Nutrition final exam

The disease associated with niacin deficiency is

Pellagra

The requirement for vitamin E varies by the amount of an individual's

polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (The requirement for vitamin E varies with the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet.)

Riboflavin (B2) deficiency

Ariboflavinosis: cracks on lips and corners of mouth, swelling of mouth/throat

An example of a meal high in vitamin C is

Bacon, lettuce, and tomato sandwich and strawberries (The best sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits; tomatoes; cabbage and other leafy, green vegetables; berries; melons; peppers; broccoli; potatoes; and yellow vegetables.)

Thiamin (Vitamin B1) Deficiency

Beriberi Poor appetite, constipation and indigestion

Before development of end-stage renal disease, nutrition therapy for patients with chronic renal failure focuses on

Limiting foods that produce toxic metabolic by products (Before development of end-stage renal disease, nutrition therapy for patients with chronic renal failure focuses on limiting foods that produce toxic metabolic by-products; this reduces the burden on the kidneys. Sodium and fluid intakes do not need to be limited at this stage. Protein intake should be limited to the amount needed by the body because breakdown of excess protein produces toxic metabolic by-products. Chronic kidney disease is irreversible so provision of adequate nutrients will not promote recovery, although it is important to maintain good nutritional status)

A good food source of niacin is

Meat (beef, poultry, fish), peanuts, and ready-to-eat cereals

The B vitamin predominantly found in foods of animal origin is

Cobalamin (Because cobalamin occurs as a protein complex in foods, its sources are mostly of animal origin.)

A 62-year-old woman who smokes one pack of cigarettes a day and whose food intake records reveal a minimal intake of vitamin C foods is most likely to be at risk for

Easy bruising and pinpoint hemorrhages (Signs of vitamin C deficiency are tissue bleeding, including easy bruising, and pinpoint skin hemorrhages. Smokers deplete their supply of vitamin C more rapidly than nonsmokers do. Cigarette smoke is a source of environmental free radicals, and vitamin C is needed to break down toxic compounds in cigarette smoke)

A factor has the greatest influence on food habits is

Food availability

The function of lipoproteins is to carry

fat and cholesterol to the cells for energy and metabolism

deficiency of iron

iron deficiency anemia

The WIC program provides nutritious foods to

low-income women who are pregnant and their children who are younger than 5 years of age.

Dietary modifications during the first 24 to 48 hours after myocardial infarction include

reducing energy intake

A good food source of vitamin K is

spinach (green leafy vegetables) (Vitamin K is found in green leafy vegetables, which provide 50 to 800 mcg of phylloquinone per 100 g of food. Smaller amounts are found in milk and other dairy, meats, fortified cereals, fruits, and vegetables.)

The lipoprotein with the highest lipid content is

very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).

Foods produced without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers, sewage sludge, or ionizing radiation are referred as organic

Organic

Cobolamin (vitamin B12) deficiency

Pernicious anemia a deficiency in the production of red blood cells through a lack of vitamin B12.

A vitamin D deficiency in growing children that results in the malformation of skeletal tissue, especially the long bones, is referred to as

Rickets (Rickets is a disease associated with vitamin D deficiency. It is characterized by malformation of skeletal tissue in growing children in which long bones are soft and often bend under the weight of the child.)

Vitamin C deficiency is associated with

Scurvy

A significant source of phosphorus would be provided by

Skim milk (The best sources of phosphorus are high-protein foods including milk and milk products, meat, fish, and eggs.)

An alcoholic is most likely to be deficient in

Thiamin (B1)

A significant food source of selenium is

Turkey (Significant sources of selenium include pork, chicken, lamb, turkey, and organ meats.)

The main government agency responsible for food safety is the

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Liver is a rich source of

Vitamin A (retinol) (Liver is a rich source of preformed, natural vitamin A. Other sources include fish liver oils, egg yolk, butter, and cream.)

Fish liver oils are a good source of

Vitamin D (Fish liver oils are a natural source of vitamin D. Some other foods are fortified with vitamin D. Because milk is a common food and already contains calcium and phosphorus, it is the most practical to fortify with this vitamin.)

An elemental diet provides

all nutrients needed in their simplest, absorbable form

Of the following, the meal that would be best to include as part of a renal diet plan is

baked chicken with rice and green beans. (The meal that would fit best within a renal diet plan is baked chicken with rice and green beans. This provides high-quality protein without excessive sodium, potassium, or phosphorus. The omelet provides high-quality protein from eggs and cheese, but cheese is high in phosphorus and biscuits are higher in sodium than other breads. The beans in the burrito provide lower-quality protein and are high in phosphorus; also, the tortilla chips are high in sodium (unless they are unsalted). Peanut butter provides lower-quality protein and is high in phosphorus; whole wheat bread is also high in phosphorus.)

Spinach, carrots, and sweet potatoes are good sources of

beta-carotene (Carotene is the group name of three red and yellow pigments alpha-, beta-, and gamma-carotene found in dark-green and yellow vegetables and some fruits. The body converts beta-carotene to vitamin A.)

The best food source of folic acid is

broccoli (Rich sources of folate are found in liver; green, leafy vegetables; yeast; and legumes. Broccoli would be a high source of folate among the choices.)

An example of a breakfast high in calcium

cereal and milk (Cereal and milk provide good sources of calcium because calcium-rich foods include milk and milk products.)

A food item that would not be covered by a women, infants, and children (WIC) voucher would be

cookies

Recommended intakes for vitamin D are difficult to establish because

exposure to sunlight varies (Recommended intakes for vitamin D are difficult to establish because of its unique hormone-like nature, the difference in exposure to sun (affected by time spent outside and climate), and limited food sources.)

Most teratogenic effects from overdoses, toxins, or diseases occurs during the:

first trimester

Someone who has severe diarrhea, fever, and headache 2 days after eating at a restaurant probably has

food borne infection

Foods rich in phytochemicals include

fruits and vegetables (Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of phytochemicals. The term phytochemical comes from the Greek word phyton, meaning "plant.")

A food choice that would help provide adequate protein for recovery from hepatitis is

grilled chicken ***The diet should be relatively high in protein and low in fat*** (Grilled chicken provides a good source of dietary protein that is essential for tissue repair, which is an important part of recovery from hepatitis.)

Which of the following foods would be most important to assist with thyroxine synthesis?

iodized table salt (Iodized table salt contains iodine, which helps synthesize thyroxine. Thyroxine-stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to take up more iodine for thyroxine synthesis when the blood level of thyroxine falls below normal.)

Blood losses may result in a deficiency of

iron

Nutrition therapy for gallbladder disorders includes

lowering fat intake (A low-fat intake may help avoid pain and discomfort because the presence of fat entering the small intestine stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder.)

A folic acid deficiency induces a form of anemia called

megaloblastic anemia

What is the most important source of riboflavin in the United States?

milk

Two foods that are commonly fortified with vitamin D are

milk and margarine (Because milk is a common food and already contains calcium and phosphorus, it is the most practical to fortify with vitamin D. Butter substitutes, such as margarines, are also fortified.)

Patients with chronic renal disease may need to restrict heir intake of foods high in phosphorus such as

milk, nuts, and legumes

A food that enhances nonheme iron absorption is

orange juice (Vitamin C and moderate amounts of lean meat help enhance the absorption and availability of nonheme iron. Orange juice is a good source of vitamin C)

Two general principles of diet therapy for coronary heart disease and lipid disorders are to

reduce total fat intake and substitute unsaturated fats for some saturated fats.

Of the foods below, the one providing the best source of potassium is

spinach spinach (The richest dietary sources of potassium are unprocessed foods, including oranges and bananas; vegetables such as broccoli and leafy, green vegetables; fresh meats; whole grains; and milk products.)

Under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), food stamps are supposed to supplement a household's food needs for

1 month

Protection against coronary heart disease is associated with a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) value of at least _____ mg/dL.

60

The person most at risk for vitamin D deficiency is a

62-year-old woman who lives in a cold climate and rarely goes outdoors. (Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin with exposure to sunlight. People who do not go outdoors may be at higher risk for developing a vitamin D deficiency.)

A food that is restricted in patients who are receiving hemodialysis because it is high in phosphorus is

Milk (Milk is restricted in patients who are receiving hemodialysis because it is high in phosphorus. Bananas and potatoes are high in potassium, not phosphorus. Eggs are not high in phosphorus and provide a good source of high-quality protein.)

An athlete who increases his or her intake of pasta will also increase his or her need for

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

Sunflower oil is a rich source of

Vitamin E (The richest sources of vitamin E are vegetable oils. Other food sources include nuts, fortified cereals, and avocados)

A vitamin that plays a major role in blood clotting is vitamin

Vitamin K

An example of a lunch high in potassium is a

hamburger on a bun with sliced tomatoes (Rich food sources of potassium include unprocessed foods including fruits such as oranges and bananas, vegetables such as broccoli and leafy greens, fresh meats, whole grains, and milk products.)

Two foods that are good sources of nutrients most important in bone formation are

milk and yogurt (Milk and yogurt are good sources of calcium and phosphorus, which both play a role in bone formation)

Patients treated with peritoneal dialysis have higher dietary protein needs than those treated with hemodialysis because

more protein is lost into the peritoneal dialysate. (Patients treated with peritoneal dialysis have higher dietary protein needs that those treated with hemodialysis because more protein is lost into the dialysate. Maintenance of the peritoneum does not significantly increase protein needs and patients are not necessarily more active. Peritoneal dialysis is not more efficient than hemodialysis for removing nitrogenous waste.)

The three body systems that can be affected by a thiamin deficiency are the

nervous cardiovascular gastrointestinal systems

A deficiency of folate may result in

neural tube defects

A young woman who is interested in becoming pregnant should be counseled on healthy eating choices, especially regarding folate-rich foods, which may help prevent

neural tube defects

Lack of bioavailable vitamin B12 in the diets of pregnant women has resulted in the insults to which of the following in their infants?

neurological

A deficiency of vitamin A may result in

night blindness (Night blindness results from a deficiency of vitamin A. Vitamin A helps form the visual pigment rhodopsin in the eye. Retinol, the name given to vitamin A, is an essential part of rhodopsin, commonly known as visual purple. This light-sensitive substance enables the eye to adjust to the different amounts of available light.)

Hypervitaminosis of vitamins A or D is most likely to occur because of

overuse of vitamin supplements

The National Renal Diet

provides flexible meal planning tools for patients with chronic renal failure. (The National Renal Diet provides flexible meal planning tools for patients with chronic renal failure. Food intake needs to be tailored to individual preferences and lifestyles, so menus are not provided. It still requires the help of a registered dietitian to develop a personalized meal plan. There are no "acceptable" and "unacceptable" foods for patients with chronic renal failure, but the National Renal Diet helps patients choose appropriate portion sizes of foods high in nutrients that must be limited.)

Nutrition therapy for hypertension includes

reduced sodium intake and control, increased calcium and magnesium intake, and adequate potassium intake.

The treatment of hepatitis includes

rest and optimal nutrition Hepatitis is treated by rest and optimal nutrition with a high-carbohydrate, moderate-fat, high-energy, and high-protein diet.

For patients treated with dialysis, a good source if protein could be

scrambled eggs

An example of a food that may increase urinary oxalate levels is

strawberry shortcake (Strawberries are one of the eight foods (spinach, rhubarb, beets, nuts, chocolate, tea, wheat bran, and strawberries) that cause significant increases in urinary oxalate excretion; therefore strawberry shortcake may increase urinary oxalate levels.)

An item that must be included on food labels is

the percentage of daily value (DV) of trans fat per serving.

An example of a food that is a good source of calcium is

yogurt (Good sources of calcium include milk and milk products, including cheese, yogurt, and ice cream.)

A food safety program focusing on the prevention of food-Norse illness through the identification of critical points and elimination of hazards is the

☢️ Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP)