Nutrition in Health and Disease-Chapter 6
What kind of solvents does lipids dissolve in?
Organic solvents like alcohol and acetone.
presence of lipid in the stool
Steatorrhea
What type of fatty acid produces solids at room temperature?
Trans fatty acids; cis fatty acids results in oil
T/F Eating a diet rich in olive oil may lower one's risk for developing heart disease.
True
T/F Salmon and tuna are rich sources of healthy omega-3 fatty acids.
True
T/F Taking too many fish oil supplements may be harmful to health.
True
Egg yolks a. are a concentrated source of cholesterol. b. should be eliminated from the diet. c. may decrease one's risk for steatorrhea. d. provide little nutritional value
a. are a concentrated source of cholesterol.
Intestinal absorptive cells package triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids into for transport in blood. a. chylomicrons b. bile salts c. emulsifiers d. stanols
a. chylomicrons
cells that store triglycerides
adipose (fat) cells
18-carbon polyunsatu rated fatty acid with three double bonds; an essential fatty acid
alpha-linoleic acid
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are classes of
eicosanoids
group of long-chain fatty acids with hormonelike functions
eicosanoids
thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream
embolus
substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other
emulsifier
process that recycles bile salts in the liver
enterohepatic circulation
hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group
fatty acid
protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation; a marker of CVD
high- sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver, where it can be eliminated; low level is linked to increased risk for cardiovascular disease
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis
homocysteine
18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with two double bonds; an essential fatty acid
linoleic acid
enzymes that break down lipids
lipases
enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides
lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels
lipoprotein profile
lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissues; elevated level is strongly linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
lipid that has one fatty acid attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
monoglyceride
fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chains
monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
heart attack
myocardial infarction
18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid
oleic acid
end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (—CH3) group
omega (methyl) end
food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats
partial hydrogenation
type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus
phospholipid
chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol
plant sterol/stanols
liquid portion of blood that has had the cells removed; contains clotting factors
plasma
fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
class of eicosanoids that produce a variety of important effects on the body
prostaglandins
stimulates uterine contractions, regulates blood pressure, and mediates the immune system's inflammatory response.
prostaglandins
liquid portion of blood that has had the cells and clotting factors removed
serum
18-carbon saturated fatty acid
stearic acid
type of lipid that has a more complex chemical structure than triglycerides and phospholipids
sterols
clot blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die
stroke
Omega-6 fatty acid is the precursor to ______.
AA
essential fatty acid; precursor to some eicosanoids
AA-arachidonic acid EPA-eicosapentaenoic acid DHA-docosahexaenoic acid
most common lipid storage disease; caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase
Gaucher disease
Which of the following statements is false? a. Phospholipids are in cell membranes. b. Phospholipids act as emulsifiers. c. Phospholipids are partially water soluble. d. Phospholipids act as antioxidants.
d. Phospholipids act as antioxidants
impaired fat absorption; symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea, and rapid weight loss
fat malabsorption
hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
gallstones
three-carbon alcohol that forms the "backbone" of fatty acids
glycerol
group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood
homocysteinuria
chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms
hydrocarbon chain
part of a molecule that attracts water
hydrophilic
part of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids
hydrophobic
abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed
hypertension
class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water; triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
lipids
water-soluble structure that transports lipids through the bloodstream
lipoproteins
water-soluble spherical lipid cluster; bile salts create a shell around each cluster, allowing for the structure to be suspended in watery digestive juices
micelle
type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule
omega-3 fatty acid
type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the sixth carbon from the omega end of the molecule
omega-6 fatty acid
LDL that has been damaged by free radicals
oxidized LDL
digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
pancreatic lipase
fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms
saturated fatty acid (SFA)
lipoprotein made in the liver and that carries much of the triglycerides in the bloodstream
very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Which of the following statements is true? a. Certain fish are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids. b. Omega-3 fatty acids increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. c. Trans fats are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids. d. The human body converts dietary fiber into omega-3 fatty acids.
a. Certain fish are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids
Fats in foods a. add taste and contribute to satiety. b. are rapidly digested and absorbed. c. carry water-soluble nutrients. d. should be removed before cooking.
a. add taste and contribute to satiety.
Which of the following foods is the richest source of monounsaturated fatty acids? a. Whipped butter b. Whole milk c. Olive oil d. Coconut oil
c. Olive oil
surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder
cholecystectomy
lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D
cholesterol
water-soluble, vitamin-like compound; component of lecithin
choline
type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract
chylomicron
Which of the following foods is most likely to be contaminated with methylmercury? a. Apple b. Beef c. Celery d. Salmon
d. Salmon
The is the main site of bile salt reabsorption. a. colon b. jejunum c. duodenum d. ileum
d. ileum
lipid that has two fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
diglyceride
Omega-3 fatty acid is a precursor to _____ and _____.
EPA and DHA
T/F A person who has had his or her gallbladder removed can no longer digest fats.
False
T/F To improve health, trans fats should be emphasized in the diet.
False
Major structural component of the plasma membrane that surrounds each cell
Lipids
fatty buildup in the artery
arterial plaque
condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility
arteriosclerosis
long-term disease process in which plaque builds up inside arterial walls
atherosclerosis
Trans fatty acids are a. naturally found in many foods. b. a by-product of the partial-hydrogenation process. c. essential for good health. d. eliminated in urine and feces.
b. a by-product of the partial-hydrogenation process.
Cholesterol is a. not synthesized by the human body. b. found only in animal foods. c. toxic to human cells. d. metabolized for energy
b. found only in animal foods.
Solid fats generally have a high proportion of fatty acids. a. unsaturated b. saturated c. polyunsaturated d. monounsaturated
b. saturated
Lipoproteins a. are water insoluble. b. transport lipids in the bloodstream. c. contain glucose. d. cause heart attacks.
b. transport lipids in the bloodstream.
component of bile; aid in lipid digestion
bile salts
HDL cholesterol is a. made in the large intestine. b. commonly called "bad" cholesterol. c. a lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissues. d. an essential fatty acid.
c. a lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissues.
Homocysteine is a(n) a. form of folate, a B vitamin. b. nondigestible lipid. c. possible risk factor for CVD. d. essential amino acid in dairy products
c. possible risk factor for CVD
The primary site of triglyceride digestion and absorption is the a. stomach. b. liver. c. small intestine. d. gallbladder.
c. small intestine.
organic molecule with a carboxyl (—COOH) group
carboxylic acid
group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupt blood flow
thrombus
unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond
trans fat
lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
triglyceride
fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain
unsaturated fatty acid (UFA)