Nutrition Final

Salts that dissociate into ions are called ________. a. angiotensinogens b. electrolytes c. diuretics d. osmolytes e. antidiuretics

Correct

What is the principal intracellular cation? a. Phosphorus b. Potassium c. Sodium d. Magnesium e. Chloride

Correct

_____________ is a bone disease characterized by softening of the bones and occurs most often in adult women.

Osteomalacia

The protein RDA for adults is ________ grams per kilogram. a. 0.8 b. 0.36 c. 0.08 d. 3.6 e. eight

a. 0.8

If a normal, healthy adult stopped eating vitamin A-containing foods, deficiency symptoms would begin to appear in about ________. a. 1 to 2 years b. 3 to 6 months c. 2 to 3 months d. 6 weeks e. 6 months to 1 year

a. 1 to 2 years

The normal pH of the stomach is about ________. a. 1.5 b. 2.5 c. 0.75 d. 7.5 e. 8.5

a. 1.5

Given the average minimum amount of glucose used by the brain, the Recommended Daily Allowance for carbohydrate is ________ g. a. 130 b. 250 c. 400 d. 45 e. 10

a. 130

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates? a. 45% to 65% b. 5% to 10% c. 70% to 80% d. 25% to 40% e. 15% to 20%

a. 45% to 65%

Fat supplies about ________ of the body's ongoing energy needs during rest. a. 60% b. 20% c. 10% d. 40% e. 80%

a. 60%

How much energy does 1 gram of fat provide? a. 9 kcalories b. 5 kcalories c. 15 kcaolories d. 12 kcalories e. 3 kcalories

a. 9 kcalories

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for a nutrient meets the needs of about ________ of the population. a. 98% b. 25% c. 5% d. 50% e. 75%

a. 98%

What is lymph? a. A clear fluid that contains infection-fighting white blood cells b. A greenish fluid that contains abundant platelets and water-soluble vitamins c. A white fluid that contains probiotics d. A viscous, red fluid that contains red blood cells and platelets e. A light red fluid that stores fat-soluble vitamins

a. A clear fluid that contains infection-fighting white blood cells

Which of the following accurately describes the link between lead exposure and nutrition? a. Absorption of lead is higher on an empty stomach. b. The symptoms of lead toxicity can be reversed by adding iron to the diet. c. Lead exposure is extremely rare in the United States. d. Federal regulations have successfully prevented widespread lead toxicity. e. Lead toxicity is most prevalent in children around the time of puberty.

a. Absorption of lead is higher on an empty stomach.

Vegan diets exclude what kind of products? a. All animal products b. Soy products c. Legumes d. Seeds e. Nuts

a. All animal products

Which statement defines a coenzyme? a. An organic molecule closely associated with enzymes b. An enzyme precursor c. An inactive enzyme that becomes functional upon contact with specific cofactors d. A unit consisting of an enzyme bound to reactants plus ATP e. The active part of an enzyme

a. An organic molecule closely associated with enzymes

What is the main role of vitamin K in the body? a. Blood clotting b. Calcium utilization c. Antioxidant d. Epithelial tissue renewal e. Synthesis of reproductive hormones

a. Blood clotting

Which of these foods is a good vegetarian source of iron? a. Cashews b. Milk c. Apples d. Yogurt e. Honey

a. Cashews

Which of the following is an example of an ultra-processed food? a. Chicken nuggets b. Skim milk c. Swiss cheese d. Sunflower seeds e. Apple juice

a. Chicken nuggets

Of the following, which is an example of a behavior modification technique for weight loss? a. Download an app to keep a record of your eating and exercise habits. b. Eat with a buddy who will monitor your food intake. c. Cook your own meals and eat alone to focus on your own habits. d. Create the "Clean Plate Club" at home and reward family members appropriately. e. Create a blog about your overeating habits to create a like-minded community.

a. Download an app to keep a record of your eating and exercise habits.

Which of the following represents a risk of formula feeding? a. Excessive fluoride levels in available water sources for infants of any age b. Lead-deficiencies in available water sources for infants over 6 months old c. Inadequate fluoride levels in available water sources for infants under 6 months old d. Lack of sufficient FDA oversight on currently available formulas e. Lack of sufficient FDA testing for contamination with Salmonella

a. Excessive fluoride levels in available water sources for infants of any age

What organ is affected by macular degeneration, a common condition for older people? a. Eyes b. Kidneys c. Liver d. Bone e. Stomach

a. Eyes

_____ supplemention is associated with a lower incidence of neural tube defects. a. Folate Correct b. Iodine c. Cobalamin d. Iron e. Calcium

a. Folate

Which organ stores bile until it is needed? a. Gallbladder b. Small intestine c. Pancreas d. Stomach e. Liver

a. Gallbladder

Why is appetite suppressed after intense exercise? a. Glucose and fatty acids are abundant in the blood. b. Leptin secretion increases during workouts. c. Exercise causes smell and taste to be suppressed for at least one hour. d. The elevated blood lactate level antagonizes ghrelin. e. Thirst overpowers the desire for food and water is satiating.

a. Glucose and fatty acids are abundant in the blood

Treyvon eats strawberries more than any other food. Based on what you've learned about influences on food choices, what would be the most likely reason Treyvon eats strawberries? a. He likes how strawberries taste. b. Strawberries are nutritious. c. Strawberries are cheap. d. Strawberries are a convenient snack. e. Eating strawberries is a habit.

a. He likes how strawberries taste.

What does bicarbonate do in the body? a. Helps maintain acid-base balance b. Helps with gastric digestion c. Activates angiotensinogen d. Activates calcitonin e. Activates angiotensin

a. Helps maintain acid-base balance

Which of the following describes how iron deficiency affects children's behavior? a. It affects brain function long before blood effects appear. b. Children who had iron deficiency as infants recover completely when iron levels are normalized. c. Testing is a tedious, cost-prohibitive process for many families. d. It is the primary factor in tension-fatigue syndrome. e. Mild deficiency enhances mental performance by lowering physical activity level, thereby leading to increased attention span.

a. It affects brain function long before blood effects appear.

Which of the following statements is true of iodine deficiency? a. It can cause mental impairment and brain damage. b. It mainly affects the very elderly. c. Worldwide, the incidence is rare, thanks in large part to iodized salt. d. It often is accompanied by zinc deficiency. e. Treatment often includes increased consumption of vegetables high in goitrogens.

a. It can cause mental impairment and brain damage.

Which of these occurs with excess carbohydrate intake? a. It spares oxidation of body fat and dietary fat. b. The carbohydrate is efficiently converted to body fat. c. Oxidation is decreased. d. It causes the release of glycogen. e. It causes the release of lactate.

a. It spares oxidation of body fat and dietary fat.

Kcalories from which of these foods would most likely be part of someone's discretionary kcalories allowance? a. Jam b. Green beans c. Raw carrots d. Watermelon e. Brussels sprouts

a. Jam

Which of the following statements accurately describes vitamin A's role in vision? a. Light causes retinal to shift from a cis to a trans configuration. b. Pigment molecules in the retina are composed of vitamin A and the protein elastin. c. Retinol is the form bound to beta-carotene in the corneal membrane. d. Retinoic acid is the form required for synthesis of retinoblasts. e. Retinol protects the visual cortex from teratogenic chemicals.

a. Light causes retinal to shift from a cis to a trans configuration.

Which of the following is a fat-digesting enzyme secreted from the mouth? a. Lingual lipase b. Gastric lipase c. Ductal lipase d. Proteases lipase e. Hydrophobic lipase

a. Lingual lipase

What is the major site for gluconeogenesis? a. Liver b. Small intestine c. Pancreas d. Brain e. Muscle

a. Liver

Which part of a research article defines key terms, study design, subjects, and procedures? a. Methodology b. Abstract c. Introduction d. References e. Results

a. Methodology

Which food items are consumed in the diet of a lactovegetarian? Select one: a. Milk products and plant foods only b. Fish, eggs, and dairy only c. Meat, eggs, and plant foods only d. Eggs and plant foods only e. Plant foods only

a. Milk products and plant foods only

When blood glucose falls, which organ responds first? a. Pancreas b. Gallbladder c. Liver d. Brain e. Muscle

a. Pancreas

Which energy-yielding nutrient is the most satiating? a. Protein b. Alcohol c. Water d. Carbohydrate e. Fat

a. Protein

What is the most important predictor of a person's mobility in the later years? a. Regular physical activity b. Chronological age c. Tobacco use d. Genetics e. Iron consumption

a. Regular physical activity

Before entering the metabolic pathways, amino acids first face____. a. Removal of their nitrogen-containing amino group b. Conversion to protein c. Removal of their acetyl group d. Removal of their nitrogen e. Condensation of their bonds

a. Removal of their nitrogen-containing amino group

By consuming a variety of grains what do we contribute to our diet? a. Riboflavin b. Vitamin C c. Calcium d. Potassium e. Vitamin D

a. Riboflavin

What is the most likely side effect for a person who regularly consumes large quantities of carrots, pumpkins, and orange juice? a. Skin yellowing b. Bone pain c. Vitamin A toxicity d. Renal damage e. Dermatitis

a. Skin yellowing

Which term is defined as a plant polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules? a. Starch b. Lactose c. Glycogen d. Sucrose e. Fiber

a. Starch

What factor in breast milk inhibits inflammatory bowel disease and supports a healthy epithelial barrier? a. TGF-β b. Lactoferrin c. Lysozyme d. Colostrum e. Bifidus factor

a. TGF-β

Which of the following is not a risk factor for gestational diabetes? a. The mother being 24 years old b. The mother being 33 years old c. The mother being African-American or Native American d. BMI of 29 at conception e. The mother's sister having type 2 diabetes

a. The mother being 24 years old

What element of their chemical structure differentiates one amino acid from another? a. The side group b. The presence of a central hydrogen atom c. The acid group d. The central carbon atom e. The amino group

a. The side group

What do intestinal microvilli do? a. Transport nutrient particles into cells b. Secret bile salts c. Secret mucus d. Transport pancreatic enzymes e. Stimulate peristalsis

a. Transport nutrient particles into cells

Of these foods, which is the best source of iron? a. Tuna b. Tofu c. Parsley d. Peanut butter e. Pinto beans

a. Tuna

Which statement describes a feature of iron nutrition in vegetarians? a. Vegetarians adapt to absorbing iron more efficiently. b. The absorption of iron is low due to the high vitamin C intake. c. There are no differences in iron intake or utilization in vegetarians. d. More iron deficiency is found in vegetarians than in people eating a mixed diet. e. Iron utilization is inhibited by the high zinc content in grains.

a. Vegetarians adapt to absorbing iron more efficiently.

What is typically a characteristic of a vegetarian diet? a. Vitamin B12 intake is lower. b. Intakes of vitamins A and C are lower. c. Fat intake is higher. d. Iron intake is higher. e. Fiber intake is lower.

a. Vitamin B12 intake is lower.

In northern climates during winter months, young children on vegan diets can readily develop rickets because of which deficiency? a. Vitamin D b. Vitamin C c. Vitamin A d. Vitamin B12 e. Vitamin E

a. Vitamin D

Which of the following accurately describes minerals? a. When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash. b. Major minerals are more important than trace minerals. c. The body needs about 200 milligrams of each trace mineral each day. d. The body absorbs each mineral from foods in much the same way. e. Minerals in food can be destroyed by acid.

a. When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash.

Which of the following accurately describes how men and women respond to stress? a. Women's general reactions to stress are different than those of men. b. Psychological stressors such as divorce or death of a loved one are handled much less well by elderly men compared with elderly women. c. The ability to respond is weaker in older women compared with older men. d. Elderly women invite stress by sharing experiences with others; elderly men alleviate stress by compartmentalizing. e. There are no clinically important differences in men's and women's responses to stress.

a. Women's general reactions to stress are different than those of men.

The emulsification of fat by bile is often compared to ________. a. a detergent removing grease spots from clothes b. the evaporation of alcohol when cooking c. driving a car on the highway d. flossing one's teeth e. a dog wagging its tail

a. a detergent removing grease spots from clothes

The scientific method always begins with ________. a. a problem or a question b. interpretations c. an experiment d. a theory e. a prediction

a. a problem or a question

The exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across ________ walls. a. capillary b. venule c. lymph vessel d. aortic e. ducts Feedback

a. capillary

Since the 1970s, total energy intakes increased by almost 300 kcalories, which all came from an increase in ________ kcalories. a. carbohydrate b. fat c. lipoproteins d. protein e. alcohol

a. carbohydrate

Foods that produce gas typically are high in ________. a. carbohydrates b. minerals c. protein d. vitamins e. lipids

a. carbohydrates

By definition, lipids that are solid at room temperature (77°F or 25°C) are called ________. a. fats b. omegas c. glycerols d. oils e. phospholipids

a. fats

Omega-3 fatty acids are commonly found in _____________. a. fatty fish b. chicken c. peanuts d. crabs e. oils

a. fatty fish

Infants benefit from bifidus factors in breast milk because bifidus factors ________. a. favor the growth of "friendly" bacteria in the digestive tract b. kill bacteria c. prevent bacteria from getting the iron needed to grow d. prevent respiratory infections e. regulate cell growth

a. favor the growth of "friendly" bacteria in the digestive tract

Fibers that can be digested by bacteria in the GI tract are called ________. a. fermentable b. viscous c. starchy d. functional e. insoluble

a. fermentable

Calories or kcalories are a measure of _______ energy. a. heat b. surface c. work d. light e. potential

a. heat

A low-FODMAP diet typically is used to improve the symptoms of _______. a. irritable bowel syndrome b. lactose deficiency c. lactose intolerance d. colitis e. peptic ulcers

a. irritable bowel syndrome

One way that alcohol metabolism affects the energy pathways is ____. a. it promotes the making of lactate from pyruvate. b. it increases synthesis of proteins. c. it gives priority to the metabolism of the energy-producing nutrients. d. it speeds up the TCA cycle. e. it shifts the body's acid-base balance to make it more alkaline.

a. it promotes the making of lactate from pyruvate.

Internationally, work energy is measured in ________. a. kilojoules b. kilograms c. kiloliters d. kilonewtons e. kilometers

a. kilojoules

The erythrocyte protoporphyrin level is an indicator of a. late iron deficiency. b. adequacy or iron stores. c. early iron deficiency. d. late iron toxicity. e. early iron toxicity.

a. late iron deficiency.

In weight training, muscle strength can best be emphasized by performing a a. low number of repetitions with heavy weight. b. low number of repetitions with lighter weight. c. high number of repetitions with heavy weight. d. high number of repetitions with lighter weight. e. sufficient repetitions with any weight to induce exhaustion.

a. low number of repetitions with heavy weight.

To be accepted into the body of nutrition knowledge, research findings must stand up to rigorous, repeated testing in experiments conducted by other researchers. This is called ________. a. replication b. correlation c. validity d. randomization e. anecdotal evidence

a. replication

The lowest continuing intake of a nutrient that will maintain a specified criterion of adequacy is called a nutrient ________. a. requirement b. recommendation c. tolerable limit d. allowance e. adequate intake

a. requirement

Water and small lipids cross into the intestines freely; therefore, they are absorbed by ________. a. simple diffusion b. facilitated transport c. endocytosis d. active transport e. complex diffusion

a. simple diffusion

Aldosterone and renin each promote ________. a. sodium retention b. potassium retention c. calcium excretion d. electrolyte balance e. vasoconstriction

a. sodium retention

To maximize the long-term success of a weight-reduction program, a person should ________. a. strongly believe that he can successfully lose weight b. accept that little exercise is a part of his lifestyle and act accordingly c. consider a short-term smoking program d. keep weight loss plans private matter to avoid embarrassment if they fail e. realize that being "the overweight one" is an unchangeable part of his identity

a. strongly believe that he can successfully lose weight

The DRI suggests a diet that provides ________ of the daily energy intake from fat. a. 10% to 20% b. 20% to 35% c. 50% to 60% d. 40% to 50% e. less than 10%

b. 20% to 35%

Peak bone mass is developed by age ________. a. 5 b. 30 c. 15 d. 10 e. 60

b. 30

In general, woman with a waist circumference greater than ________ inches and men with a waist circumference of greater than ________ inches have a high risk of central-obesity-related health problems. a. 40, 35 b. 35, 40 c. 24, 32 d. 38, 27 e. 27, 38

b. 35, 40

What is the final yield of acetyl CoA molecules from the oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid? a. 10 b. 8 c. 4 d. 16 e. 12 Feedback

b. 8

What percentage of the U.S. population exceeds the recommended intake for sodium? a. 50 b. 90 c. 60 d. 70 e. 80

b. 90

Which individual is making a food choice based on values? a. A man who eats oatmeal each day without exception b. A Catholic woman who fasts on Good Friday to honor religious custom c. A woman who avoids gluten due to allergies d. A child who spits out his mashed potatoes because they taste too salty e. A teenager who mindlessly eats potato chips while watching television

b. A Catholic woman who fasts on Good Friday to honor religious custom

Which of the following is a correct statement about preeclampsia? a. When it progresses, the rate of death is twice as high in white women when compared to black women. b. A woman is more likely to have preeclampsia if her mother experienced symptoms when pregnant with her. c. It's often seen in the first trimester. d. It usually occurs in a woman's second or third pregnancy. e. Symptoms dissipate within 4 to 6 hours after delivery.

b. A woman is more likely to have preeclampsia if her mother experienced symptoms when pregnant with her.

Which of the following is a feature of ketosis? a. Increased appetite b. Acetone breath c. Increased glycolysis d. Higher blood pH e. Synthesis of body protein Feedback

b. Acetone breath

Which of the following has the most significant influence on the body's metabolic rate? a. Age b. Amount of lean body tissue c. Environmental temperature d. Amount of fat tissue e. Height

b. Amount of lean body tissue

What is the first guideline from 'The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans' that encourages healthy eating patterns? a. Focusing on variety, nutrient density, and amounts helps a person meet nutrient needs within kcalorie limits. b. Appropriate kcalorie levels support adequate nutrition, good health, and a healthy body weight throughout life. c. That all segments of our society have a role to play in supporting healthy choices. d. To be sure and limit their intake of added sugars, saturated fats, sodium, and alcoholic beverages. e. People will need to make shifts in their food and beverage choices to achieve a healthy eating pattern.

b. Appropriate kcalorie levels support adequate nutrition, good health, and a healthy body weight throughout life.

What characterizes the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa? a. A binge eating episode is usually completed within 20 minutes. b. Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting. c. Young women are particularly likely to have "binge buddies" with whom they binge. d. Binge eating usually occurs during the daytime as a reward for something done well. e. Binge eating often involves nutritious foods in overabundance.

b. Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting.

Which term reflects the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight? a. Relative energy index b. Body composition c. Metabolic syndrome d. Body mass index e. Body weight distribution

b. Body composition

What is a potential problem with using diet histories to gauge energy intake? a. Obese people tend to overestimate energy intakes, while normal-weight people tend to underestimate energy intakes. b. Both normal-weight and obese people commonly misreport actual energy intakes. c. Past diet histories are less useful given today's abundance of fast-food options. d. They do not factor into the energy balance equation. e. They focus primarily on past energy intakes and ignore current activity.

b. Both normal-weight and obese people commonly misreport actual energy intakes.

What is a weakness of an epidemiological study? Select one: a. Results from animal studies cannot be applied to human beings. b. Cause and effect cannot be proven. c. Findings on some human beings cannot be generalized to all human beings. d. The list of possible causes of disease is difficult to narrow down. e. Code of ethics prevent certain treatments.

b. Cause and effect cannot be proven.

Of the following, which provides an example of an obesogenic environment? a. Airlines have increased the length of all seatbelts. b. Celebrations often involve cake and alcoholic drinks. c. Many companies provide employees with free memberships to local exercise facilities. d. Some high-end designers refuse to sell clothing in plus sizes. e. Advertisements for weight-loss products and gyms frequently run in January.

b. Celebrations often involve cake and alcoholic drinks.

What hormone becomes active in the stomach and causes satiation? a. Pepsin b. Cholecystokinin c. Adipokines d. Gastrin e. Neuropeptide Y

b. Cholecystokinin

Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum to emulsify fats? a. Glucagon b. Cholecystokinin c. Lipase d. Gastrin e. Secretin

b. Cholecystokinin

In what process are the mitochondria of the cells involved? a. Hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose b. Conversion of pyruvate to ATP c. Cholesterol synthesis d. Lipid synthesis e. Lipid synthesis

b. Conversion of pyruvate to ATP

Which one of these compounds is not the result of the breakdown of the energy-releasing nutrients? a. Amino acids b. Disaccharides c. Glycerol d. Glucose e. Fatty acids

b. Disaccharides

________ signals the fat cells to begin releasing their fatty acids during physical activity. a. Leptin b. Epinephrine c. Neuropeptide Y d. Norepinephrine e. Glucagon

b. Epinephrine

Which guideline acknowledges that all segments of our society have a role to play in supporting healthy choices? a. Fourth guideline b. Fifth guideline c. First guideline d. Second guideline e. Third guideline

b. Fifth guideline

________________ can be used to correct or prevent a widespread nutrient deficiency or to balance the total nutrient profile of a food. a. Whole grain flour b. Fortified flour c. Refined flour d. Enriched flour e. Moderation Feedback

b. Fortified flour

What pregnancy condition can also be an early indicator of preeclampsia? a. Slow, but excessive weight gain b. Gestational hypertension c. Chronic hypertension d. Gestational diabetes e. Preexisting diabetes

b. Gestational hypertension

Which compound is a storage form of energy for the body? a. Fiber b. Glycogen c. Sucrose d. Lactose e. Starch

b. Glycogen

Which of the following is a metabolic consequence of obesity that precedes type 2 diabetes? a. Subcutaneous fat b. Insulin resistance c. Islet cell pathology d. Thyroid insufficiency e. Hypothalamic impedance

b. Insulin resistance

Which of these statements is true of nonheme iron? a. Only about 25 percent of nonheme iron in food is absorbed. b. It is present in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods. c. Citric acid interferes with its absorption. d. It is present in plant-derived foods only. e. Its absorption is enhanced by phytates.

b. It is present in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods. What tests are typically used to evaluate iron status?

Which of the following substances is a contaminant mineral? a. Boron b. Lead c. Bromine d. Nickel e. Copper

b. Lead

What happens to leptin and ghrelin levels when someone is sleep deprived? a. No significant effects were observed. b. Leptin decreases while ghrelin increases c. Both leptin and ghrelin decrease d. Leptin increases while ghrelin decreases e. Both leptin and ghrelin increase

b. Leptin decreases while ghrelin increases

Of the following, which procedures is more cosmetic and has little effect on body weight? a. Sleeve gastrectomy b. Liposuction c. Gastric aspiration d. Gastric banding e. Gastric bypass

b. Liposuction

Which food is a rich source of retinoids? a. Spinach b. Liver c. Broccoli d. Cantaloupe e. Sweet potato

b. Liver

Which of the following accurately describes beverage intake by adolescents? a. Soft drinks have been replaced with sweetened fruit juices. b. Males typically drink more milk than females. c. Soft drinks are typically consumed in addition to milk, not instead of it. d. Milk is typically used as a snack, not a mealtime beverage. e. Drinking two cans of caffeinated soft drinks in a day can cause sweating and an inability to concentrate.

b. Males typically drink more milk than females.

Which one of these foods contains a substance that inhibits absorption of nonheme iron? a. Orange juice b. Milk c. Fish d. Chicken e. Pork

b. Milk

What cellular structure is responsible for producing ATP for energy? a. Cell membrane b. Mitochondria c. Cytoplasm d. Ribosomes e. Nucleus

b. Mitochondria

Choosing a variety of protein foods, including seafood in place of meat or poultry twice a week, will provide which vitamin? a. Riboflavin b. Niacin c. Folate d. Fiber e. Selenium

b. Niacin

Which of the following defines the body's set point? a. A person's minimum healthy weight b. Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight c. A person's maximum healthy weight d. Point at which all LPL activity ceases e. Point at which a person's weight plateaus before dropping again quickly

b. Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight

Which term is defined as food components that are not digested by the human body but are used as food by the GI bacteria to promote their growth and activity? a. Symbiotics b. Prebiotics c. Probiotics d. Postbiotics e. Abiotics

b. Prebiotics

Which food group is most typically consumed in amounts greater than the amounts recommended by the USDA? a. Grains Incorrect b. Protein c. Vegetables d. Fruits e. Dairy Feedback

b. Protein foods

Which type of flour is finely ground endosperm, which is usually enriched with nutrients and bleached for whiteness; sometimes called white flour? a. Wheat flour b. Refined flour c. Enriched grain d. Cured flour e. Whole-wheat flour

b. Refined flour

Of the following cereals, which is least likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding? a. Corn b. Rice c. Wheat d. Barley e. Oat

b. Rice

In addition to iodized salt, which of these foods is a significant source of iodine? a. Brussels sprouts b. Seafood c. Tap water d. Pork e. Kale

b. Seafood

If fluid is lost by vomiting or diarrhea, what mineral is lost in greatest quantity? a. Chloride b. Sodium c. Phosphate d. Calcium e. Potassium

b. Sodium

Which of the items below does a healthy eating pattern limit? a. Fruits, especially whole fruits b. Sodium to less than 2300 milligrams per day c. Fat-free or low-fat dairy including milk, yogurt d. A variety of protein foods, lean meats e. A variety of vegetables

b. Sodium to less than 2300 milligrams per day

In what part of the GI tract is pepsin active? a. Small intestine b. Stomach c. Pancreas d. Liver e. Mouth

b. Stomach

Which disaccharide is commonly called table sugar? a. Maltose b. Sucrose c. Fructose d. Lactose e. Galactose

b. Sucrose

Why are vitamins and minerals sometimes called micronutrients? a. They do not contain carbon. b. The body requires only small amounts of them daily. c. They provide only small amounts of energy for the human body. Incorrect d. They must be obtained from food sources. e. They are fat-soluble.

b. The body requires only small amounts of them daily.

Which statement best explains the association between a risk factor and the development of a disease? a. Anyone with a risk factor will develop the disease. b. The fewer risk factors for a disease, the better the chances for good health. c. Risk factors tend to be short-lived, so their presence does not predict long-term risk of disease. d. The absence of a risk factor guarantees freedom from the disease. e. Interventions must be targeted to each individual risk factor.

b. The fewer risk factors for a disease, the better the chances for good health.

What does a bomb calorimeter measure? a. How changes in the environment affect the body's hormone status b. The potential energy in foods c. Basil metabolism d. How much energy the body expends during strenuous exercise e. How much energy the body expends during daily activities

b. The potential energy in foods

Which of the following statements accurately describes Dietary Reference Intakes? a. They can be used to diagnose diet-related disorders. b. They aid in the planning and evaluation of diets for healthy people. c. They assess the adequacy of all required nutrients. d. They are used to assess the adequacy of vitamins and minerals only. e. They are used to treat people with diet-related disorders.

b. They aid in the planning and evaluation of diets for healthy people.

Which of the following is defined as the maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse side effects? a. DRI b. UL c. RDA d. AI e. EER

b. UL

Which vitamin is found only in animal-derived foods? Select one: a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin B12 c. Vitamin D d. Vitamin C e. Vitamin E

b. Vitamin B12

You have been asked to help a top nutrition researcher conduct human double-blind experiments on vitamin C. As the subjects walk into the laboratory, you distribute all the vitamin C pill bottles to the girls and all the placebo pill bottles to the boys. The researcher instantly informs you that there are two errors in your research practice. What steps should you have taken to conduct your experiment correctly? a. You should have told the subjects which group they were in, while preventing yourself from knowing the contents of the pill bottles. b. You should have prevented yourself from knowing what was in the pill bottles, and distributed the bottles randomly to the subjects. c. You should have allowed the subjects to decide whether they take vitamin C or the placebo, and then given them the opposite of what they requested. d. You should have given all the boys the vitamin C and all the girls the placebo, and then told them what they were getting. e. You should have distributed the bottles randomly, randomizing the subjects, and then told them what they were getting.

b. You should have prevented yourself from knowing what was in the pill bottles, and distributed the bottles randomly to the subjects.

Ions that carry a negative charge are called ________. a. cations b. anions c. valence ions d. mineralytes e. prions

b. anions

More than half of the body's magnesium is in the ______. a. cells of soft tissue b. bones c. teeth d. extracellular fluid e. muscle

b. bones

Food lists, formerly called exchange lists, were originally developed for people with ____. a. neurological impairments b. diabetes c. cancer d. cardiovascular disease e. life-threatening obesity

b. diabetes

Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. They differ in their number of ________. a. peptide linkages b. double bonds c. oxygen atoms d. saccharide units e. amino acids

b. double bonds

Trevor is an underweight long-distance runner. To achieve a healthy body weight to improve his performance, he must ________. a. eat a high-protein, high-kcalorie diet and reduce his exercise to minimal amounts b. eat a high-kcalorie diet and exercise regularly c. eliminate alcohol and exercise from his life d. eat a high-protein diet plus exercise regularly e. eat a high-kcalorie diet and reduce his exercise to minimal amounts

b. eat a high-kcalorie diet and exercise regularly

The influence of how a mother's nutrient intake may change gene expression to increase the infant's development of obesity or chronic diseases later in life is referred to as ________. a. malnutrition b. fetal programming c. overnutrition d. critical periods e. fertilization

b. fetal programming

Which term describes the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, causing damage to the esophageal cells and the sensation of heartburn? a. lymphatic malabsorption b. gastroesophageal reflux c. celiac disease d. watery stools e. colitis

b. gastroesophageal reflux

The phenomenon known as "hitting the wall" occurs in athletes when _____ is depleted. a. fatty acids b. glucose c. lactate d. protein e. water Feedback

b. glucose

In energy metabolism, glycerol can convert to a. fructose. b. glucose or pyruvate. c. vitamin A. d. triglycerides. e. fatty acids.

b. glucose or pyruvate.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by the inflammation of the small intestine that occurs in response to foods that contain ________. a. keratin b. gluten c. elastin d. whey e. collagen

b. gluten

Cravings and aversions to certain foods are probably the result of altered taste and smell sensitivities induced by ________. a. overconsumption of that particular food b. hormone changes. c. deficiencies in the body d. careless and inappropriate selection of foods e. iron-deficiency anemia

b. hormone changes.

Which of the following is one of the most common GI disorders and is characterized by abdominal pain, cramping, and a disturbance in the motility of the GI tract? a. celiac disease b. irritable bowel syndrome c. diverticulosis d. colitis e. reflux

b. irritable bowel syndrome

Lycopene _____. a. may promote growth of estrogen-dependent cancers b. may help protect against cancer and heart disease c. is another name for vitamin E d. is one of many flavonoids e. is abundant in apples

b. may help protect against cancer and heart disease

In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein, a high-density lipoprotein contains ____. a. more triglyceride b. more protein c. more cholesterol d. more carbohydrate e. more chylomicrons Feedback

b. more protein

When nitrogen losses exceed the amount of nitrogen taken into the body, the person is in ________. a. positive nitrogen balance b. negative nitrogen balance c. nitrogen equilibrium d. a healthy state e. nitrogen homeostasis

b. negative nitrogen balance

Nora says her grandfather acts like a 25-year-old man. Nora is referring to her grandfather's ________ age. a. ephemeral b. physiological c. chronological d. transient e. historical

b. physiological

Obesity has many causes and is a risk factor for many diseases; therefore, the best approach seems to be ________. a. a holistic one b. prevention c. medicines d. fasting e. epigenetic counseling

b. prevention

For adults older than 65, mortality is lowest among individuals who are ________. a. classified with clinically severe obesity b. slightly overweight c. underweight d. at a healthy weight e. obese

b. slightly overweight

The pyloric sphincter opens into the ________. a. bile duct b. small intestine c. rectum d. large intestine e. colon

b. small intestine

Ghrelin is secreted by cells in the ________. a. hippocampus b. stomach c. liver d. hypothalamus e. pancreas

b. stomach

The metabolism of alcohol begins in the ____. a. brain b. stomach c. liver d. mouth e. intestines

b. stomach

John is a marathon runner training for his next competition. He normally weighs 185 pounds, and he admits to forgetting to hydrate adequately during long training runs. What weight suggests John is very close to becoming dehydrated? a. 173 b. 176 c. 181.5 d. 183 e. 179.5

c. 181.5

The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for a nutrient meets the needs of about ________ of the population. a. 98% b. 75% c. 50% d. 25% e. 5%

c. 50%

Animal research has shown life-prolonging benefits when energy intake is restricted to about ________ percent of normal. a. 75 b. 80 c. 70 d. 90 e. 85

c. 70

About ________ of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver. a. 30% b. 50% c. 90% d. 70% e. 20%

c. 90%

Which of the following factors lowers the BMR? a. Caffeine b. Smoking c. Aging d. Cold temperatures e. Fever

c. Aging

Among the following, which is a powerful vasoconstrictor? a. Renin b. Angiotensin I c. Angiotensin II d. Magnesium e. Aldosterone

c. Angiotensin II

When is glucose available to supply energy to the brain and other tissues? a. Only after eating a meal with carbohydrates b. Only after 60 minutes of exercise c. Anytime d. Only after eating a low-carbohydrate meal e. Only after 30 minutes of exercise

c. Anytime

Of these foods, which one is the best source of folate per kcalorie? a. Eggs b. Strawberries c. Asparagus d. Fortified cornflakes e. Peanut butter Feedback

c. Asparagus

Which of the following foods contain cholesterol? a. Wheat germ b. Pasta c. Baked chicken d. Boiled potatoes e. Peas

c. Baked chicken

Which statement is NOT true about how the body uses iron? a. Iron can be lost from bleeding and sweating, as well as through the GI tract, skin, and urine. b. Most iron entering the body is recycled. c. Blood loss is the only way the body loses iron. d. Surplus iron is stored in the muscles. e. Iron is carried in the blood by transferrin.

c. Blood loss is the only way the body loses iron.

Which statement accurately describes fat distribution? a. Central obesity does not contribute to heart disease, cancers, and diabetes. b. Subcutaneous fat contributes to heart disease, cancers, and diabetes. c. Body fat around the hips and thighs is most common in women during their reproductive years. d. Subcutaneous fat is called central obesity. e. Visceral fat is most common in women.

c. Body fat around the hips and thighs is most common in women during their reproductive years.

In an infant, which organ uses about 60% of the day's total energy intake? a. Kidney b. Liver c. Brain d. Small and large intestines e. Skeletal muscle

c. Brain

Which of the following is a good source of vitamin K? a. Egg yolks b. Pumpkin seeds c. Brussel sprouts d. Corn e. Bananas

c. Brussel sprouts

Which of the following statements about the diets of today's children is FALSE? a. Children 2 to 6 years of age eat more solid fat, added sugar, and sodium. b. Preschool children eat more pizza and candy than those in previous decades. c. Children consume adequate amounts of vitamin E, potassium, and fiber. d. Few children eat the USDA recommended daily amounts from each food group. e. Children consume more fruit than they did in previous years.

c. Children consume adequate amounts of vitamin E, potassium, and fiber.

Which of the following terms describes an amino acid that is normally dispensable, but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to make it? a. Essential amino acid b. Conditionally nonessential amino acid c. Conditionally essential amino acid d. Nonessential amino acid e. Circumspect amino acid

c. Conditionally essential amino acid

Which of the following foods is high in potassium and low in sodium? a. Corn flake cereal b. Frozen apple pie c. Corn on the cob d. Canned cream corn e. Instant banana pudding

c. Corn on the cob

Which of the following reflects the correct sequence of stages in the development of a nutrient deficiency? a. Overt signs, abnormal functions, and declining nutrient stores b. Declining nutrient stores, overt signs, and abnormal functions within the body c. Declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs d. Abnormal functions within the body, declining nutrient stores, and overt signs e. Abnormal functions within the body, overt signs, and declining nutrient stores

c. Declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs

Which foods most often cause anaphylactic shock in children with food allergies? a. Wheat, hops, and chocolate b. Barley, corn, and quinoa c. Eggs, peanuts, and milk d. Bananas, shellfish, and cola e. Apples, noodles, and tree nuts

c. Eggs, peanuts, and milk

Which of these is a member of the omega-3 family? a. Stearic acid b. Linoleic acid c. Eicosapentaenoic acid d. Arachidonic acid e. Palmitic acid

c. Eicosapentaenoic acid

Which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay? a. Development of caries resulting from frequent use of non-sterile bottles and nipples. b. Bacterial attack of teeth due to use of lead-rich drinking water. c. Extensive tooth decay infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle. d. Tooth decay resulting from prolonged exposure to soft food due to the infant's inability to swallow normally. e. Tooth decay resulting from the rubbing of the nipple against the teeth and consequent thinning of enamel.

c. Extensive tooth decay infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle.

What occurs when a person eats too much? a. Their energy needs increase temporarily. b. Fat cells multiply. c. Fat cells enlarge. d. Metabolism favors carbohydrate. e. Metabolism favors protein.

c. Fat cells enlarge.

Which of the following is a protein that stimulates appetite and decreases energy expenditure? a. Collagen b. Elastin c. Ghrelin d. Brite e. Leptin

c. Ghrelin

Which protein, acting as a hormone, regulates blood glucose? a. Antidiuretic b. Oxytocin c. Insulin d. Prolactin e. Thyroxine

c. Insulin

Which of the following statements best describes the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for a nutrient? a. It is reflective of current dietary preferences and trends. b. It is designed to prevent deficiency diseases of about half of the general population. c. It is designed to meet the needs of nearly all healthy people. d. It is set more than twice as high as the average person needs. e. It is the minimum amount that the average person needs in her diet.

c. It is designed to meet the needs of nearly all healthy people. and e. It is the minimum amount that the average person needs in her diet. (bro if someone can double-check me on this, its saying both are correct on MyCourses)

Which of the following statements is true of choline? a. Choline's only function is to make the phospholipid lecithin. b. In most cases, the body can make enough choline to meet its needs. c. It is not a B vitamin but is grouped with the B vitamins anyway. d. It is defined as a nonvitamin. e. It is sometimes referred to as vitamin H.

c. It is not a B vitamin but is grouped with the B vitamins anyway.

Which of the following statements about the resting metabolic rate is FALSE? a. It is easier to determine than the BMR. b. It measures energy use for a person at rest in a comfortable setting. c. It typically is slightly lower than the BMR. d. It is less stringent than the BMR in regard to physical activity. e. It is less stringent than the BMR in regard to recent food intake.

c. It typically is slightly lower than the BMR.

Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria? a. A b. E c. K d. D3 e. D2

c. K

Which of the following substances enhances absorption of nonheme iron? a. Polyphenols b. Phytates c. MFP factor d. Calcium e. Tannic acid

c. MFP factor

Which of the following characterizes iron-deficiency anemia? a. Hyperchromic red blood cells b. Reddened cheeks c. Microcytic red blood cells d. Macrocytic red blood cells e. Purplish tongue

c. Microcytic red blood cells

Which statement accurately describes carbohydrate in milk and milk products? a. Cottage cheese provides about 12 g of carbohydrate per cup. b. A cup of fruit-filled yogurt yields about 3 g of carbohydrate. c. Most cheeses contain little, if any, carbohydrate. d. A cup of chocolate milk provides about 6 g of carbohydrate. e. A cup of nonfat milk yields almost 25 grams of carbohydrate.

c. Most cheeses contain little, if any, carbohydrate.

Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency? a. Edema b. Lowered blood pressure c. Muscle weakness d. Constipation e. Vomiting

c. Muscle weakness

What organ system is most vulnerable to adverse influences during its critical period? a. Endocrine b. Circulatory c. Nervous d. Cardiovascular e. Digestive

c. Nervous

Which of the following is known to be toxic in large doses? a. Vitamin B12 b. Thiamin c. Niacin d. Biotin e. Riboflavin

c. Niacin

Which term refers to the study of how nutrients influence the activities of genes? a. Human nutritional economics b. Genetic synthesis c. Nutrigenomics d. Nutrigenetics e. Bioproteomics

c. Nutrigenomics

Which of the following terms is defined as the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the activities of nutrients? Select one: a. Genetic metabolomics b. Biochemical nutrition c. Nutritional genomics d. Genetic counseling e. Nutritional genetics

c. Nutritional genomics

What is the leading cause of pediatric hypertension? a. Insufficient calcium intake b. Potassium deficiency c. Obesity d. High HDL cholesterol e. High sodium intake

c. Obesity

Which of the following is a potentially healthful source of monounsaturated fats? a. Flaxseed b. Coconut c. Olives d. Eggs e. Pumpkin seeds

c. Olives

What is the term for the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a cell membrane? a. Hypotension b. Hypertension c. Osmotic pressure d. Centripetal pressure e. Solute pressure

c. Osmotic pressure

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Which mineral is the second most abundant? a. Potassium b. Chloride c. Phosphorus d. Sodium e. Magnesium

c. Phosphorus

In the USDA Food Patterns, in which food group are legumes found? a. Grains b. Dairy c. Protein d. Oils e. Fruits

c. Protein

Which food component has the highest thermic effect? a. Minerals b. Fat c. Protein d. Alcohol e. Carbohydrate

c. Protein

Which of the following can help to minimize the effects of an occasional alcoholic drink in the milk of lactating women? a. Consume alcohol on an empty stomach. b. Drink alcohol before breastfeeding, rather than after. c. Pump and discard the milk following alcohol consumption. d. Breastfeed immediately after drinking prior to alcohol entering the bloodstream. e. Scientific evidence recommends consuming a glass of alcohol while lactating, and it will have no effect on milk.

c. Pump and discard the milk following alcohol consumption.

What does the body do with the chemical energy of food that is not converted to the chemical energy of ATP? a. Removes it through the kidneys b. Converts it to electromagnetic radiation c. Radiates it as heat d. Converts it to carbon dioxide that is then expelled through the lungs e. Stores it in the body's fat cells Feedback

c. Radiates it as heat

Which is not a potential side effect of high intakes of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids? a. Suppressed immune functions b. Interference in wound healing c. Rapid heartbeat d. Increased bleeding time e. Higher LDL cholesterol

c. Rapid heartbeat

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between dietary protein and kidney function? a. Long-term, high-protein diets are a risk factor for kidney disease. b. High-protein diets are recommended for childhood with genetic kidney issues. c. Restricting dietary protein helps slow the progression of kidney disease. d. High urea production from high-protein diets increases kidney efficiency. e. Protein deficiency increases the risk of kidney stones.

c. Restricting dietary protein helps slow the progression of kidney disease.

What is a feature of the of the updated Nutrition Facts panel? a. Unsaturated fats content must be listed. b. Trans fat content is optional. c. Saturated fat content must be listed. d. Soluble and insoluble fiber contents must be listed separately. e. The content of naturally present sugars is not required.

c. Saturated fat content must be listed.

In which of the following functions zinc is not involved? a. Regulation of gene expression b. Insulin storage c. Secretion of stomach acids d. Growth and development e. Blood clotting

c. Secretion of stomach acids

Of the following, which is the best advice for lowering energy intake for weight loss? a. Consume an alcoholic beverage with lunch and dinner b. Consume a small high-fat snack before each meal to reduce appetite c. Select fewer energy-dense foods d. Restrict fiber intake as a means to reduce excess water retention e. Drink 8 ounces of water after each meal

c. Select fewer energy-dense foods

Which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child? a. Begin a behavior modification program that rewards healthy choices and punishes unhealthy choices. b. Treat the child with Alli, the over-the-counter version of orlistat. c. Set a good example by eating healthy nutritious meals and exercising each day. d. Institute a "Clean Plate Club" for the family dinner table. e. Take control and strongly encourage the child to limit food intake and exercise vigorously.

c. Set a good example by eating healthy nutritious meals and exercising each day.

In which part of the GI tract does most fat digestion occur? a. Mouth b. Large intestine c. Small intestine d. Stomach e. Esophagus

c. Small intestine

Health care professionals suggest setting SMART goals to change one's eating behaviors. What does SMART stand for? a. Specific, Meaningful, Analytic, Relevant, Technological b. Supportive, Media-based, Attainable, Repeatable, Tertiary c. Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-based d. Supportive, Minimal, Analytic, Reliable, Technological e. Sensitive, Minimal, Accessible, Reliable, Time-bound

c. Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-based

________ is considered a temporary, adaptive response to strenuous activity that is noticeable in blood hemoglobin values but does not impair physical performance. Select one: a. Amennorhea b. Vitamin E deficiency c. Sports anemia d. Pernicious anemia e. Iron-deficiency anemia

c. Sports anemia

What is the first dietary objective when treating a patient with anorexia nervosa? a. Eat foods with a lower energy density at first b. Eat foods with higher fiber content c. Stop weight loss d. Decrease fat intake e. Decrease physical activity

c. Stop weight loss

_________ are the two components that make up approximately 15 pounds of the recommended weight gain during pregnancy. a. The amniotic sac fluid and the infant at birth b. The increased size of the uterus and increases in the mother's fluid volume c. The infant at birth and the mother's fat stores d. The placenta and the mother's fat stores e. The maternal fat stores and the additional blood volume

c. The infant at birth and the mother's fat stores

With regards to energy metabolism, which of the following statements is true about fatty acids? a. They can convert to lactate. b. They can make glucose. c. They cannot make glucose. d. They enter the same energy pathway as glucose. e. They are metabolized via the Cori cycle.

c. They cannot make glucose.

One way that all the energy-yielding nutrients are alike is that _____ a. They have the same number of hydrogen bonds. b. They produce energy through entirely different pathways. c. They share the same final metabolic pathway, the TCA cycle. d. The have the same number of carbon-hydrogen bonds. e. They all go through the Cori cycle.

c. They share the same final metabolic pathway, the TCA cycle.

Why is folate supplementation recommended for women one month before conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy? a. To help ensure a healthy maternal weight gain during pregnancy. b. To help reduce the risk of iron-deficient anemia. c. To prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, which may occur during the early weeks of pregnancy. d. To reduce the risk of gestational diabetes e. To prevent severe morning sickness

c. To prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, which may occur during the early weeks of pregnancy.

What term refers to fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs? a. Waist fat b. Subcutaneous fat c. Visceral fat d. Ectopic fat e. Dual fat

c. Visceral fat

Which of the following statements describes a connection between nutrition and cataract formation? a. Obese and lean people have the same risk for cataracts. b. Nutrition seems to play little, if any, role in the onset of cataracts. c. Vitamin C supplements in doses of 1,000 mg for several years appear to raise the risk for cataracts. d. Adequate intakes of vitamin K and folate seem to delay the onset of cataract formation. e. Antioxidant supplements appear to prevent cataracts.

c. Vitamin C supplements in doses of 1,000 mg for several years appear to raise the risk for cataracts.

What essential nutrient provides the environment in which nearly all the body's activities take place? a. Carbohydrates b. Vitamins c. Water d. Alcohol e. Proteins

c. Water

Which of the following products have all the nutrients and fiber found in the original grain? a. Enriched grain b. True cereal grains c. Whole-grain d. Pseudo-cereal grains e. Refined grain

c. Whole-grain

When does absorption begin? a. Immediately after eating b. Within one hour of eating c. Within three to four hours after eating d. About 12 hours after eating e. At least five hours after eating

c. Within three to four hours after eating

Iron balance is maintained in the body mainly through _____. a. gluconeogenesis b. glycolysis c. absorption d. bile production e. excretion

c. absorption

Fatty acid oxidation produces ____. a. ketones b. fructose c. acetyl CoA d. lactate e. pyruvate

c. acetyl CoA

The diet-planning principle that ensures that a diet provides all the nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health is called ____. a. variety b. kcalorie control c. adequacy d. nutrient density e. moderation

c. adequacy

Vitamin E functions primarily as ________. a. a coenzyme b. a peroxide c. an antioxidant d. a free radical e. an immune stimulant

c. an antioxidant

Researchers benefit from a large sample size because ________. a. the control group will more like the experimental group b. any placebo effect is eliminated c. chance variation is less likely to affect the results d. it increases the likelihood of double-blind results e. experimenter bias is less likely to have an effect

c. chance variation is less likely to affect the results

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with two common problems of aging: osteoporosis and ________. a. atrophic gastritis b. cataracts c. dementia d. gout e. dysphagia

c. dementia

You eat a salad for lunch. Your body breaks down these foods into nutrients in preparation for absorption. This is called ________. a. segmentation b. excretion c. digestion d. mastication e. ingestion

c. digestion

What terms refers to the sacs that develop in the weakened areas of the intestinal wall? a. colitis b. constipation c. diverticula d. ulcers e. diarrhea

c. diverticula

The best way to add antioxidants to the diet is to ________. a. create a diet rich in low-carb, high-protein foods b. add a selenium supplement to a diet rich in vitamin E c. eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily d. combine dietary intake and supplementation e. rely on supplements to meet RDA

c. eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily

A popular term used to denote foods that contribute energy but lack protein, vitamins, and minerals is ________. a. variety b. sustainable diets c. empty kcalorie foods d. moderate foods e. kcalorie control

c. empty kcalorie foods

The only original part remaining in refined grain products is the ____. a. chaff b. bran c. endosperm d. husk e. germ

c. endosperm

Another name for folate is ________. a. DFE b. glutamic acid c. folic acid d. pyridoxamine e. foliage

c. folic acid

Amino acids that enter the TCA cycle directly are considered _____. a. glycogenic b. ketogenic c. glucogenic d. oxalates e. gluconeogenic

c. glucogenic

The body's primary source of glucose during physical activity is _______. a. NAD b. lactate c. glycogen d. creatine phosphate e. ATP

c. glycogen

Proteins acts as buffers because they ________. a. help emulsify fats b. prevent degradation of proteins c. help maintain a constant pH d. help protect against plaque buildup e. facilitate chemical reactions

c. help maintain a constant pH

Whole-grain flour contains all parts of the grain except for the ____. a. bran b. germ c. husk d. endosperm e. heart

c. husk

Leptin acts as a hormone, primarily in the ________. a. hippocampus b. intestines c. hypothalamus d. pancreas e. liver

c. hypothalamus

Fortification of grain products with folate has helped reduce the prevalence rate of neural tube defects, as well as the prevalence of _______. a. blood clots b. heart attacks c. macrocytic anemia d. strokes e. some cancers

c. macrocytic anemia

Once acetyl CoA is formed, it has two main options: to generate ATP or to _____. a. make glucose b. convert to urea c. make fats d. convert to ammonia e. turn to carbon dioxide

c. make fats

Pregnant women and young children should avoid consuming tilefish, swordfish, king mackerel, marlin, or shark because they are sources of ________, an environmental contaminant. a. DEET b. cadmium c. mercury d. chromium e. PCBs

c. mercury

A food label that advertises the product as a "rich source of fiber" is an example of a ____. a. health claim b. structure-function claim c. nutrient claim d. weight reduction claim e. peer-reviewed research claim

c. nutrient claim

A measure of the nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides; the more nutrients and the fewer kcalories, the higher the _______________. a. variety b. balance c. nutrient density d. moderation e. kcalorie foods

c. nutrient density

Living microorganisms found in foods and dietary supplements that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, are beneficial to health are called ________. a. symbiotics b. postbiotics c. probiotics d. prebiotics e. abiotics

c. probiotics

Children who are allowed to choose freely from a variety of foods, usually select foods that are high in ________. a. iron b. fat c. protein d. sugar e. fiber

c. protein

Betty was diagnosed with a pressure ulcer, which means she has damage to her ________. a. colon b. eye c. skin d. mouth e. stomach

c. skin

Diseases affecting the liver or the ________ can interfere with the activation of vitamin D and produce symptoms of deficiency. a. kidneys b. pancreas c. skin d. intestines e. stomach

c. skin

Heat stroke shares all of the following symptoms with hypothermia except _______. a. mental changes b. loss of consciousness c. slow heart rate d. confusion e. clumsiness

c. slow heart rate

At a party with friends, Janine drinks wine and eats hors d'oeuvres, even though she is not hungry. This is an example of a food-related ____. a. negative association b. emotional turmoil c. social interaction d. comfort eating e. habit

c. social interaction

Scurvy, the deficiency disease of vitamin C, is _____. a. A particular problem for alcoholics b. a condition that was first recognized in mountain climbers c. usually cured within five days of beginning treatment with 100 milligrams of vitamin C daily d. a condition whose treatment wasn't discovered until the early 1900s e. a condition whose symptoms start to appear within three days of the deficiency in the diet

c. usually cured within five days of beginning treatment with 100 milligrams of vitamin C daily

One teaspoon of sugar provides 4 grams of carbohydrates and about ________ kcalories. a. 48 b. 70 c. 8 d. 16 e. 32

d. 16

Dehydration greater than ____ of body weight can impair physical performance. a. 3 percent b. 5 percent c. 1 percent d. 2 percent e. 7 percent

d. 2 percent

On a food label, how many calories is the "% Daily Value" based on? a. 2400 b. 1500 c. 1200 d. 2000 e. 1800

d. 2000

Of the top seven causes of death in the United States, how many are linked with diet? a. 5 b. 2 c. 1 d. 4 e. 7

d. 4

Of the total amount of glucose energy consumed by the body each day, about what percentage is used by the brain and nerve cells? a. 75% b. 15% c. 25% d. 50% e. 35%

d. 50%

What is the minimum number of glasses of water an older adult must drink each day to prevent dehydration? a. 8 b. 2 c. 10 d. 6 e. 4

d. 6

Which of the following factors raises the BMR? a. Aging b. Sleep c. Obesity d. A growing body e. Fasting

d. A growing body

Which of the following statements accurately describes the genetic and environmental factors that affect childhood obesity? a. As a society, our eating and activity patters are roughly the same as they were 40 years ago. b. The typical obese child learns food behaviors from friends, not family. c. The chances of an obese child becoming an obese adult decline as the child grows older. d. A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood. e. In children 2 to 18 years old, one-tenth of total energy intake comes from empty kcalories

d. A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood.

Which term refers to the uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood of the lymph? a. Segmentation b. Digestion c. Ingestion d. Absorption e. Mastication

d. Absorption

What are added to foods during processing, preparation, or at the table? a. kCalorie control b. Hydrogenated fats c. Oils d. Added sugars e. Solid fats

d. Added sugars

Which of these groups is vulnerable to iron overload? a. Pregnant women b. Female athletes c. Breastfed infants d. Alcoholics e. Cigarette smokers

d. Alcoholics

Which of the following statements accurately describes vitamins? a. Vitamins are inorganic and do not provide energy. b. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are water-soluble vitamins. c. Vitamins are indestructible. d. Almost every action in the body requires the assistance of vitamins. e. Cooking vegetables at high temperatures helps maintain the vitamins.

d. Almost every action in the body requires the assistance of vitamins.

What disease can result from prolonged thiamin deficiency? a. Cheilosis b. Pellagra c. Scurvy d. Beriberi e. Pernicious anemia

d. Beriberi

Which carotenoid has the highest vitamin A activity? a. Beta-cryptoxanthin b. Lycopene c. Lutein d. Beta-carotene e. Zeaxanthin

d. Beta-carotene

Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A? a. Pinto beans b. Sunflower seeds c. Whole-grain bread d. Butternut squash e. Peanut butter Feedback

d. Butternut squash

According to updated nutrition labeling laws, the content of which of these two minerals must be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel? a. Zinc and phosphorus b. Chromium and magnesium c. Copper and potassium d. Calcium and iron e. Fluoride and chloride

d. Calcium and iron

_______ are the dietary nutrients most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations. a. Proteins b. Chromium and iron c. Sodium and potassium d. Carbohydrates e. Fats

d. Carbohydrates

What is the main extracellular anion? a. Phosphorus b. Sodium c. Magnesium d. Chloride e. Potassium

d. Chloride

What are chylomicrons? a. Alcohols with three-carbon chains b. Nitrogen compounds found in foods and made in the body c. Tiny spheres of emulsified fat d. Clusters of lipids and proteins used as transport vehicles from the intestines to the body e. Food additives

d. Clusters of lipids and proteins used as transport vehicles from the intestines to the body

What type of chemical reaction connects amino acids? a. Denaturation b. Polymerization c. Oxidation d. Condensation e. Hydrolysis

d. Condensation

A food label ingredient list reads in the following order: Wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would be found in the SMALLEST amount in this food? a. Sugar b. Salt c. Wheat flour d. Cornstarch e. Vegetable shortening

d. Cornstarch

An athlete getting ready to compete in the 100-meter dash will rely primarily on _____ for quick energy in this event. a. Fat b. Adenosine diphosphate c. Glucose d. Creatine phosphate e. Lactate

d. Creatine phosphate

Which of the following accurately describes fat-soluble vitamins? a. They circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body. b. They are needed in frequent doses, perhaps ever 1 to 3 days. c. They travel freely and are absorbed directly into the blood. d. Deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet. e. The kidneys detect and remove excesses in urine.

d. Deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet.

Which of the following is not a physical stressor? a. Smoking b. Pain c. Alcohol abuse d. Exams e. Illness

d. Exams

What is the reason that fat yields more calories than carbohydrate or protein? a. Fat undergoes many energy-requiring metabolic reactions, thereby increasing its energy yield. b. Fat is not easily oxidized. c. Fat has a low ratio of carbon to hydrogen bonds. d. Fat contains many carbon-hydrogen bonds that can be readily oxidized. e. Fat has few carbon-hydrogen bonds.

d. Fat contains many carbon-hydrogen bonds that can be readily oxidized.

What undigested carbohydrate lingers in the stomach creating satiety? a. Glycogen b. Starch c. Sucrose d. Fiber e. Lactose

d. Fiber

Which one of these nutrients must be used to enrich grains? a. Protein b. Sodium c. Calcium d. Folate e. Zinc

d. Folate

___________ are two nutrients required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells. a. Calcium and vitamin A b. Selenium and iron c. Calcium and B6 d. Folate and vitamin B12 e. Protein and iron

d. Folate and vitamin B12

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet? a. Fruits b. Legumes c. Whole grains d. Fortified milk e. Vegetables

d. Fortified milk

Which monosaccharide is found abundantly in fruits? a. Sucrose b. Glucose c. Maltose d. Fructose e. Galactose

d. Fructose

Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the cells in the stomach wall? a. Secretin b. Glucagon c. Insulin d. Gastrin e. Cholecystokinin

d. Gastrin

What reaction can supply ATP quickly for up to three minutes anaerobically? a. Fatty acid oxidation b. Glycogen to glucose c. Release of phosphate from creatine phosphate d. Glucose to pyruvate e. Conversion of ADP to ATP

d. Glucose to pyruvate

Which part of the brain is the primary center for appetite control? a. Medulla b. Cerebral cortex c. Cerebellum d. Hypothalamus e. Hippocampus

d. Hypothalamus

Which nutrient deficiency makes children particularly vulnerable to lead toxicity? a. Vitamin C b. Calcium c. Selenium d. Iron e. Chromium

d. Iron

Why should new foods be introduced to an infant one at a time? a. It aids iron absorption. b. It prevents overfeeding of the infant. c. It reduces risk of upset stomach. d. It allows for easier detection of any allergic reactions to that food. e. It prevents contamination from a used spoon.

d. It allows for easier detection of any allergic reactions to that food.

Which of the following statements accurately describes body mass index? a. It provides an estimate of the fat level of the body. b. Its absolute value is less important than the rate at which it changes. c. It decreases by 1 unit for every 10 years of life. d. It correlates with disease risks. e. It provides an estimate of the muscle mass in the body.

d. It correlates with disease risks.

How does aspirin reduce inflammation and relieve pain? a. It stimulates endorphins. b. It binds to nerve receptors. c. It acts as a sedative. d. It interferes with prostaglandins. e. It promotes wound healing and blood clotting.

d. It interferes with prostaglandins.

Which of the following statements best describes the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for a nutrient? a. It is set more than twice as high as the average person needs. b. It is designed to prevent deficiency diseases of about half of the general population. c. It is designed to meet the needs of nearly all healthy people. d. It is the minimum amount that the average person needs in her diet e. It is reflective of current dietary preferences and trends.

d. It is the minimum amount that the average person needs in her diet.

Which of the following is true of vitamin B6? a. Deficiency is unknown. b. It is stable in heat. c. Toxicity is unknown. d. It occurs in three forms. e. Larger doses can enhance muscle strength.

d. It occurs in three forms

Which of these is the greatest contributor of riboflavin in most people's diet? a. Dark green, leafy vegetables b. Fruit c. Meat, poultry and fish d. Milk and milk products e. Eggs

d. Milk and milk products

Which of the following statements describes a double-blind experiment? a. The experimental and control groups take turns getting each treatment. b. Neither group of subjects knows whether they are in the control or experimental group, but the researchers do know. c. Both subject groups know whether they are in the control or experimental group, but the researchers do not know. d. Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental groups. e. Neither the subjects nor the persons having contact with the subjects know the true purpose of the experiment.

d. Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental groups.

Which of the following is a potentially harmful lipid? a. Walnuts b. Olive oil-based vinaigrette c. Yeast d. Nondairy coffee creamer e. Natural peanut butter

d. Nondairy coffee creamer

Which of the following statements accurately describes nutrient intakes? a. Higher nutrient intakes are always safer than lower intakes. b. A typical nutrient intake falling between the RDA and the EAR is almost always adequate. c. Nutrient intakes below the EAR decrease the risk of deficiency. d. Nutrient intakes above the UL put an individual at risk of toxicity. e. Nutrient intakes above the RDA are required to be safe. Feedback

d. Nutrient intakes above the UL put an individual at risk of toxicity.

Which type of arthritis most commonly disables older people? a. Gout b. Fibromyalgia c. Rheumatoid arthritis d. Osteoarthritis e. Psoriatic arthritis

d. Osteoarthritis

What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States? a. 21-34 years b. 65-84 years c. 35-49 years d. Over 85 years e. 50-64 years

d. Over 85 years

Which of the following is a symptom of riboflavin deficiency? a. Anemia b. Constipation c. Edema d. Purplish tongue e. Diarrhea Feedback

d. Purplish tongue

What measurement is useful for detecting iron deficiency in its earliest stage? a. Hematocrit b. Serum iron level c. Red blood cell count d. Serum ferritin e. Transferrin saturation

d. Serum ferritin

What is the primary site of alcohol metabolism? a. The pancreas b. The gall bladder c. The stomach d. The liver e. The brain

d. The liver

Which statement accurately describes the pancreas? a. In general, the amounts of digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas remain constant over a wide range of nutrient intakes. b. Quick dietary changes improve digestion because of pancreas inefficiency. c. The major hormone controlling the release of pancreatic enzymes is insulin. d. The pancreas can increase the activity of fat-degrading enzymes in response to more fat in the diet. e. Pancreatic enzymes can digest protein and fat but not carbohydrate.

d. The pancreas can increase the activity of fat-degrading enzymes in response to more fat in the diet.

Which of the following best describes randomization? a. The personal account of an experience b. The repetition of an experiment and getting the same results c. The knowledge that experimental results were based in fact d. The process of choosing members of experimental and control groups without bias e. The experimentation on subjects who do not know to which group they've been assigned

d. The process of choosing members of experimental and control groups without bias

Which of the following statements about minerals is FALSE? a. Minerals are inorganic and do not provide energy. b. Minerals influence fluid balance and distribution. c. Lead is a mineral and an environmental contaminant. d. There are six minerals known to be essential to human nutrition. e. Minerals are found in bones and teeth.

d. There are six minerals known to be essential to human nutrition.

What is a characteristic of structure-function claims on food labels? a. They can state the name of a disease or symptom. b. They can appear only on the Nutrition Facts panel. c. They are allowed only for unprocessed food. d. They can be made without any FDA approval. e. They must be based on peer-reviewed research.

d. They can be made without any FDA approval.

Which statement is true of precursors? a. They help break down vitamins during digestion. b. They are stored in bile. c. They are a source of energy. d. They describe vitamins that are inactive in food but become active once inside the body. e. They are secreted by the pancreas.

d. They describe vitamins that are inactive in food but become active once inside the body.

Which of the following is true about low-birth-weight infants? a. They have proportionately larger kidneys and greater risks for low blood pressure. b. They are more commonly born to upper socioeconomic status women. c. They demonstrate catch-up growth within 3 months of birth. d. They have an increased risk for insulin resistance later in life. e. They show greater prevalence for liver fat infiltration.

d. They have an increased risk for insulin resistance later in life.

Why do fad diets typically produce weight loss, at least for a short time? a. They do not require kcalorie counting, so compliance is better. b. They are enthusiastically followed by those trying to lose some weight. c. They prevent rapid rises and falls in blood glucose level. d. They limit energy intake to about 1200 kcal/day. e. They suggest the correct amount macronutrients needed in the diet.

d. They limit energy intake to about 1200 kcal/day.

What is the primary function of the epiglottis? a. To pass food from the mouth to the stomach b. To absorb water and minerals c. To allow passage from the esophagus to the stomach d. To protect airways during swallowing e. To house lymph cells Feedback

d. To protect airways during swallowing

Which of the following statements about the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is FALSE? a. It is the average dietary energy intake that will maintain energy balance in a person with a healthy body weight and level of physical activity. b. Any dietary intake in excess of energy needs results in weight gain. Incorrect c. Food energy is needed to sustain a healthy and active life. d. UL for energy are based on a person's age, gender, weight, and height. e. EER is measured in kcalories per day.

d. UL for energy are based on a person's age, gender, weight, and height.

What term refers to the fingerlike projections from the folds of the small intestine? a. Mesenteric vessels b. Goblet cells c. Cilia d. Villi e. Anemone

d. Villi

Which B vitamin is stored extensively in muscle tissue? a. Biotin b. Folate c. Thiamin d. Vitamin B6 e. Pantothenic acid

d. Vitamin B6

What two major nutrients are supplied by the fruit group? a. Protein and calcium b. Vitamins D and E c. B vitamins and iron d. Vitamins A and C e. Vitamin K and magnesium

d. Vitamins A and C

Research shows high susceptibility to health problems when excess body fat is distributed around the ________. a. hips and thighs b. neck c. lower legs and feet d. abdomen e. arms and shoulders

d. abdomen

Energy and nutrient needs are greater during ________ than at any other time of life, except pregnancy and lactation. a. late adulthood b. infancy c. early childhood d. adolescence e. early adulthood

d. adolescence

Aldosterone is released by the ________. a. liver b. hypothalamus c. kidneys d. adrenal glands e. pituitary gland

d. adrenal glands

Riboflavin is similar to thiamin in that _____. a. both are found in abundant amounts in pork. b. both are easily destroyed by ultraviolet light. c. though rare, both can be toxic when consumed in high amounts. d. both serve as coenzymes in energy metabolism. e. both are easily destroyed by heat.

d. both serve as coenzymes in energy metabolism.

Intake of ________ enhances protein synthesis following physical activity. a. protein b. fat and water c. carbohydrate d. carbohydrate and protein e. protein and water

d. carbohydrate and protein

Urea is produced as a result of _____. a. anabolism b. detoxification c. protein synthesis d. deamination e. the Cori cycle

d. deamination

For those who do not smoke or drink alcohol excessively, the one choice that can influence chronic disease risks more than any other is ________. a. safe sex b. physical activity c. handwashing d. diet e. avoiding toxins

d. diet

A person who has difficulty swallowing has ________. a. sarcopenia b. pressure ulcers c. edentulous d. dysphagia e. gout

d. dysphagia

Anabolism is the opposite of catabolism in that in anabolism _________. a. compounds are broken down. b. ADP is created. c. energy is released. d. energy is required. e. ATP is broken down.

d. energy is required.

Brady is allergic to peanuts. In the school cafeteria, he begins to have difficulty breathing, his tongue and face swell, and he begins vomiting. Brady most likely is in immediate need of a life-saving injection of ________. a. histamine b. cortisone c. acetylcholine d. epinephrine e. serotonin

d. epinephrine

Activities lasting longer than 20 minutes will gradually start using more ______ for fuel and less ______. a. lactate; fat b. glycogen; fat c. fat; creatine phosphate d. fat; glucose e. lactate; glucose

d. fat; glucose

For most people in the United States, the best source of fluoride is _____. a. bottled water b. fresh fruits and vegetables c. fluoride supplements d. fluoridated drinking water e. meat

d. fluoridated drinking water

Fruits contribute ______ when consumed. a. magnesium b. vitamin D c. vitamin E d. folate e. vitamin K Feedback

d. folate

Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and soft cheeses can lead to ________. a. phenylketonuria (PKU) b. intake of heavy metals like lead c. mercury contamination d. foodborne illness from listeriosis. e. low-birthweights

d. foodborne illness from listeriosis.

Adding calcium to an orange juice product is an example of nutrient ____. a. restoration b. adulteration c. mineralization d. fortification e. enrichment

d. fortification

Antibodies are ________. a. buffers b. Edema-causing c. carbons d. giant protein molecules e. large peptide molecules

d. giant protein molecules

Transamination produces a new nonessential amino acid and a new ________. a. uric acid b. gluco acid c. phyto acid d. keto acid e. folic acid

d. keto acid

When a person performing intense physical exercise begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the muscles respond by synthesizing more ____. a. fatty acids b. galactate c. glucose d. lactate e. citric acid

d. lactate

When a water-soluble nutrient molecule has been absorbed and has crossed into the cell of a villus, it enters the bloodstream and is guided to the ________. a. lungs b. kidneys c. gallbladder d. liver e. heart

d. liver

Longevity is defined as ________. a. a person's age in years from date of birth b. a person's perceived mental well-being c. maximum number of years of life attainable by a species d. long duration of life e. average number of years lived by people in a given society

d. long duration of life

A less-preferred term for clinically severe obesity is ________. a. psychological-resistant syndrome b. leptin-resistant obesity c. metabolic syndrome d. morbid obesity e. Prader-Willi syndrome

d. morbid obesity

Of all the amino acids, how many must be supplied by the diet? a. 13 b. two c. five d. nine e. 17

d. nine

Amino means containing ________. a. oxygen b. carbon c. sulfur d. nitrogen e. hydrogen

d. nitrogen

Anaerobic means ____. a. producing energy b. generating carbon dioxide c. producing nitrogen d. not requiring oxygen e. requiring oxygen Feedback

d. not requiring oxygen

The greatest source of sodium in the diet is ________. a. salt added during cooking b. natural salt content of foods c. unprocessed foods d. processed foods e. salt added at the table

d. processed foods

The degradation and synthesis of protein is called ________. a. immunity b. amino acid pool c. transamination d. protein turnover e. nitrogen balance

d. protein turnover

Nutrient dense refers to foods that ____. a. are higher in weight relative to volume b. contain a mixture of carbohydrate, fat, and protein c. carry the USDA nutrition labeling d. provide more nutrients relative to kcalories e. give the most protein for the consumer's food dollar

d. provide more nutrients relative to kcalories

The nutrient needs of older people ________. a. decrease for vitamins and minerals due to changes in body composition b. increase and necessitate supplementation c. are addressed by four DRI categories d. vary according to individual histories e. remain the same as in young adult life

d. vary according to individual histories

Older adults with atrophic gastritis are vulnerable to ________ deficiency. a. vitamin D b. folate c. zinc d. vitamin B12 e. calcium

d. vitamin B12

Meeting an activity goal of ________ steps a day is an excellent way to support a healthy BMI. a. 5,000 b. 7,500 c. 2,500 d. 15,000 e. 10,000

e. 10,000

The CDC recommends older adults engage in strength training at least two (nonconsecutive) days a week, at a moderate to high intensity, for ________ repetitions per exercise. a. 20-25 b. 25-30 c. 15-20 d. 35-40 e. 10-15

e. 10-15

There are ________ vitamins and each has its own special dietary role to play. a. 26 b. 23 c. eight d. 16 e. 13

e. 13

To improve cardiorespiratory endurance, activities that use most of the large-muscle groups of the body and elevate heart rate should be sustained for at least _____. a. 1 hour b. 40 minutes c. 1½ hours d. 2 hours e. 20 minutes

e. 20 minutes

Which activity is most likely to be fueled primarily by lactic acids? a. 100-meter run b. A tennis serve c. 2 hour hike d. 5-mile run e. 400-meter run

e. 400-meter run

A low-birthweight infant is defined as a baby that weighs _______ at birth. a. 9 lbs or less b. 3 1/2 lbs or less c. 4 lbs or less d. 6 1/2 lbs or less e. 5 1/2 lbs or less

e. 5 1/2 lbs or less

Which metabolic reaction occurs when a cell releases energy? a. ADP and ATP cycle back and forth repeatedly. b. ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP. c. ADP releases a phosphate group and becomes ATP. d. ATP gains a phosphate group and becomes ADP. e. ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP.

e. ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP.

When is it potentially acceptable for an infant to be fed fat-free milk? a. After 6 months of age b. After 1 year of age c. As soon as complementary foods are introduced d. When the diet supplies 30% of kcalories from fat e. After 2 years of age

e. After 2 years of age

What is the most likely reason for a pregnant woman to crave a nonfood item like laundry starch or ice? a. A physiologic need for sodium b. A change in hormones c. A physiologic need for fluid d. A hypoglycemic episode e. Anemia due to iron-deficiency

e. Anemia due to iron-deficiency

Which statement accurately describes essential fatty acids? a. Omega-3 eicosanoids promote clot formation, inflammation, and blood vessel constriction. b. Eicosanoids from the omega-6 family of fatty acids provide a greater health benefit than do those from the omega-3 family. c. Most diets in the U.S. meet the minimum fatty acid requirement. d. Research shows that reducing the number of dietary omega-3 fatty acids may be beneficial. e. Aspirin works to reduce the symptoms of infection or pain by retarding the synthesis of certain eicosanoids.

e. Aspirin works to reduce the symptoms of infection or pain by retarding the synthesis of certain eicosanoids.

Of these foods, which is the best source of vitamin B6? a. Tofu Incorrect b. Milk c. Carrots d. Cheddar cheese e. Banana

e. Banana

Which of the following has the highest pH? a. Pancreatic juice b. Battery acid c. Water d. Gastric juice e. Bile

e. Bile

Where is 99% of the body's calcium located? a. Thyroid glad b. Body fluids c. Kidneys and Intestines d. Skeletal muscle e. Bones and teeth

e. Bones and teeth

Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium? a. Salmon b. Berries and pineapple c. Dark green leafy vegetables like spinach and Swiss chard d. Brown rice e. Broccoli and bok choy

e. Broccoli and bok choy

Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form? a. Spinach b. Rice c. Watermelon d. Orange juice e. Chicken

e. Chicken

Which of the following accurately describes vitamin A in foods? a. Xanthophylls in beets and corn masks the presence of beta-carotene. b. Butter is a poor source of vitamin A. c. Plants contain retinoids but no carotenoids. d. Most carotenoids can be converted in the body to active vitamin A. e. Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene.

e. Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene.

A child with beaded ribs is likely deficient in which vitamin? a. A b. C c. E d. B12 e. D

e. D

Which term refers to the change in a protein's shape due to the application of heat or acid? a. Destabilization b. Condensation c. Oxygenation d. Hydrolization e. Denaturation

e. Denaturation

What U.S. population group is at highest risk for vitamin D deficiency? a. Adult women b. Children ages 2-12 years c. Infants d. Whites living in tropical areas e. Elderly

e. Elderly

Which of the following is a feature of aerobic metabolism? a. It does not require oxygen. b. Pyruvate is converted to glucose. c. Lactate is created. d. The energy created can be sustained for only a couple of minutes. e. Energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism.

e. Energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism

Which federal agency regulates dietary supplements? a. U.S. Department of Agriculture b. U.S. Public Health Service c. Federal Trade Commission d. Centers for Disease Control e. Food and Drug Administration

e. Food and Drug Administration

For short, intense exercise, which energy-producing pathway does the body rely on most? a. Pyruvate to acetyl CoA. b. Acetyl CoA to glucose c. Lactate to pyruvate. d. Pyruvate to acetyl CoA e. Glucose to pyruvate to lactate

e. Glucose to pyruvate to lactate

What tests are typically used to evaluate iron status? a. Transferrin saturation b. Urine analysis c. Serum ferritin d. Erythrocyte protoporphyrin level e. Hemoglobin and hematocrit

e. Hemoglobin and hematocrit

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding recommended weight gain for an obese pregnant woman? a. Her goal is to gain a minimum of 15 pounds but no more than 25 pounds. b. Her goal is to gain a minimum of 5 pounds but no more than 10 pounds. c. Since she already has excess fat stores, she should try to not gain any weight during pregnancy. d. Regardless of weight status, all mothers need to gain 25 to 35 pounds while pregnant. e. Her goal is to gain between 11 and 20 pounds.

e. Her goal is to gain between 11 and 20 pounds.

Which substance denatures protein structures and activates pepsinogen? a. Chymotrypsin b. Pepsin c. Trypsin d. Enteropeptidase e. Hydrochloric acid

e. Hydrochloric acid

Which of the following is a chemical reaction in which one molecule is split into two molecules? a. Phosphorylation b. Gluconeogenesis c. Homeostasis d. Condensation e. Hydrolysis

e. Hydrolysis

_______ can occur when an athlete involved in a prolonged activity lose electrolytes through sweating and rehydrate with only water. a. Dehydration b. Heat stroke c. Hypothermia d. Hypernatremia e. Hyponatremia

e. Hyponatremia

Which type of supplement is particularly toxic and has caused deaths in children? a. Vitamin D supplements b. Vitamin E supplements c. Calcium supplements d. Folate supplements e. Iron supplements

e. Iron supplements

Which statement accurately describes lecithin? a. It is similar to triglycerides, but contains four fatty acids. b. Each attachment site is occupied by a phosphate group and a molecule of choline. c. It is soluble in fat, but not in water. d. It is the best-known sterol. e. It is used as an emulsifier by the food industry.

e. It is used as an emulsifier by the food industry.

Which of the following is true of riboflavin? a. It is easily destroyed by heat. b. It is also known as vitamin B1. c. People who follow a strict vegetarian diet can't get adequate amounts from food alone. d. Significant sources are citrus products. e. It remains stable when exposed to heat.

e. It remains stable when exposed to heat.

What organ contains special LDL receptors that play a crucial role in controlling blood cholesterol? a. Gallbladder b. Small intestine c. Pancreas d. Skeletal muscle e. Liver

e. Liver

What is sarcopenia? a. Loss of central visual activity b. Softening of bones c. Difficulty swallowing d. Paralysis of GI tract muscles e. Loss of muscle mass and strength

e. Loss of muscle mass and strength

Which compound is missing two hydrogen atoms and has one double bond between carbons? a. Long-chain saturated fatty acid b. Polyunsaturated fatty acid c. Short-chain saturated fatty acid d. Triglycerides e. Monounsaturated fatty acid

e. Monounsaturated fatty acid

What level of alcohol consumption does the U.S. Surgeon General advice for pregnant women? a. Less than 1oz per drink b. Between ½ to 1 per day c. No more than 1 drink per day d. No more than 2 drinks per day e. None

e. None

Which food item is a healthy choice for protein in the USDA Food Patterns? a. Luncheon meats b. Sweet potatoes c. Marbled meats d. Bacon e. Nuts Feedback

e. Nuts

Which secretion's principal enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion? a. Pancreatic juice b. Gastric juice c. Hydrochloric acid d. Bile e. Saliva

e. Saliva

In which procedure is 70 to 85 percent of the stomach removed and the rest stapled to create a vertical tube-shaped stomach with limited capacity? a. Gastric aspiration b. Gastric banding c. Gastric bypass d. Liposuction e. Sleeve gastrectomy

e. Sleeve gastrectomy

Which nonnutritive artificial sweetener is herb-derived and generally recognized as safe? Select one: a. Saccharine b. Sucralose c. Advantame d. Aspartame e. Stevia

e. Stevia

Of the following foods, which one is the best source of vitamin C? a. Whole-grain bread b. Potatoes c. Pork d. Cottage cheese e. Strawberries

e. Strawberries

What happens when the body uses energy-yielding nutrients? a. The body converts them into storage compounds. b. A person's body mass increases. c. The amount of water in the body decreases. d. A person's energy stores are depleted. e. The bonds between the atoms break and release energy.

e. The bonds between the atoms break and release energy.

What is thermogenesis? a. The generation of water b. A fat synthesizing hormone c. A release of oxygen, similar to oxygenation d. A fat metabolizing enzyme e. The generation of heat

e. The generation of heat

What happens to a mother's milk if she lacks certain nutrients in her diet? a. The missing nutrients affect levels of other nutrients in the milk. b. The milk is not an appropriate source of nutrition and formula should be used. c. The milk quantity decreases, and the milk is lower in those nutrients. d. The milk quantity stays the same but is of lower quality. e. The milk quality stays the same, but the quantity of the milk decreases.

e. The milk quality stays the same, but the quantity of the milk decreases.

Which of the following is not a risk factor for neural tube defects? a. The mother being obese b. Family history of spina bifida c. Inadequate folate d. The mother being of Hispanic ethnicity e. The mother being underweight

e. The mother being underweight

Which of the following statements about essential nutrients is FALSE? a. They cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body. b. They meet the body's physiological needs. c. They are also called indispensable nutrients. d. They must be obtained from food. e. There are about 100 nutrients essential for the human body.

e. There are about 100 nutrients essential for the human body.

Which of the following statements is correct in context with non-vegetarians? a. They tend to have higher intakes of plant proteins and fiber. b. They lack vitamin B12, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids. c. They lack protein, iron, zinc, and calcium. d. They easily obtain large quantities of other nutrients including folate, vitamin C, vitamin A. e. They tend to have higher intakes of saturated fat.

e. They tend to have higher intakes of saturated fat.

What is the most prominent risk factor in the United States? a. Physical inactivity b. Alcohol consumption c. Unsafe driving d. Poor dietary habits e. Tobacco use

e. Tobacco use

The NHANES studied energy nutrient data over the past 35 years. What were their findings? a. Kcalories for fat stayed about the same. b. Kcalories from protein increased from 33% to 41% c. Most people were active enough to use up the extra kcalories they consumed. d. Kcalories from carbohydrate decreased from 51% to 42%. e. Total daily energy intakes increased significantly.

e. Total daily energy intakes increased significantly.

Which of the following vitamins is not water soluble? a. Pantothenic acid b. Folate c. Vitamin C d. Biotin e. Vitamin K

e. Vitamin K

Which of the following statements accurately describes the "browning" of white fat cells? a. Interestingly, physical activity stops the browning process. b. After much study, researchers have found little connection between GI microbiota and the browning process. c. Brown fat cells are more abundant than brite fat cells in adults. d. White fat cells undergo browning when they take on the activity of coupled proteins. e. White fat cells with brown fat cell characteristics sometimes are called beige adipocytes.

e. White fat cells with brown fat cell characteristics sometimes are called beige adipocytes.

How soon would death occur from starvation if the body was unable to shift to a state of ketosis? a. About 6 months b. 3 to 4 months c. 2 months d. 1 month e. Within 3 weeks

e. Within 3 weeks

When amino acids are deaminated, the immediate products are ________ and often a keto acid. a. a new side group b. vitamin B6 enzyme c. uric acid d. phyto acid e. ammonia

e. ammonia

Viruses, bacteria, and toxins are examples of ________. a. alkalosis b. acidosis c. antibodies d. buffers e. antigens

e. antigens

The principle of providing foods in proportion to one another and in proportion to the body's needs is known as ________. a. kcalorie control b. moderation c. nutrient density d. nutrient profiling e. balance

e. balance

Regular aerobic workouts gradually improve heart and lung function that causes ________ for more efficient oxygen delivery. a. anaerobic capacity to increase b. blood pressure to increase c. resting heart rate to increase d. stroke volume to decrease e. cardiac output to increase

e. cardiac output to increase

A chemical reaction wherein two molecules combine to form one larger product is called _______. a. absorption b. disaccharide c. hydrolysis d. polysaccharide e. condensation

e. condensation

Vomiting and diarrhea can lead to life-threatening ________. a. indigestion b. hemorrhoiditis c. ulcers d. acid dysregulation e. dehydration

e. dehydration

The top portion of the small intestine is called the ________. a. anus b. rectum c. ileocecal valve d. ileum e. duodenum

e. duodenum

Fat that accumulates outside of adipose tissue is called ________. a. subcutaneous fat b. dual fat c. visceral fat d. waist fat e. ectopic fat

e. ectopic fat

Replacing simple carbohydrates with complex carbs typically results in a diet that is higher in ________. a. protein b. energy c. refined foods d. fat e. fiber

e. fiber

A friend says he is on the "keto diet" and eats no carbohydrates. His body converts his dietary protein to glucose through ________. a. hypoglycemia b. ketosis c. acid-base balance d. protein-deleting action e. gluconeogenesis

e. gluconeogenesis

The lymphatic system collects fluid from tissues throughout the body and directs its flow toward the ________. a. pancreas b. spleen c. gallbladder d. liver e. heart

e. heart

When conducting research, an educated guess like, "Diets rich in fiber always lead to good health," is called a _______. a. deduction b. correlation c. prediction d. theory e. hypothesis

e. hypothesis

The increased needs for _______ during pregnancy cannot be met by diet or existing stores so supplements are recommended. a. vitamin B12 b. zinc c. protein d. calcium e. iron

e. iron

All of the following reasons that alcohol should not be used to rehydrate the body except a. it impairs the body's ability to regulate temperature. b. it has a diuretic effect. c. it slows reaction time. d. it can lead to sports-related injuries. e. it inhibits glycogen breakdown.

e. it inhibits glycogen breakdown.

The term that describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells is _____. a. deamination b. glycolysis c. photosynthesis d. anabolism e. metabolism

e. metabolism

A vegetarian who plans a meal involving black beans can consume all the essential amino acids by adding another a plant protein rich in ________. a. tyrosine b. lysine c. phenylalanine d. isoleucine e. methionine

e. methionine

Dietary calcium deficiencies result in ________. a. mineralization b. calcium tetany c. calcium rigor d. calcitonin e. osteoporotic bones

e. osteoporotic bones

Which of the following does not represent one of the six classes of nutrients? a. protein b. carbohydrates c. lipids d. water e. phytochemicals

e. phytochemicals

A diet history provides clues to ________ deficiencies. a. anecdotal b. secondary c. subclinical d. covert e. primary

e. primary

When compared to breast milk or infant formula, cow's milk contains too much ________ and too little ________. a. fat, carbohydrate b. carbohydrate, protein c. protein, fat d. fat, protein e. protein, carbohydrate Feedback

e. protein, carbohydrate

Maltose, or malt sugar, is a disaccharide composed of ________. a. one galactose and one fructose unit b. one glucose and one galactose unit c. one glucose and one fructose unit d. two galactose units e. two glucose units

e. two glucose units

All of the following are benefits of physical activity during pregnancy except: a. fewer discomforts associated with pregnancy. b. reduced risk for gestational hypertension. c. reduced stress. d. maintenance of health habits to help lose weight after birth. e. weight maintenance or loss.

e. weight maintenance or loss

The maintenance of constant internal conditions by the body's control systems is called __________.

homeostasis

The wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along are called __________.

peristalsis

A condition signaled by low hemoglobin in the blood that is associated with the early stages of sports training or other strenuous activity but typically does not require the use of iron supplementation is called _________

sports anemia