Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells convert pyruvate to ________. -Alanine -vitamin D -lactic acid -carbon monoxide

lactic acid

Human milk naturally contains contains less ________ per ounce than formula. -energy -protein -cholesterol -carbohydrate

protein

Which of the following is a micro nutrient? -Fat -Protein -Iron -Glucose

Iron

The Dietary Guidelines are updated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture about every ________ years. -10 -5 -2 -8

5

Which of the following minerals is NOT a trace mineral? -Selenium -Iron -Zinc -Sodium

Sodium

Which of the following sweeteners provides 4 kcal/g? -Sucrose -Sucralose -Saccharin -Stevia

Sucrose

Which of the following statements is true? -Those who are lean have a greater higher risk of gallstones than those who are obese. -The colon is the major site of nutrient absorption in the human digestive system. -The esophagus is the muscular valve that connects the stomach to the small intestine. -The pyloric sphincter controls the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine.

The pyloric sphincter controls the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine.

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines, healthy adults should consume ________. -less than 200 mg cholesterol/day -less than 400 mg cholesterol/day -no cholesterol -as little cholesterol as possible while following a healthy diet

as little cholesterol as possible while following a healthy diet

The human body can absorb some ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria. -biotin -riboflavin -beta-carotene -vitamin C

biotin

A primary function of the digestive system is the -destruction of toxic metabolic by-products. -breakdown of food into nutrients. -production of red blood cells. -transmission of nervous impulses.

breakdown of food into nutrients

Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones are classified as ________. -Anabolic -metaphysic -dynamic -catabolic

catabolic

According to the observations of a nutrition scientist, laboratory mice are healthier when their diet contains physiological levels of vitamin D than when their diet lacks the micronutrient. The scientist hypothesizes that mice will be less likely to develop cancer when they consume a diet that supplies megadoses of vitamin D. Based on this information, the scientist is ready to. -design a double-blind study to test the vitamin D and cancer hypothesis in mice. -set up an experimental epidemiological study to test the vitamin D and cancer hypothesis in mice. -plan a retrospective study involving at least 5,000 laboratory mice to test the vitamin D and cancer hypothesis in mice. -conduct a controlled laboratory experiment to test the vitamin D and cancer hypothesis in mice.

conduct a controlled laboratory experiment to test the vitamin D and cancer hypothesis in mice

Excessive vitamin D intakes can result in ________. -increased blood clot formation -no particular health problems, because the vitamin is rapidly excreted in urine -megaloblastic anemia -deposition of calcium in soft tissues

deposition of calcium in soft tissues

Belle is pregnant with her first baby. During a routine prenatal visit with her doctor, Belle was told she has developed a condition that is associated with pregnancy. This condition increases the risk that she will give birth to a baby that weighs more than 8.8 pounds. Based on this information, Belle has ________. -cystic fibrosis -chronic eclampsia -pernicious anemia -gestational diabetes

gestational diabetes

Monique is a 19-year-old college student who would like to follow a Mediterranean diet pattern instead of her typical "western" diet. Based on this information, Monique should -increase her red meat intake. -increase her intake of fruit. -decrease her intake of fish and seafood. -eat fewer beans and peas.

increase her intake of fruit

A major nutrition-related concern of adolescent females is ________ intake. -high protein -low iron -low niacin -high calcium

low iron

A child with protein-energy malnutrition has a high risk of dying from ________. -diabetes -celiac disease -hyperglycemia -measles

measles

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called ________. -facilitated diffusion -water permeability -osmosis -hydrolysis

osmosis

Tyler smokes cigarettes, drinks excess alcohol, and takes aspirin regularly to treat his headaches. Based on this information, Tyler has a high risk of developing -peptic ulcers. -chronic constipation. -irritable bowel syndrome. -cystic fibrosis.

peptic ulcers

Genevieve is a 23-year-old world class ballet dancer who trains, on average, for about seven hours/day. She frequently experiences stress fractures of the bones in her feet. Although she is not pregnant, she has not had a menstrual period for the past eight months. Based on this information, Genevieve probably has ________. -menopausal syndrome -Osteomalacia -the female athlete triad -type 1 diabetes

the female athlete triad

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is a degenerative brain disorder that most often occurs in alcoholics. The condition is a result of a deficiency in ________. -pantothenic acid -thiamin -niacin -vitamin B-6

thiamin

The primary function of adipocytes is ________.-glucose storage -protein synthesis -triglyceride storage -glycogen synthesis

triglyceride storage

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense per serving? -Leafy greens -French fries -Grape drink -Refined grains

Leafy greens

________ acid is an essential fatty acid. -Linoleic -Stearic -Lauric -Palmitic

Linoleic

Bernard recently started following a vegan diet. What is a possible disadvantage to following such a diet?-Low intake of saturated fats -Low intake of certain minerals, including zinc, iron, and calcium -High intake of vitamins C and E -High intake of phytochemicals

Low intake of certain minerals, including zinc, iron, and calcium

For lunch today Quentin ate a turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread, a small bag of pretzels, and an apple. He also drank a 20-fluid ounce orange-flavored sports drink. Which component of his lunch would be considered a source of empty calories? -Whole wheat bread -Sports drink -Turkey -Pretzels

Sports drink

An online advertisement for a weight-loss product includes before and after photos of a woman who supposedly lost 50 pounds in 3 weeks while taking the product. The bottom of the ad includes the statement, "Results are not typical." This statement is an example of a(n) ________. -Anecdote -placebo -testimonial -disclaimer

disclaimer

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, saturated fat intake should be limited to less than ________% of total daily calories. -5 -10 -20 -30

10

Layla loves to cook, but she is concerned about the effects that certain dietary lipids may have on her health. She wants to prepare foods with fats that are naturally low in saturated fatty acids and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Based on this information, which of the following ingredients should she select? -Coconut oil -Corn oil -Butter -Lard

Corn oil

Risk factors for eating disorders include ________. -pursuing a college degree -being a physically active adolescent male -training to become a master chef -having a history of frequent attempts to lose weight

having a history of frequent attempts to lose weight

Vitamin D helps the body absorb ________. -sodium and potassium -phosphorus and calcium -iron and copper -magnesium and iodine

phosphorus and calcium

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects, and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are. -Supplements. -Probiotics. -antidotes.-placebos.

placebos

Maintenance of normal intracellular fluid volume depends largely on the intracellular concentration of ________ ions. -potassium and phosphate -hydride and iodide -oxide and nitride -sulfide and bromide

potassium and phosphate

Over a 2-year period, a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with weight gain. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study. -Case-control -in vitro -prospective -retrospective

prospective

All of the following are common physiological consequences of anorexia nervosa EXCEPT ________. -dehydration -hypotension (low blood pressure) -lanugo -rapid heart rate

rapid heart rate

Vitamins that are involved in bone health include all of the following EXCEPT ________.-vitamin D -vitamin E -vitamin K -vitamin A

vitamin E

According to the joint recommendations of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine, a dietary protein intake of ________ may be necessary for athletes engaged in regular moderate- and high-intensity physical activity. -1.2 to 2.0 grams/kg body weight/day -0.6 to 1.1 grams/kg body weight/day -1.8 to 2.2 grams/kg body weight/day -at least 2.0 grams/kg body weight/day

1.2 to 2.0 grams/kg body weight/day

Every morning, Sarah stops at a convenience store to buy a 20-ounce bottle of a regular soft drink to consume before and during her early classes. Around noon, she drinks a sugar-sweetened tea that she purchased from a vending machine on campus. After she read news about the possible negative health effects of added sugars, she became concerned about her consumption of sugar-sweetened foods and beverages. She decides to follow the recommendations of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans regarding added sugar intakes. Sarah usually consumes about 1800 kcal/day. Based on this information, she should limit her added sugar intake to less than ________ kcal/day. -144 -180 -216 -90

180

A weight-loss program includes recommendations that are likely to be unsafe and not result in long-term weight loss and maintenance. Which of the following recommendations is a component of this particular weight-loss program? -The person only eats foods that begin with the letters R, K, and M. -The person keeps a daily food intake record to identify "problem foods." -The person measures his or her waistline weekly. -The person finds ways to incorporate more physical activity into his or her daily routine.

The person only eats foods that begin with the letters R, K, and M

Becky's 2-year-old son can't walk because he was born with spina bifida. To reduce the chances that her next baby is born with this birth defect or related disorders, Becky should ________. -eat at least 3 ounces of fatty fish three times a week, take vitamin A and D supplements, and drink more fat-free milk during the first three months of pregnancy -consume green leafy vegetables, drink orange juice, and take a folic acid supplement before getting pregnant -take iron, zinc, and magnesium supplements during the first month of pregnancy, then eat more whole-grain breads and cereals for the remaining months of the pregnancy -take pantothenic acid, B-6, and B-12 supplements before getting pregnant

consume green leafy vegetables, drink orange juice, and take a folic acid supplement before getting pregnant

Alicia's goal is to become a world-class endurance athlete. She trains aerobically for at least 90 minutes daily. She weighs 60 kg. Based on this information, what is the minimum number of kilocalories she needs to consume daily to maintain her body weight while in training? -5700 kcal -2700 kcal -3700 kcal -4700 kcal

2700 kcal

A toddler who weighs 25 pounds needs to consume about ________ kcal per day. -930 -2145 -820 -1010

930

Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of a food allergy? -Hives -All of the choices are correct. -Vomiting and/or diarrhea -Swollen lips

All of the choices are correct

________ enhances the effects of insulin on cell membranes. -Selenium -Cobalamin -Chromium -Boron

Chromium

Which of the following factors has a major influence over a person's food choices? -Blood type -Close friends -Birth order -Vitamin A status

Close friends

Which of the following plant oils contains the highest amount of saturated fat per tablespoon? -Canola oil -Coconut oil -Walnut oil -Safflower oil

Coconut oil

______ is a condition associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults that is characterized by softening of the bones. -Osteomalacia -Rickets -Osteoporosis -Melanin

Osteomalacia

Owen usually consumes about 3000 kcal/day. On average, his fat intake is approximately 80 g/day. Based on this information, which of the following statements describes Owen's diet? - Owen's fat intake is within the AMDR. -Owen's fat intake meets the RDA for lipids. -Owen's fat intake is not high enough to support good health.-Owen's fat intake is too high.

Owen's fat intake is within the AMDR

Which of the following lifestyle choices is the primary cause of preventable cancer deaths in the United States? -Eating fatty foods -Consuming alcohol -Exercising infrequently -Smoking cigarettes

Smoking cigarettes

Oatmeal is a particularly rich source of ________ fiber. -Soluble -Oligosaccharide -Nondigestible -insoluble

Soluble

Kevin is a bodybuilder who takes a variety of vitamin supplements. He often has diarrhea, and last week he was diagnosed with a kidney stone. Based on this information, which of his supplements is most likely contributing to his current health problems? -Thiamin -Biotin -Vitamin B-6 -Vitamin C

Vitamin C

Compared to infant formulas, human milk is a rich source of ________. -Fluoride -iron -cholesterol -vitamin D

cholesterol

Compared to infant formulas, human milk is a rich source of ________. -Fluoride -vitamin D -cholesterol -iron

cholesterol

Esther would like to gain weight, but despite eating regular meals and having no disordered eating practice or eating disorder, her BMI dropped from 19.0 to 16.2 in 1 year. According to this information, Esther's physician will need to ________. -let Esther know that she shouldn't try to gain weight, because her BMI is in the healthy range -determine whether Esther has cancer or another chronic disease -provide Esther with a low-fat, low-carb diet that provides 900 kcal/day to gain weight -treat Esther with hypermetabolic medications

determine whether Esther has cancer or another chronic disease

An effective and comprehensive aerobic workout program ________. -should be performed for at least 90 minutes daily to be effective -relies on resistance training -should be performed once a week to avoid boredom -gradually increases in duration and intensity of activities

gradually increases in duration and intensity of activities

Bernetta has an autoimmune disease that affects salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Bernetta -cannot tolerate eating cold foods. -digests food too rapidly. -develops numerous stomach ulcers. -has trouble swallowing.

has trouble swallowing

Emma consumes dairy products, but she does not eat meat, fish, eggs or poultry. She eats some vegetables and fruits, but she avoids beans, breads, and cereal products. Based on this information, her diet lacks adequate ________. -iron -potassium -calcium -magnesium

iron

The weather over the winter was colder than usual, with typical days in the subzero temperature range and snow and ice common. Because of this, Drea was often cold and shivering when walking between classes. Shivering is an example of ________. -nonexercise activity thermogenesis -basal metabolism -the thermic effect of food -physical activity

nonexercise activity thermogenesis

Jenna is a 73-year-old woman who complains to her doctor that her food does not have any taste. The physician told Jenna to add more spices in each dish she prepares. Based on your knowledge about the process of aging, ________. -Jenna should chew her food slowly and drink plain water with meals -Jenna is suffering from several vitamin and mineral deficiencies -Jenna is experiencing a normal decline in her sense of taste -Jenna is showing symptoms of early pancreatic failure

Jenna is experiencing a normal decline in her sense of taste

All of the following minerals play a role in bone health EXCEPT ________. -sodium -magnesium -zinc -iron

sodium